War and Revolution
DIRECTIONS: Look at the events listed on the time line. Write each event in the chart below
next to the theme it represents, caused, or resulted from. In the right-hand column, explain
how each event is related to the theme. Try to place events in more than one category
Examples have been started for you.
i Germany and Austria-Hungary
Entente Cordiale between France and
Britain
(I
France and Russia sign military ,
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Austria·Hungary declares war
d'etat topples provisional
. Germans sign armistice.
defeat
Cooperation
Italy joins Germany and
Austria-Hungary in
Triple Alliance.
Alliance brings countries
together to support one
another against aggressors.
Conflict
Revolution
Internationalism
29
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Class _ _ _ _ _ _ __
The Road to World War I
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.
1. What did liberals believe about European states in the early nineteenth century?
2. Name the two loose alliances of Europe's great powers:
3. How did Socialist labor movements affect strlle at the start of the twentieth century?
4. What did the large size of European armies make obvious?
5. What three things may have played a role in starting World War I?
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6. What assassination instigated war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary?
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7. What action of Russia prompted Germany to declare war?
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8. What was Germany's Schlieffen Plan?
9. By what route did Germany invade France?
10. For what official reason did Great Britain declare war on Germany?
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Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 005' _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Guided
16-2
The War
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.
Before 1914, many political leaders thought war in Europe could be
(1)
. Government (2)
had worked in stir-
ring up national hatreds before the war. In August 1914, most people seemed genuinely convinced that their nation's cause was (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ __
The German Schlieffen Plan called for the German army to sweep around
(4)
and surround most of the French army. The German
advance was halted at (5)
. The war quickly turned into a
(6)
. The unexpected development of (7) _ _ _ _ _ __
on the Western Front baffled military leaders. In 10 months at
(8)
, France, in 1916, seven hundred thousand men lost their
lives over a few miles of land. By the end of 1915 (9)
began to
be used to attack ground targets.
The Ottoman Empire carne into the war on the side of
(10)
, prompting the Allies to declare war on them as well. By
1917, the war that had started in Europe had truly become a
(11)
. The Allies took advantage of the war to seize German
(12)
in the rest of the world. The United States tried to remain
neutral, but unrestricted (13) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ warfare by the Germans brought
America into the war in 1917.
World War I affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, however
remote they might be from the (14)
. (IS) _ _ _ _ _ __
regimes such as Germany; Russia, and Austria-Hungary relied on force to subdue
their populations. In some countries, the role played by women in wartime
economies had a (16)
impact on the women's movement for
social and political (17) _ _ _ _ _ __
41
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Class _ _ _ _ _ _ __
The Russian Revolution
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3.
I. Russia was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for the total war of World War L
A.
was increasingly cut off from events by his wife.
B. In March 1917, a series of strikes led by
, started in Petrograd.
C. Nicholas ordered troops to break up crowds by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ if necessary.
D. A socialist group, the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , represented the radical interests of lower
classes.
II. The Bolsheviks were a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ party called the Russian Social Democrats.
A. The Bolsheviks came under the leadership of VI. _ _ _ _ _ __
I. They became a party dedicated to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ revolution.
2. "Peace, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , Bread" summed up the Bolshevik program.
B. On November 6, 1917, the Bolsheviks seized the _ _ _ _ _ __
C. Real power stayed with the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , headed by Lenin.
III. Many people were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the Bolshevik or Communist regime.
A. Allied forces gave _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to anti-Communist forces.
B. By 1920, major opposition to the Communists had been _ _ _ _ _ _ __
C. On July 16, 1918, soviets
Czar Nicholas and his family.
IV. Lenin and the Communists
in the Civil War.
A. Leon Trotsky organized a well-disciplined _ _ _ _ _ __
B. The Communists had a
C. Secret police began a
sense of purpose.
aimed at crushing dissent.
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Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Clas5 _ _ _ _ _ _ __
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End of the War
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.
