STYLE AND FORM
EFFECTIVE JANUARY 1, 1985
These details of style and form, required by
the Journal of Animal Science (JAS) for
research papers, must be followed in preparing
the paper to be submitted. Failure to do so is a
basis for rejection of the paper without review.
Keep the Style and Form manual at hand
when preparing a paper for JAS and ask your
secretary to refer to it when typing the manuscript. The standards of the Journal are given
at the back of each issue under "Information
for Contributors".
Manuscripts must be typed, double-spaced,
and the ribbon copy and two carbons or good
reproduced copies submitted. All pages including pages for "Literature Cited", tables and
legends for figures, must be numbered on all
copies. Each line o f the text must be numbered
in the left margin beginning with number one at
the top o f each page.
first letter capitalized. It should be typed
as an abstract containing the pertinent
results in the most brief, but understandable form. References are never cited in
the Summary. Whenever possible, the summary should conclude with one or two
sentences that highlight the most important conclusions.
C.
Key W o r d s - Immediately after the Summary, list up to six key words which best
describe the results reported and which
should include the species, variables tested
and major criteria of response. Key words
must be selected from the list provided by
the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux
Thesaurus but using American spelling of
words. The heading "Key Words" as well as
the key words themselves are enclosed in
parentheses. The first letter of each key
w o r d is capitalized, each key word is
followed by a comma except the last which
is followed by a period as shown in the
following example. (Key Words: Beef
Cattle, Supplementary Energy, Season,
Reproduction, Serum Proteins.) Coined
terms, abbreviations and slang should not
be used.
D.
Text H e a d i n g s - The first letter only o f
each major word in a heading is capitalized.
Three classes of headings are used within
the text of a manuscript:
1) Major headings (Summary, Introduction, Experimental Procedure, Materials
and Methods, Results, Results and
Discussion, Literature Cited) appear in
the center of the page. Major headings
are not underlined. Major headings of
papers from symposium proceedings
may deviate from the standard format
as appropriate, but all papers must
include a Running Head, Summary, Key
Words and Introduction.
2) First subheadings appear at the left
margin on a separate line and they are
underlined. These are used infrequently.
"Discussion," if such a heading appears
alone, is always a first subheading, never
a major heading.
3) Second subbeadings appear at the
beginning o f tbe. first line o f a para-
The following are additional guides:
A.
B.
First P a g e - The first page of each manuscript must include the running bead,
title, author(s), institution, city and zip
code. A Running Head or Short Title
consisting of no more than 45 characters
should appear at the top of page 1 of the
manuscript.
Except for articles and
prepositions, the first letter of each word
in the Running Head is capitalized. The
title o f the manuscript is listed entirely in
capital letters. It should be as brief as
possible but should include the species
involved when applicable. Author(s) are
listed in capital and lower case letters.
Institution, city and zip code are fisted in
capital and lower case letters. Supplementary information, such as positions and
addresses of authors, is given in footnotes
on the first page. Footnotes are referenced
by superscript numbers. Acknowledgments also must appear as a footnote on
the first page. The Summary may be typed
on the first page and continued on page 2,
if necessary.
S u m m a r y - The Summary, consisting of
no more than 250 words written as one
paragraph, appears at the beginning of the
manuscript with the word Summary centered on the top of the page and only the
1390
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, Vol. 59, No. 5, 1984
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
graph. They are indented, underlined
and followed by a period. They do not
require labeling (a), (b), (c), et cetera.
Use second subheading instead of first
subheading wherever possible.
E.
F.
Text Content
1) Introduction
The heading " I n t r o d u c t i o n " is centered on the page and begins two lines
after the Key Words. It may be on the
same page as the Summary and Key
Words if there is r o o m for the heading
and at least one line of the Introduction before continuing on to the next
page. The Introduction should not
exceed 200 words. It should indicate
the nature of the questions asked and
the reasons for asking them, the justification for doing the research and the
hypothesis to be tested.
2) Experimental Procedure
Sufficient detail sbould be given to
allow duplication o f the experiment(s).
A clear description or specific original
reference for all biological, chemical and
statistical procedures is required.
3) Results (may be combined with
Discussion)
Results should be presented in
tabular form when feasible. The text
should explain or elaborate on the
tabular data but should not duplicate
them. Sufficient data should be presented to allow the reader to interpret
the results of the experiment.
4) Discussion (may be combined with
Results)
The Discussion should interpret the
results in terms of biological mechanisms and should integrate the literature with the results so as to allow
rejection or acceptance of the hypothesis tested.
