Results You Can Count On
Long Term Monitoring of Environmental
Ultrafine Particles
Hans-Georg Horn
TSI GmbH, Research & Analytic
2009 Global Aerosol Education Webinars
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Overview
• Why monitor ultrafine particles (UFP)
when there is no regulation for it?
• European initiatives and regulatory
activities
• UFIPOLNET project
– 12 months filed data and
what we learnt from it
• 3031 Ultrafine Particle monitor
– Operation
– Features & benefits
• Field measurement data
• Supporting information
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Why Monitor Ultrafine Particles?
• UFPs occur in large numbers in urban air
– Most common sources are combustion processes
– Urban environments typically dominated by vehicle
exhaust
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Why Monitor Ultrafine Particles?
• UFPs occur in large numbers in urban air
– Most common sources are combustion processes
– Urban environments typically dominated by vehicle
exhaust
• UFPs have essentially no measurable mass
– One million 0.1 µm particles have same mass as one
single 10 µm particle (assuming same shape & density)
– Traditional PM10 and PM2.5 measurements based on
integral particle mass do not represent UFPs at all
– Number of coarse (PM10) particles orders of magnitude
lower than of UFPs, yet make up ~99% of mass!
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Why Monitor Ultrafine Particles?
• UFPs occur in large numbers in urban air
– Most common sources are combustion processes
– Urban environments typically dominated by vehicle
exhaust
• UFPs have essentially no measurable mass
– One million 0.1 µm particles have same mass as one
single 10 µm particle (assuming same shape & density)
– Traditional PM10 and PM2.5 measurements based on
integral particle mass do not represent UFPs at all
– Number of coarse (PM10) particles orders of magnitude
lower than of UFPs, yet make up ~99% of mass!
• UFPs are responsible for urban smog
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Typical Urban Aerosol Distribution
Number
Concentration
Mass
Concentration
Source: Seinfeld and Pandis
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Typical Urban Aerosol Distribution
UFP number concentration:
Vehicle exhaust is dominating
source in urban air
Number
Concentration
Mass
Concentration
Source: Seinfeld and Pandis
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Typical Urban Aerosol Distribution
UFP number concentration:
Vehicle exhaust is dominating
source in urban air
Number
Concentration
Reduction of vehicle exhaust will
remain nearly undetected in
PM10
Mass
Concentration
Source: Seinfeld and Pandis
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Why Monitor Ultrafine Particles? (2)
• Control measures have the ability to drastically reduce
UFPs and significantly improve urban air quality
– Diesel particle filters & improvements in engine technology
– Low Emission Zones (LEZ) & congestion charges
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Why Monitor Ultrafine Particles? (2)
• Control measures have the ability to drastically reduce
UFPs and significantly improve urban air quality
– Diesel particle filters & improvements in engine technology
– Low Emission Zones (LEZ) & congestion charges
• Yet impossible to demonstrate these positive effects with
conventional PM10 data!
– Health benefits from above expected to be more far reaching
than can be shown by reporting only particulate mass (PM)
• Large probability that coarse particles are removed before entering
human body
– In consequence, positive measures are under public pressure
• This will remain so without evidence in their favor
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Why Monitor Ultrafine Particles? (2)
• Control measures have the ability to drastically reduce
UFPs and significantly improve urban air quality
– Diesel particle filters & improvements in engine technology
– Low Emission Zones (LEZ) & congestion charges
• Yet impossible to demonstrate these positive effects with
conventional PM10 data!
– Health benefits from above expected to be more far reaching
than can be shown by reporting only particulate mass (PM)
• Large probability that coarse particles are removed before entering
human body
– In consequence, positive measures are under public pressure
• This will remain so without evidence in their favor
• Monitoring of UFP can provide data that easily
demonstrate how effective these measures are!
– Directly relates to the emission, unbiased by a few “rocks”
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
European Initiatives
• Researchers have recognized importance of UFP
measurement for many years
– Number concentration and size distribution measurements
part of atmospheric research and epidemiologic studies
– ACE-1, ACE-2, GSF study in Erfurt, etc.
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
European Initiatives
• Researchers have recognized importance of UFP
measurement for many years
– Number concentration and size distribution measurements
part of atmospheric research and epidemiologic studies
– ACE-1, ACE-2, GSF study in Erfurt, etc.
