Do you believe the quality of intelligence is:
A. Fixed (by genetics)
B. Malleable (capable of changing)
If you believe it is malleable by what percentage do you believe intelligence
can be changed?
List three reasons why your are attending college
Big Picture
Motivation
• The process by which activities are
started, directed, and continued so
that physical or psychological needs
or wants are met
• Moves people to do things!
Extrinsic Motivation
• Motivation is external
• External reward (money, grades,
etc.)
Intrinsic Motivation
• When an act itself is rewarding
• Internal reward for doing an act
Amabile’s Creativity Experiment (1982)
Read: Chapter 1 (Classic Studies in
Psychology)
Purpose
• To determine if levels of creativity
could be affected by intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation
Hypothesis
• Girls who had an extrinsic
motivation would be less creative,
relative to girls who had an intrinsic
motivation
Method
• Selected public school girls ages 711 to participate in an “Art Party”
after regular class hours
• Art materials were presented
Extrinsic Condition: This group
was told at the beginning that the
top 3 collages would win prizes
Intrinsic Condition: This group
was told that prizes would be given
out randomly based on a raffle at the
end of the party
Amabile’s Creativity Experiment
Assessment of Creativity
Conclusions
• Each of the girl’s collages was then
assessed on its level of creativity
• A motivation for extrinsic rewards
can decrease creativity
• Local artists, art critics, and art
teachers viewed the collages rated
the collages
• Comments/Criticisms?
• The judges were “blind” to the
experimental condition
Results
• Girls who were competing for
prizes were consistently and
significantly less creative
Instinct Approaches
Arousal Approaches
• instincts, innate factors, hereditary
and genetics motivate behavior
• People are motivated by the
stimulus motive: motivations that are
unlearned but causes increases in
stimulation, such as curiosity
Drive-Reduction Theory
• When an organism has a need, it
becomes aroused and motivated to
satisfy the need
Primary Drives: internal needs of
the body (hunger, thirst)
Secondary Drives: learned needs ($,
social approval)
Homeostasis: Drive to maintain a
steady state – the body is like a
thermostat
Sensation Seekers: seem to need
more complex and varied
experiences than do others
Incentive Approaches
• Behavior is explained in terms of
the external stimulus and its
rewarding properties. These
rewarding properties exist
independently of any need or level
of arousal
Your child who is in first grade who brings home a math test and shows you
her score. She received an A. What would you say to her?
Please write your full response in your notebook.
Praise of Intelligence
Take Home Message
• Can lead to an external locus of
control for intelligence
• Fixed views of intelligence may
reduce achievement motivation in
academics
• May reduce motivation on tasks
that may possibly result in failure
Praise of Effort
• Cultivates an internal locus of
control for intelligence
• More motivation, more persistence
on challenging tasks
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Big Picture
• People strive to achieve their
potential (self-actualization)
• There are levels of needs and
people must satisfy the lower levels
before they can move to the higher
levels
• People strive to move up, but can
move down based on a change in
circumstances
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs
Cognitive Needs
• To satisfy hunger, thirst, fatigue,
etc.
• To know, understand, and explore
Safety Needs
• To appreciate symmetry, order,
beauty, truth, and justice
• To feel secure and safe, out of
danger
Belongingness and Love Needs
• To be with others, to be accepted,
and to belong
Esteem Needs
• To achieve, be competent, gain
approval and recognition
Aesthetic Needs
Self-Actualization
• To find self-fulfillment and realize
one’s potential
Transcendence Needs
• To help others achieve selfactualization
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Criticisms
• No empirical data
Other Findings
• Cross-cultural research indicates
that different cultures place different
values on needs (p. 368)
*Greece/Japan
*Norway/Sweden
Questions to Consider
How are emotions expressed?
What is the most effective method of expressing emotions?
Big Picture
3 Elements of Emotion
• Physiology
• Behavior
• Subjective Experience: labeling an
emotion
Physiology
• Different emotions are associated
with different physiological
responses
Examples
Fear: decrease in skin temp.
Anger: increase in skin temp.
Sadness, Anxiety, and Fear: seem to
be a function of primarily the left
hemisphere of the brain
Facial Expressions: Processed
primarily in the right hemisphere
The Physiology of Emotions
The Amygdala
• Recognition of facial
expressions
• Associate with fear
responses
• Damage to it can impair
people’s ability to determine
facial expressions
The Physiology of Emotion
Whalen et al., (1998)
Purpose: To determine if
the amygdala activates to
fearful faces in the absence
of explicit knowledge (an
individual is unaware of
viewing the expression)
Introduction
• It has been argued that
initial responses to affective
stimuli are automatic and do
not require awareness
The Physiology of Emotion
Method
• 10 male participants viewed 56
“masked” facial expressions (too
rapidly to consciously notice
*Happy face
*Fearful face
•These were followed by a neutral
face
• Participants had no report of
seeing the happy or fearful face
The Physiology of Emotions
Results
• The amygdala became
activated at the presentation
of the fearful face, but not the
happy face, even though the
participant was unaware of
the fearful and happy faces
• No change in pulse rate
Conclusions
• The amygdala responses
automatically and is involved
in the nonconscious
monitoring of emotional
stimuli
Questions to Consider
Use the following response scale to
answer the questions
1 = Strongly agree
2 = Agree
3 = Neutral
4 = Disagree
5 = Strongly Disagree
1. I think that people are born with
the ability to display facial
expressions that are appropriate to
emotional experiences. Ex: when
people are happy, it is an instinct to
smile, etc…
2. I believe that displaying
appropriate facial expressions for
emotions is a learned response
3. I believe that facial expressions of
emotions are universal (i.e., people
of all cultures smile to display
happiness, etc.)
Behavior of Emotions: Emotional Expression
Big Picture
Evidence
• Our face is comprised of 34
muscles
• Blind children (from birth) exhibit
the same facial expressions for
emotions
• Act singly or in combination to
produce a facial expression
• Facial expressions are directly
associated with emotional experience
Universal Expressions
• Facial expressions for seven
emotions have been found to be
universal
Ekman & Friesen (1971)
Purpose: to determine if nonliterate societies (not exposed to
mass media) accurate select the
emotions of facial expressions
Method
• Selected individuals from New
Guinea
Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression
Ekman & Friesen (1971)
Method
• Told participants a story, showed
them 3 pictures of facial expressions,
asked them to select the face which
showed the emotion appropriate to
the story
Results
• No difference in accuracy between
members of literate cultures and
members of non-literate cultures
• No difference between adults and
children