Text Citations-- When two or more
citations are included in a grouping within
a sentence, the citations within the grouping must be arranged in chronological
order. Published literature is referred to in
the text of a manuscript in one o f two
ways, depending on sentence structure.
Hypothetical examples:
1) Brown (1972) demonstrated the phenomenon in mountain goats, as did
1391
Archibald and McClintock (1973a,b)
and Best et al. (1974) in cattle.
2) . . . has been demonstrated in the
mountain goat (Brown, 1972) and in
cattle (Archibald and McClintock,
1973a,b; Best et al., 1974).
When there are more than two authors, cite
the paper in the form Mahan et al. (1977)
throughout the text. Note that no comma
precedes et al., and that a period (and in
the ease of citations of t y p e 2 above, a
comma also) follows. Dates o f papers
which will abbreviate identically in the
text, even though the authors may differ
(see Welsh et al., 1979a,b citation in
Section G) should be lettered in the text
(as in the Archibald and McClintock
citation above) and in the Literature Cited.
Check the Literature Cited list to make
certain that all text citations are represented, and that no citation is listed that is
not cited in the text.
Unpublished literature is not listed in
Literature Cited. It is listed only in the text
as follows: . . . by R. W. Smith (personal
communication), (R. W. Smith, personal
communication) . . . . according to R. L.
Brinster (unpublished data), (R. L. Brinster, unpublished data). Personal communication and unpublished data are not
underlined.
Citations to nonrefereed publications
should be avoided.
Number of citations should be minimized by careful scrutiny and selection of
only the most pertinent ones.
G.
Literature Cited -- The form currently used
and recommended in the Journal is demonstrated b y the following examples o f each
t y p e of publication:
Abstracts
Chalupa, W., C. A. Baile, C. L. McLaughlin
and J. G. Brand. 1978. Development
by cattle of aversion to urea diets.
Fed. Proc. 37:410 (Abstr.).
Humphrey, W. D., D. R. Korknik, C. C.
Kaltenbach, T. G. Dunn and G. D.
Niswender. 1976. Progesterone and
LH in postpartum suckled beef cows.
J. Anim. Sci. 43:290 (Abstr.).
Olson, T. A. and P. E. Loggins. 1979.
Performance o f sheep of AA, BB and
1392
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
AB hemoglobin types. J. Anita. Sci.
49 (Suppl. 1):167.
Books
When one reference in a b o o k
inclusive pages are given.
is cited
Baker, D. H. 1977. Amino acid nutrition of
the chick. In: H. H. Draper (Ed.)
Advances in Nutrition Research. pp
299--335. Plenum Press, New York.
Goodman, A. L., W. E. Nixon and G. D.
Hodgen. 1979. Regulation of folliculogenesis in the cyclic rhesus monkey.
In: A. R. Midgley and A. S. Williams
(Ed.) Ovarian Follicular Development
9 and Function. pp 29--33. Raven Press,
New York.
Holmes, W. H. and C. W. Close. 1977. The
influence of climatic variables on
energy metabolism and associated
aspects of productivity in the pig. In:
Nutrition and the Climatic Environment. pp 51--74. Butterworths, London.
Horhorst, H. J. 1965. L-(+)-lactate. Determination with lactic dehydrogenase
and DPN. In: H. U. Bergmeyer (Ed.)
Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. pp
266--270. Academic Press, New York.
Pages are not given w h e n more than one
reference in a book is cited.
AOAC. 1975. Official Methods of Analysis
(12th Ed.). Association of Official
Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC.
Snedecor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran. 1967.
Statistical Methods (6th Ed.). Iowa
State Univ. Press, Ames.
Steel, R.G.D. and J. H. Torrie. 1960.
Principles and Procedures of Statistics.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Bulletins
Allen, C. E., D. C. Beitz, D. A. Cramer and
R. G. Kauffman. 1976. Biology of fat
in meat animals. North Central Regional Res. Pub. No. 234. Univ. of
Wisconsin, Madison. pp 29--53.
Martin, J., F. N. Owens and D. Gill. 1976.
Rumensin protein levels and urea for
feedlot cattle. Oklahoma State Univ.
and USDA Res. Rep. MP-96. p 87.
NRC. 1979. Nutrient Requirements of
Domestic Animals, No. 2. Nutrient
Requirements of Swine. Eighth Re-
vised Ed. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. Washington, DC.
Sigma Chemical Co. 1974. The colorimetric determination of phosphatase.
Tech. Bull. No. 104 (Revised Ed.). St.
Louis, MO.
Periodicals
Davis, S. L. 1972. Plasma levels of prolactin, growth hormone and insulin in
sheep following the infusion of arginine, leucine and phenylalanine.
Endocrinology 91:549.
Eisen, E. J. and J. M. Leatherwood. 1979.
Effects of pregnancy and mating age
on protein and fat deposition in
polygenic obese mice. J. Anim. Sci.
48:810.
Houpt, K. A. 1982. Gastrointestinal factors
in hunger and satiety. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:145.
Houpt, T. R. 1959. Utilization of blood
urea in ruminants. Amer. J. Physiol.
197:115.
Lewis, A. J., P. J. Holden, R. C. Ewan and
D. R. Zimmerman. 1976. An automated fluorometric method for the
measurement of tryptophan in plasma.
J. Agr. Food Chem. 24:1081.
Truscott, T. G., C. P. Lang and N. M.
Tulloh. 1976. A comparison of body
composition and tissue distribution of
Friesian and Angus steers. J. Agr. Sci.
(Camb.) 87:1.
Tulloh, N. M. 1964. Comparative breed
studies of beef cattle. III. Body
composition. Australian J. Agr. Res.
15:333.
Welsh, T. H., R. L. McCraw and B. H.
Johnson. 1979a. Influence of cordcosteroids on testosterone production
in the bull. Biol. Reprod. 21:755.
Welsh, T. H., R. D. Randel and B. H.
Johnson. 1979b. Temporal relationships among peripheral blood concentrations of corticosteroids, luteinizing
hormone and testosterone in bulls.
Theriogenology 12:169.
Periodical cita'tion w h e n each issue begins
with page 1 m u s t include issue number.
Theses and Dissertations
Jenkins, T. G. 1977. Characterization of
body components from serially slaugh-
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
tered bulls produced in a five breed
diallel. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M
Univ., College Station.
White, G. C. 1974. Crop residue utilization
and nitrogen supplementation for beef
cows. M. S. Thesis. Univ. of Nebraska,
Lincoln.
The following additional items should be
noted:
1. Initials only are used for first and
middle names in all citations.
2. Initials are placed after author's name
only in the case of the first author of
each citation.
3. Citations are listed in strict alphabetical
order by authors and chronologically
among papers by the same authors if the
authors' names are given i n the same
order on each paper; otherwise they are
listed alphabetically.
4. Only the first word and proper nouns in
titles of papers listed begin with a
capital letter. In the case of books, all
major words begin with capitals, the
edition, if any, is noted, and the publishing house and city are given as well
as the pertinent page numbers cited,
e.g., p p 3 1 0 - 3 1 4 . In the case of journal
articles, only the first page of a reference is listed.
5. No comma follows the name or abbreviation of the journal cited.
6. References should be abbreviated in
accordance with the American Standard
for Periodical Title Abbreviations (see
list annually in Biological Abstracts).
7. A list of abbreviations of frequently
cited periodicals is given in Section L.
8. Citations of unpublished work are listed
in parentheses in the text and do not
appear in Literature Cited. Such citations must include author(s) initials and
surname(s) as indicated in Section F.
H.
Tabular Material - Table construction is a
difficult problem and in many cases it is
necessary to revamp headings and table
arrangements so that the printer can
present the material in clear fashion. Tables
should be constructed for efficient use of
space and designed to fit preferably into
one, or secondly across both columns o f
the vertical axis of the page. Avoid table
constructions that have to be printed at
1393
right angles to the vertical axis.
The following guidelines are to be used
in the construction of tables:
1) Tables must be numbered consecutively
in Arabic numbers and each table must
be typed on a separate page. The b o d y
o f the table must be typed doublespaced. Do not reduce the size o f a
table by pbotocopy methods. Tables
should not be typed in the text of the
manuscript.
2) The title o f tables should be descriptive
enough to be able to stand alone and
must be entirely in capital letters. No
period follows the title.
3) Every column must have a heading, e.g.,
Ingredient, Trait, F a t t y acid, et cetera.
4) Only the first letter of the first word of
column headings is capitalized. Likewise, only the first letter of the first
word within columns is capitalized.
5) Emphasize presentation of data in a
simplified, readily interpretable manner.
Do not include columns derived from
others by simple arithmetic calculations.
Do not present the same data in tabular
and graphic form.
6) Omit the zero to the left of all decimal
numbers in tables, probability levels and
throughout the text. Use only meaningful digits (see Section P).
7) In the presentation of matrix type
tabular material (e.g., correlation coefficients among all variables) leave
blank spaces for missing values rather
than clutter such tables by inserting
dashes.
8) The dagger symbol ( t ) and asterisks (*,
** or ***) are used only to designate
significance and must be accompanied
b y footnotes to the table, e.g., t P < . 1 0 ,
*P<.05, **P<.01 and ***P<.001.
9) References to other footnotes in a table
must be b y superscript lower case letters
beginning with the letter "a".
lO) Do not use vertical lines.
11) Do not use special signs.
12) Standard errors of means may be
attached to the means b y + signs, but a
separate column or row may be used.
See Section P regarding SE.
13) Standard deviations (of observations)
should not be attached to a mean but
should appear in a separate column or
row.
1394
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
14) Superscript lower case letters beginning
with the next letter following the last
footnote letter should be used for mean
separation or multiple comparison tests
of significance. Such comparisons should
be used only to compare unrelated
means. In deciding which mean separation procedure to use, see S. G. Carmer
and M. R. Swanson; 1973. Evaluation of
ten pairwise multiple comparison procedures by Monte Carlo methods. J.
Amer. Statist. Assoc. 68:66.
I.
Footnotes--Footnotes to tables are by
superscript lower case letters used consecutively beginning with "a", independently for each table. Statistical significance in tables, where applicable, is indicated as follows: tP<.lO, *P<.05,
**P<.01 or ***P<.001. Footnotes to the
heading and in the text are placed at the
b o t t o m of the page where referenced and
are numbered serially from beginning to
end of the paper. Footnotes are followed
by a period.
J.
Figures
1) Graphs should be prepared with sufficiently heavy lines and lettered in
India ink or by other means so that the
original or glossy photographs of the
graphs will reproduce clearly when
reduced to fit in either one or two
columns. When possible, graphs should
be prepared with large letters, numbers
and symbols for clear reproduction
when reduced to fit in one column of
the Journal. All lettering and abbreviations must follow JAS style. Typed
material on graphs is not acceptable.
Either the original graph (if no larger
than 22 x 28 cm in s i z e ) o r a clear
photograph that has good contrast may
be submitted with the paper for publication. Reproduced copies of graphs in
addition to the original copies may be
placed with the two copies of the
manuscript for reviewers. All figures
should be lightly numbered or otherwise
identified on the reverse side and
the top of the figure designated. If two
or more photographs are mounted together, they should be earefuUy
trimmed, mounted and labeled. The
legend should be typed on a separate
sheet for each figure and identified with
the figure number in Arabic numbers.
2) In preparing figures use the following
symbols: o, ~, D, ~r, A, O, tt, e, A , , ,
6, 9 and the following types of lines:
K.
Other - O t h e r items of style and form are:
1) Use only the metric system.
2) The percent sign must be associated
with a numerical value. Percent, when
spelled, is always one word. Percentage
is used without a numerical value.
3) Never capitalize "table" or "figure" in
the text when referring to a specific
table or figure. Always use Arabic
numerals. It is left to the author's
discretion whether or not such terms as
lot, experiment, trial, group, etc. should
be capitalized, and whether they should
be followed by Roman or Arabic
numerals. The word experiment is
written out w h e n used in a general
sense, but is capitalized, abbreviated and
followed by a period when referring to a
specific experiment, e.g., Exp. 1, Exp.
2, et cetera.
4) Avoid redundancy in giving the statistical significance of differences, i.e.,
do not use some form of the word
"significance" and a probability statement. For example, write "Stearic acid
concentration was higher (P<.05) in
loin drippings than in ham drippings"
instead of "Stearic acid concentration
was significantly (P<.05) higher in loin
drippings than in ham drippings".
5) Abbreviate all units of measure preceded by numerals including those at
the end of sentences. Abbreviate units
of measure preceded by numerals
except in the title of the paper and titles
of tables but not when the unit of
measure follows the spelled out number
at the beginning of a sentence. In the
latter case the unit also must be spelled
out, e.g., Twenty milliliters were . . . .
not Twenty ml w e r e . . .
6) Abbreviations other than units of
measure in the title of papers and titles
of tables should be avoided except for
those common to all biology, e.g., ATP,
DNA, et cetera. Avoid beginning sen-.
tences with abbreviations.
7) Abbreviations for amino acids should
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
not be used in the text except in designating sequences of polypeptides. Abbreviations for amino acids may be
used in tables and figures.
8) Abbreviations used in the text, tables or
figures are always written as singular
even though they may be plural, e.g., yr
not yrs, V F A n o t VFAs.
9) Numerals in text:
a) Never begin a sentence with numerals.
Supply another word or spell out the
numbers.
b) Use numerals (1 and up) preceding
units of measure, e.g., 12 min, 9 yr,
4%, 2 g, 6 cm.
c) Use written numbers (up to and
including nine) when preceding other
nouns, e.g., four animals, two times,
b u t 14 lots, 28 pigs.
d) Ordinal numbers up to ninth should
be spelled out in the text although
they may be abbreviated in tables to
save space. Abbreviate higher ordinal
numbers, e.g., 12th, 32nd.
e) Twofold up to ninefold is written as
one word. Use numerals from 10 and
higher, e.g., 10-fold, 300-fold as well
as for all decimal numerals, e.g.,
8.5-fold.
f) When data are expressed in inconviently large or small numbers, the
heading in the appropriate column(s)
of tables and footnote(s) in figures
should indicate that values contain a
common factor, e.g., 10 s or 10 -s.
g) Dates are always written as October
4 or 20, never as October fourth, or
20th of October.
10) Acknowledgments should appear on the
first page as a footnote.
11) Other notes on style:.
a) Do not capitalize seasons of the year.
b) Spell out months of the year, i.e.,
January, February, March . . . .
c) Spell out names of states in the text.
Use standard two-letter abbreviations
in footnotes, tables and figures.
d) Use chemical symbol for elements if
they appear more than once in the
manuscript. Formulas for simple
compounds,
e.g., NaC1, HNO3,
NH 4 OH, et cetera are acceptable.
e) Express ratios as follows; e.g.,
feed to gain ratio, F:G r a t i o or F/G,
1395
but not F/G ratio.
f) Do not use a slant line for per if
more than one occurs in the expression, e.g., 5 mg/g/d is ambiguous.
Instead the expression is written 5
m g ' g -1 "d -1 or 5 mg/(g'd).
g) Use a comma before and after such
abbreviations as, i.e., e.g . . . . .
h) Final quotation marks should follow
a comma or period.
i) Use .37 rather than 0.37 or +.37 in
text or table, whether a correlation,
standard error, et cetera. U s e - . 3 7
rather than - 0 . 3 7 .
j) Use U.S. in the heading for United
States; use USDA in text or Literature Cited.
k) Live weight, body weight and birth
weight are always written as two
words.
1) Use mg/100 ml rather than mg%. Use
moles/100 moles rather than molar
percent.
m)Use 12 to 14 mg or 3 to 4 wk, not
1 2 - 1 4 mg or 3 - 4 wk.
n) Use "longissimus muscle" or "M.
longissimus" in place of "longissimus
dorsi".
o) Mass number precedes chemical
symbols, e.g., 14C or 131I.
p) Refer to simple stomached animals as
nonruminants.
q) Use/am instead of #.
r) Report time on the 24 h system,
e.g., 0910 rather than 9:10 am and
2306 rather than 11:06 pm.
s) Avoid the use of commercial names
in the b o d y of the text. Use generic
terms, instead and footnote brand
names and(or) company name, ineluding location.
t) Use, " a n d ( o r ) " not " a n d / o r " ; " d i e t "
not "ration"; "regimen" not "regime"; "ensure" n o t "insure".
u) Use the abbreviation vs for versus in
the text, tables and figures except in
the title of the paper and titles of
tables. T h e abbreviation is used with
or without numerals, e.g., 7 v s 16/ag;
steers vs heifers.
v) Italics are not used in JAS except for
headings. Therefore, the only words
underlined are first and second
subheadings.
1396
L.
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
Abbreviations of
Frequently Cited Periodicals
Acta Agr. Scand.
Acta Endocrinol.
Adv. Carbohy. Chem.
Adv. Genet.
Adv. Protein Chem.
Agr. Eng.
Amer. J. Anat.
Amer. J. Clin. Nutr.
Amer. J. Clin. Pathol.
Amer. J. Hum. Genet.
Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
Amer. J. Opthalmol.
Amer. J. Pathol.
Amer. J. Physiol.
Amer. J. Vet. Res.
Analyst
Anal. