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CONTRIBUTION OF MUHAMMAD GHAZNI AND MUHAMMAD GHOR IN MODERN INDIA
MRS.RAMA BISWAS
ASSISTANT TEACHER
GAIGHATA HIGH SCHOOL
NORTH 24 PARGANAS
WEST BENGAL, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Arabs conquered Sind at what was the impact of this incident, the Muslim once again
tried to invade India through the able personalities like Muhammad of Ghazni and
Muhammad of Ghor and also how they were successful in their attempt. Besides these we
know personality of these two emperors. The chief motive of Muhammad’s invasions in
India was the desire to sense its wealth. He knew that India was famous for its wealth and
Muhammad wanted to loot the wealth of India. Some historians have interpreted that
Muhammad was a religious. He wanted to invade India in order to popularize Islam. But
there is on logic in these statements. He wanted to invade India also to servere a strong
contingent of war elephants. But as far as possible he wanted to avoid to establishing his
direct rule in any part of India that is why his invasions were directed against rich cities
and wealthy temples rather than against the seats of Government impregnable forts. He
raided practically the whole of northern India but he took no steps to found authority in
this region.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. Describe how the Muslims again invaded India. 2. Explain the motives of Muhammad of
Ghazni in the invasion of India. 3. List the various conditions on the eve of Muhammad Ghazni
4.Find out the result of Muhammad of Ghazni’s invasion. 5. Estimate the personality of Ghazni
Muhammad. 6. Understand the campaigns; of Muhammad of Ghor. 7. Explain the personality of
Ghori Muhammad.
The first opponents of Muhammad Ghazni were Jayapala on the shahya dynasty. Muhammad
destroyed some frontier regions of Jayapala and when latter planned counter attack in 1001, he
tried to check his advance near Peshawar. Muhammad followed the tactics of his father and he
divided his army into several lunits, sent them in succession harass the enemy and this tired out
the Shaya-ruler ultimately defeated him. Jayapala could not tolerate the humiliation and therefore
he abdicated throne in favour of his son Anandapala in 1002 A.D and jayapala burnt himself.
We know the contribution of the Rajputs and their culture and also the culture expansion
of India in the other countries and especially in the Asian countries. In this paper we will
study the causes for the Arab invasion, early attempts by the Arabs to invade India
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successful attempt made by Muhammad Bin Qasim, causes for the failure of the Arabs
and also the impact of the Arab invasion.
OBJECTIVES
1) Who are the Arabs and what are the causes of the Arab invasion of sindh.
2) Was there any other attempt by the Arabs earlier to the invasion of sindh?
3) How dose Muhammad Bin Qasim invaded sindh.
4) What were the reasons of the failure of the Arab invasion?
5) What were the impacts of the Arab invasion?
CAUSES FOR ARAB INVASION
The Arabs the earliest Muslims to invade over India is the history of India. They become the
loves of war the 7th century. The desire to create huge Muslim empire increased in them. Shortly
after the death of Prophet Muhammad, they become the masters Persia their eyes fell upon its
neighboring country, India.
1. Added to this, the fabulous wealth of India about which they had heard much excited their zeal
to invade over it.
2. Again, India as an idolater country gave them gave wide scope to exercise their religious zeal
and to bring it under the influence Islam.
3. Thus the political desire coupled by economic incentive and religious zeal made the Arabs to
invade over India.
EAELIER ATTEMPTS TO INVADE INDIA
The earliest invasion of India was undertaken by the Arabs in 636-637 A.D. It was directed
against Thana near Bombay during the Khilafat of Omar. This and other successive attempts
against India remained a failure. But these repeated failures did not unnerve them. More over
their determination to conquer India increased with their conquest of Baluchistan in the first
decade of the 8th century A.D. They only waited for a pretext to invade over India and it did not
come until 708 A.D.
In 708 A.D. some ships which were carrying rich presents form Ceylon to Hajaj the
Governor of Persia were captured by the sea Pirates of the port of Debal in sindh. But Dahir
neither paid of the compensation nor asked for an apology. Moreover he said that for the act of
the pirates he was not at all responsible. On this reply Hajaj determined to punish Dahir for this
haughty temperament. Ashamed by these disastrous failures, Hajaj planned a fresh expeditions
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better organized and better equipped than the previous ones. This time he sent his own son in
law, Muhammad Bin Qasim a high spirited and daring youth 17, under the head of a large army.
INVASION OF MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM
The story of Muhammad Bin Qasim’s invasion of Sindh is one of the romances of
history. Marching through Persia and Baluchistan he reached Debal in 712 A.D. and stormed it
with in on time. Then a pitched battle was fought by Qasim and Dahir near Reward. Dahir was
killed and his heroic wife along with other Rajput ladies perished in flames this two daughters
primal Devi and suraj Devi, were capture and sent as presents to the clips. Thus the conquests of
sindh become complete in 712 A.D. After the conquest of sindh he advanced towards Multan
attacked it and finally captured it in 713 A.D. There the Arabs plundered so much of wealth that
they named it the city of Gold. Then Qasim planned to attack over Kanauji. But it did not
materialize due to his death was brought about by the two revengeful daughters of Dahir.
In 708 A.D. some ships which were carrying rich presents form Ceylon to Hajaj the Governor of
Persia were captured by the sea Pirates of the port of Debal in sindh. But Dahir neither paid of
the compensation nor asked for an apology. Moreover he said that for the act of the pirates he
was not at all responsible. On this reply Hajaj determined to punish Dahir for this haughty
temperament. Ashamed by these disastrous failures, Hajaj planned a fresh expeditions better
organized and better equipped than the previous ones. This time he sent his own son in law,
Muhammad Bin Qasim a high spirited and daring youth 17, under the head of a large army.
CAUSES FOR THE FINAL FAILURE OF THE ARAB INVASION
The adventure of the Arabs is generally regarded as a failure. They neither succeeded in
conquering the whole of Hindustan nor in retaining permanently what they had conquered. The
causes for this failure were:
-
The Indians resented the foreign domination and there was no born of love or
sympathy between the conquerors and the conquered
-
The death of Qasim was grate blow to their fortunes. After his death no military
general of his worth appeared.
-
They entered in to India form the wrong quarter. Unproductively due to its extensive
sandy desert hence the caliphs to did not encourage them to strengthen their hold over
it.
-
The presence of the Rajputs made it impossible for the Arabs to found a permanent
power in India. They checked their expansion.
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Again the decline of the power of the Caliphs still more reduced the strength of the
Arabs. Sindh came to be divided in to several petty states which actually became
independent. These states finally fill into the hands of Muhammad of Ghazni.
In 708 A.D. some ships which were carrying rich presents form Ceylon to Hajaj the Governor of
Persia were captured by the sea Pirates of the port of Debal in sindh. But Dahir neither paid of
the compensation nor asked for an apology. Moreover he said that for the act of the pirates he
was not at all responsible. On this reply Hajaj determined to punish Dahir for this haughty
temperament. Ashamed by these disastrous failures, Hajaj planned a fresh expeditions better
organized and better equipped than the previous ones. This time he sent his own son in law,
Muhammad Bin Qasim a high spirited and daring youth 17, under the head of a large army.
The Arab conquest of sindh is regarded as a remarkable event in the history of early medieval
India. In the first place, the event though by no means be regarded as of much consequence from
the immediate point of view, was the first successful venture in a series of attempts made by
them to reach India. Lastly conquest exposed the weakness of the structure of Indian society and
succeeded in creating a new awareness in the minds of the Indians who mattered most which
began to bear fruits in the succeeding centuries. Taken together the conquest of sindh by the
Arab constitutes a significant chapter in Indian history.
In 708 A.D. some ships which were carrying rich presents form Ceylon to Hajaj the Governor of
Persia were captured by the sea Pirates of the port of Debal in sindh. But Dahir neither paid of
the compensation nor asked for an apology. Moreover he said that for the act of the pirates he
was not at all responsible. On this reply Hajaj determined to punish Dahir for this haughty
temperament. Ashamed by these disastrous failures, Hajaj planned a fresh expeditions better
organized and better equipped than the previous ones. This time he sent his own son in law,
Muhammad Bin Qasim a high spirited and daring youth 17, under the head of a large army.
CONCLUSION
To sum up, except for the loss of sindh, the Arabs conquest did not seriously disturb the Indian
society and its consequences began to unfold themselves in the centuries that followed. All the
some, it was more congenial to India’s cultural intercourse with the outside world.
After studying this paper we have been able to-
Understand the causes for the Arab invasion.
-
Know many earlier attempts to invade India
-
Gain knowledge about muhmad Bin Qasim was successful in the invasion of Sindh.
-
Understand the causes for the total failure of the invasion.
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Explain the impact of the Arab invasion.
MUHAMMAD OF GHAZNI (997-1029 A.D)
Even though the Arabs invaded India but they failed to establish their permanent government.
For complete three centuries after Arabs conquest, India was free from foreign invasions. Even
though Shind become the principality of Arabs they failed to organize a good government. The
credit to establish permanent Muslims government in India goes at Turks from one of those
races, which have exercised a special influence on the history of Islam. But it is from the 10 th
century the caliphs become mere nominal sovereigns. During this period a number of
independent dynasties established. Afghanistan from 874 A.D to 999 A.D. one of the rulers of
Sassanid dynasty was Ahamad who purchased a Turkash slave Alaptagin. He appointed
Alaptagin, the governor of Balkh. Sabotaging was the slaved and son in law of Alapatgin who set
aside the dynasty of his master and found an independent Turkish dynasty at Ghazin in 977.
Muhammad was the eldest son of Sabotaging who led numerous invasions in to India and thus
brought the Turks into direct intimate contact with country.
MOTIVES OF MUHAMMAD OF GHAZNI
The chief motive of Muhammad’s invasions in India was the desire to sense its wealth. He Knew
that India was famous for its wealth and Muhammad wanted to loot the wealth of India. Some
historians have interpreted that Muhammad was a religious. He wanted to invade India in order
to popularize Islam. But there is on logic in these statements. He wanted to invade India also to
servere a strong contingent of war elephants. But as far as possible he wanted to avoid to
establishing his direct rule in any part of India that is why his invasions were directed against
rich cities and wealthy temples rather than against the seats of Government impregnable forts.
He raided practically the whole of northern India but he took no steps to found authority in this
region.
Muhammad led his expeditions from Kashmir, in the north to calendar in the south and from
Kanauji in the east to Samantha in the west. Historians are divided in their opinion regarding the
number of Muhammad’s invasions of India. The most accepted view is that Muhammad attacked
India for seventeen times. So his rides were confided to rich cities and temples. His real objective
was military glory and wealth of India. But A.B. Pandey points out that if he had followed the
policy of Arabs perhaps Muslim empire in India would have met with greater success and
communal bitter ness could not have gone to such extent.
Muhammad led his expeditions from Kashmir, in the north to calendar in the south and from
Kanauji in the east to Samantha in the west. Historians are divided in their opinion regarding the
number of Muhammad’s invasions of India. The most accepted view is that Muhammad attacked
India for seventeen times. So his rides were confided to rich cities and temples. His real objective
was military glory and wealth of India. But A.B. Pandey points out that if he had followed the
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policy of Arabs perhaps Muslim empire in India would have met with greater success and
communal bitter ness could not have gone to such extent.
CONDITIONS ON THE EVE OF MUHAMMAD GHAZNI’S INVASION
The political condition of India on eve of Muhammad Ghazni’s invasions was not good. The
land was divided into numerous small states. On the northwestern frontier there were three
principal kingdoms. The Brahmin dynasty of the shahyas ruled over a large territory extending
form Kashmir to Multan and form Langhan to sir hind. To the south of it lay the Shia kingdom of
Multan and the principality of Mansuart, which was the under the control of Arabs. To the east
the kingdoms of Thomas at Delhi; Prather’s at Kanauji and kashio calendulas at Moab and
calendar, paramours in Malwa and solankis in Gujarat. The form of government was feudal
monarchy. There are no political units and the monarchs were less interested in the welfare of the
common man. The people were gradually becoming indifferent to political matters. The Rajpuths
has a monopoly of civil and military appointments and it was country to rules of Repute chivalry
to oppress in any of the traders, ternants or peacefully citizens. The cumulative effort of this was
that the masses paid scant respect to the rise and fall of ruling dynasties.
INVASIONS OF MUHAMMAD OF GHAZNI (1000-1026)
Muhammad led his expeditions from Kashmir, in the north to calendar in the south and from
Kanauji in the east to Samantha in the west. Historians are divided in their opinion regarding the
number of Muhammad’s invasions of India. The most accepted view is that Muhammad attacked
India for seventeen times. So his rides were confided to rich cities and temples. His real objective
was military glory and wealth of India. But A.B. Pandey points out that if he had followed the
policy of Arabs perhaps Muslim empire in India would have met with greater success and
communal bitter ness could not have gone to such extent.
The first opponents of Muhammad Ghazni were Jayapala on the shahya dynasty. Muhammad
destroyed some frontier regions of Jayapala and when latter planned counter attack in 1001, he
tried to check his advance near Peshawar. Muhammad followed the tactics of his father and he
divided his army into several lunits, sent them in succession harass the enemy and this tired out
the Shaya-ruler ultimately defeated him. Jayapala could not tolerate the humiliation and therefore
he abdicated throne in favour of his son Anandapala in 1002 A.D and jayapala burnt himself.
CAMPAIGNS OF MUHAMMAD GHAZI
The first opponents of Muhammad Ghazni were Jayapala on the shahya dynasty. Muhammad
destroyed some frontier regions of Jayapala and when latter planned counter attack in 1001, he
tried to check his advance near Peshawar. Muhammad followed the tactics of his father and he
divided his army into several lunits, sent them in succession harass the enemy and this tired out
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the Shaya-ruler ultimately defeated him. Jayapala could not tolerate the humiliation and therefore
he abdicated throne in favour of his son Anandapala in 1002 A.D and jayapala burnt himself.
Muhammad fought two wars with Anandapala in 1006 A.D Anandapala defeated by
Muhammad. But more serious encounter took place in 1009 A.D at Ohind where Anandapala as
the head of the confederate force of Ujjain, Gwalior, Calendar, Kanauji, Delhi and Ajmer made a
determined stand but Anandapala with his associate was defeated by Muhammad and the latter
captured Nagorkot and went away to Ghazni with a large quantity of treasure and gold.
PERSONALITY OF GHAZNI MUHAMMAD
Muhammad was not a barbarian. He was a great parson of art and learning. Though he was an,
Stanley lane pole, Writes “Napoleon imported the choicest works of art from the countries he
subdued to adorn Paris Muhammad did better; he brought the artists and the poets themselves to
illuminate his court”. Alberuni, a many sided genius, illuminated his court’’. Alburuni, a many
sided genius, illuminated his court. He was a mathematician, philosopher. Astronomer and
Sanskrit scholar among other who adorned his court were Utbi, the historian farabi,the
philosopher, and Unsari, the poet laureate of Ghazni. But the most famous of all was Firdusyi.the
Persian Homer. It was through his liberality alone beautiful edifices rose at his capital making it
one of the finest cities of Asia. Iswari Prasad rightly summarized Muhammad’s personality in the
following way;“ He is a born leader of men, a justice, a patron of letters and discovers to be
ranked among the greatest personalities of the world’.
Muhammad led his expeditions from Kashmir, in the north to calendar in the south and from
Kanauji in the east to Samantha in the west. Historians are divided in their opinion regarding the
number of Muhammad’s invasions of India. The most accepted view is that Muhammad attacked
India for seventeen times. So his rides were confided to rich cities and temples. His real objective
was military glory and wealth of India. But A.B. Pandey points out that if he had followed the
policy of Arabs perhaps Muslim empire in India would have met with greater success and
communal bitter ness could not have gone to such extent.
The first opponents of Muhammad Ghazni were Jayapala on the shahya dynasty. Muhammad
destroyed some frontier regions of Jayapala and when latter planned counter attack in 1001, he
tried to check his advance near Peshawar. Muhammad followed the tactics of his father and he
divided his army into several lunits, sent them in succession harass the enemy and this tired out
the Shaya-ruler ultimately defeated him. Jayapala could not tolerate the humiliation and therefore
he abdicated throne in favour of his son Anandapala in 1002 A.D and jayapala burnt himself.
Muhammad led his expeditions from Kashmir, in the north to calendar in the south and from
Kanauji in the east to Samantha in the west. Historians are divided in their opinion regarding the
number of Muhammad’s invasions of India. The most accepted view is that Muhammad attacked
India for seventeen times. So his rides were confided to rich cities and temples. His real objective
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was military glory and wealth of India. But A.B. Pandey points out that if he had followed the
policy of Arabs perhaps Muslim empire in India would have met with greater success and
communal bitter ness could not have gone to such extent.
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