• Since 1998, UK monitoring sites have monitored UFP
number concentration/and or size distribution routinely
– Three sites used SMPS’ (Model 3934)
• One urban roadside, one urban background and one rural background
making 5 scans in 15 minutes
– Also 9 CPCs (Model 3022A) used in major city centres
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
European Initiatives (2)
• From 2001, Switzerland pioneered (unregulated) UFP
number concentration monitoring in NABEL
monitoring stations as part of the MfM-U project
– 6 out of 16 stations routinely run CPCs (Model 3022A)
– Data reported online, e.g. at
http://webclientmona.innetag.ch/Messresultate.aspx
– EMPA has established calibration routines for these CPCs
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Ultafine Particle Monitoring Sites
in Switzerland
www.empa.ch/plugin/bean/empa/Article_PrintArticle?pr_artid=13204&wo=1
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
European Initiatives (2)
• From 2001, Switzerland pioneered (unregulated) UFP
number concentration monitoring in NABEL
monitoring stations as part of the MfM-U project
– 6 out of 16 stations routinely run CPCs (Model 3022A)
– Data reported online, e.g. at
http://webclientmona.innetag.ch/Messresultate.aspx
– EMPA has established calibration routines for these CPCs
• In 2005, European Union adopted the “Thematic
Strategy on Air Pollution” as a consequence of the
“Clean Air for Europe (CAFE)” program
– Strategy calls for member countries to increase their
research activities in the fields of atmospheric chemistry
and the distribution of pollutants, and to identify the impact
of air pollution on human health and the environment
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
European Regulatory Activities
• Recently, European Union has established a first
regulation that focuses on restricting emissions of
UFP from light duty vehicles with diesel engines
– Introduced particle number based regulation for Euro 5/6
– Euro 5: 6 x 1011 particles/km
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
European Regulatory Activities
• Recently, European Union has established a first
regulation that focuses on restricting emissions of
UFP from light duty vehicles with diesel engines
– Introduced particle number based regulation for Euro 5/6
– Euro 5: 6 x 1011 particles/km
• VDI/DIN’s Clean Air Commission is preparing
German national guidelines for particle number
concentration and size distribution measurements in
air quality monitoring networks
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
European Regulatory Activities
• Recently, European Union has established a first
regulation that focuses on restricting emissions of
UFP from light duty vehicles with diesel engines
– Introduced particle number based regulation for Euro 5/6
– Euro 5: 6 x 1011 particles/km
• VDI/DIN’s Clean Air Commission is preparing
German national guidelines for particle number
concentration and size distribution measurements in
air quality monitoring networks
• CEN/TC 264/WG 32 is working on technical
recommendations for number concentration and size
distribution measurement of UFP in air quality
monitoring
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Research Instruments vs. Monitors
• While it is good to see commercial SMPS and CPC
monitoring UFP’s, these instruments have been
designed with research studies in mind
– Never intended to operate “year-round” the way
conventional environmental monitors do
– Significant cost implications in running research instruments
instead of purpose-built monitors
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Research Instruments vs. Monitors
• While it is good to see commercial SMPS and CPC
monitoring UFP’s, these instruments have been
designed with research studies in mind
– Never intended to operate “year-round” the way
conventional environmental monitors do
– Significant cost implications in running research instruments
instead of purpose-built monitors
• Therefore EU included UFP monitoring aspects in
research programs, e.g.:
– EUSAAR, program to improve the comparability and QA/QC
for advanced environmental monitoring, including UFP
number concentration and size distribution
– EU-Life program UFIPOLNET to develop an affordable, low
maintenance monitor for UFP number and size
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
UFIPOLNET Project
EU-Life UFIPOLNET
• Objective was to develop new instrument for UFP,
optimized for use in air quality monitoring networks
–
–
–
–
Affordable price
Low cost of ownership
Easy integration into routine monitoring systems
Well suited for continuous monitoring (24 h / 365 days)
• Four prototypes should demonstrate capabilities during
12 months of continuous operation at four routine
monitoring sites
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Field Evaluation at 4 Locations
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12 Months Test Period
• The 12 months of continuous operation intended to…
– Demonstrate data availability of the devices
– Learn as much as possible about necessary maintenance and
make recommendations
– Collect data for a correlation analysis with other measured
contaminants
• One prototype unit (Dresden) was monthly maintained
and re-checked in the lab
• The three other instruments were “left alone” without
any maintenance
• All four prototype units achieved data availability >90%
– Dresden: corrected for planned lab checks
• No reliability problems reported during these 12 months
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
…After 12 Months in the Field
• Prototype unit at Augsburg (urban background) still
compared well (± 10%) to Dresden unit that was
checked and maintained monthly
• The Stockholm instrument (very high UFP
concentration) showed approximately 50% decrease
in sensitivity
– Reason was identified as internal soiling of HV connections
as well as break through of a carbon filter
• Prototype unit in Prague (medium UFP concentration)
showed some decrease in sensitivity
– Reason was identified as internal soiling of HV connections
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
…After 12 Months in the Field (2)
• All problems identified were corrected
– This brought all instruments into ± 20% agreement
• All other filters were exchanged and the DMA
columns were cleaned
– After this maintenance, all instruments were back
to their initial ± 10% agreement
• We gained valuable information on user
maintenance levels
– Now documented in the instrument manuals
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
The Production Instrument
• The UFP 330 prototype used during UFIPOLNET
became the Ultrafine Particle Monitor 3031
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Ultrafine Particle Monitor 3031
• Purpose
– Long-term, unattended monitoring of ultrafine particle
concentration and size fractions in urban air
• Data relevance considerations lead to final size range
– 20 to 800 nm
• Six channels of size resolution
I 20-30 nm I 30-50 nm I 50-70 nm I 70-100 nm I 100-200 nm I >200 nm I
• Time resolution 15 min (including zero periods)
– Zeroing time 1 min (between samples)
• Concentration range
– 500 to 106 particles/cm³ at 20 nm
– 50 to 106 particles/cm³ at 200 nm
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
3031 Operational Principle
Inlet
Sampling and conditioning
the aerosol.
Unipolar
Charger
Charging the
particles
Electrostatic
Classifier
For detailed information refer to
Application Note UFP-001
Operation Principle of the UFP
Monitor
Classifying into
size fractions
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Quantifying the
concentration
Aerosol
Electrometer
3031 Flow Schematic
Uses existing TSI core
technologies, so already
proven and cost
effective to build
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
3031 Features and Benefits
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Long-term, unattended operation
Low start-up and operating costs
No working fluids
No radioactive source
Comprehensive environmental sampling system
Continuous monitoring with output every 15 min
Convenient data management with remote
access via the Internet
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Remote Access via Internet
Instrument status can be monitored remotely
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Remote Access via Internet (2)
Data can be viewed and downloaded remotely
Data Table
Data Graph
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Data Access From Front Panel
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Data Access Using Excel
Spreadsheet and ODBC
The Excel sheet containing data download program
will be provided with Software CD. Users need to
download MyODBC drivers to execute this program
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Data Access Summary
• Display in web browser
• Download as text file
• Download in Microsoft Excel sheet using
ODBC drivers
• Access SQL database directly
• Instrument can also be queried with other
custom protocols used by monitoring networks
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Environmental Sampling System
Model 3031200
– Standard PM10 inlet
Standardized size-selective sampling of outdoor
aerosol
– Sharp cut PM1 cyclone
Removes large particles to avoid contamination
of UFP Monitor
– Flow splitter
Splits inlet sample flow to enable sub-sampling
portion of flow into particle measurement
system
– Nafion® dryer
Conditions sample to remove effects of RH on
aerosol
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Field Measurement Data
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Beijing Olympics Field Campaign
• During bidding process in 2001, Beijing made agreement
with the IOC to bring air quality within WHO standards
– On Aug 8 several athletes missed the opening ceremony
because they thought the exposure to Beijing air would
negatively impact their performance
– Pollution levels remained challenge for Olympic Games until
the closing ceremony on Aug 24
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Beijing Olympics Field Campaign
• During bidding process in 2001, Beijing made agreement
with the IOC to bring air quality within WHO standards
– On Aug 8 several athletes missed the opening ceremony
because they thought the exposure to Beijing air would
negatively impact their performance
– Pollution levels remained challenge for Olympic Games until
the closing ceremony on Aug 24
• UFP 3031 was used to monitor size classified particle
number concentrations in Beijing during August 2008
– Measurements supervised by researchers from Cornell and
Beijing universities
• Data will be published separately by these researchers
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Daily Ultrafine Particle
Concentrations in Beijing (Aug 1-30)
40,000
No PreSeparator
Daily UFP Concentrations - n/cc
Average
Min
35,000
Max
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
31-Jul 3-Aug
6-Aug
9-Aug 12-Aug 15-Aug 18-Aug 21-Aug 24-Aug 27-Aug 30-Aug 2-Sep
Unpublished data. Do not duplicate or reprint!
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Diurnal Profile of Particle
Concentrations (August 12)
35,000
Particle number concentration versus Time
Total
Particles Concentration n/cc
30,000
UltraFine
25,000
12th August 2008
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
Time
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
0:00
Three circles highlight data shown in next slide
Unpublished data. Do not duplicate or reprint!
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Detail of Particle Size
Distributions (August 12)
12000
Peak Size Distribution
at maximum and minimum Concentrations
Count in Fraction (n/cc)
10000
12:10:35
4:41:10
19:40:00
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
10
100
Size (nanometers)
1000
Unpublished data. Do not duplicate or reprint!
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Particle Size Fractions (August 12)
as Function of Time
Unpublished data. Do not duplicate or reprint!
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
In Summary: Applications
Primary application
• Continuous long-term, unattended
monitoring of particle size distribution and
number concentration in urban air in:
– Monitoring stations which currently monitor PM10
and/or PM2.5
– Cities with PM problems
– Areas designated as “Low Emission Zones”
Other applications
• Urban air pollution research
• Roadside measurements
• Health effects research
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Supporting Documents
• Specification & Data Sheets
– Model 3031 UFP Monitor
– Model 3031200 Environmental Sampling System
• Application notes
– UFIPOLNET citizens report
– UFP-001 Theory of operation
– UFP-002 Environmental Sampling System field setup
• Features and benefits guide
• Posters related to UFP monitor presented at Conferences
• Bibliography
– Selected references on UFP measurements and health effects research
All documents can be downloaded from
www.tsi.com/ultrafine
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Acknowledgment
The prototype UFP 330 was developed
with the contribution of the LIFE
financial instrument of the European
Community under number LIFE04
ENV/D/000054.
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
Thank You For
Your Attention
Any Questions?
© 2009, TSI Incorporated
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