1. Allied _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on the Western Front had been badly defeated.
2. The entry of the United States into the war in 1917 gave the Allies a much-needed
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ boost
3. The withdrawal of the Russians allowed Germany to concentrate on the
4. After William II's departure, the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in Germany under Friedrich
Eberl announced the creation of a
republic.
5. An attempt at revolution left the German middle class with a deep fear of
=
6. ________ among the nations that succeeded Austria-Hungary would
weaken eastern Europe for the next 80 years.
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7. In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in
________ to make a final settlement of the Great War.
8. U.s. President Woodrow Wilson portrayed World War I as a people's war against
II
and
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9. David Lloyd George, prime minister of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , had a simple platform at
the Peace Conference: make the Germans
10. In the
for this dreadful war.
, Germany was ordered to pay reparations for all the dam-
age to which the Allied nations had been subjected.
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11 . Both the German and Russian empires lost considerable _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
altogether.
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Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dare _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cla55 _ _ _ _ _ _ __
16
War and Revolution
World War I caused human suffering and loss of life on a scale that had never before been
experienced. When the war ended, the peace settlement included the payment of heavy
reparations. This caused resentment and anger that eventually led to further conflict among
European neighbors.
DIRECTIONS: Use the chart below to review the causes, progress, and outcomes of World
War L Complete each item by filling in the blank spaces in the columns.
Triple Alliance
)
Progress on
Western
Front
August-
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy agree
to mutual
Allied forces in retreat
1914
September
1914
Allied offensives
Progress on
Eastern
Front
1918
November 11.
1918
August 30,1914
Allied attempt to open a Balkan front fails.
mid-1915
March 1918
Outcome
Germany decisively defeats Russian army.
Russian
casualties at 2.5
million
Russia gives up eastern
Finland, and the Baltic
Ukraine,
early-1919
June 28, 1919
35
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dare _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Class _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Wall' and Revolution, 1914-1919
DIRECTIONS: On the puzzle, fill in the terms across and down that match the numbered
definitions~
Across
I. agreement to end fighting
5. ideology based on Marx and Lenin
6. a set of final conditions that must be met
10. system of agreements between nations
that led to war (two words)
11. councils composed of representatives
from the workers and soldiers
13. complete mobilization of resources and
people (two words)
15. temporary, as in a government
16. territory administered by another
country
17. situation where each side tries to wear
down the other by constant attacks
(three words)
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2. aggressive preparation for war
3. government-directed system intended
to mobilize the resources of European
nations during World War I (two words)
4. friendly understanding between France,
Britain, and Russia in 1907
7. payments for damages
8. military draft
9. ditch
12. ideas spread to influence public opinion
for or against a cause
14. preparing military troops and equipment for war
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Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Class _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Skills Reinforcement
16
Interpreting Military Movements on Maps
When looking at a map that explains mil-
itary infonnation such as battles, troop
movements, and conquered territory, it is
important to read the map key The key
tells you what various colors and symbols
on the map represent.
DIRECTIONS: Study the key to the map below, then use the map to answer the questions in
the spaces provided.
1. a. Before the war began, to what
country did Warsaw belong?
EmpIre.
Eastern front. Mar 1917
b. Was Finland part of Russia
after World War I?
Towns llnder BolshlllJlk
'1,:a:\':1
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control Nov-Dec 1917
Towns flot under Bolshevik
control
c. Judging from the map, which
was bigger, the Russian Empire
or the Soviet Union?
2. a. The White Russian armies
attacked from which two main
directions?
h.
Who commanded these armies?
:5. Which two of the following were
not controlled by the Communists
at the end of 1917: Moscow,
Petrograd, Kharkov, Kiev, Minsk?
4. Which troops invaded from the city of Murrnansk? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5. The French fleet attacked which cities in the south?
6. Which anti-Bolshevik army attacked the city of Minsk? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
7. Which groups made up the Entente fleet arriving at Archangel?
19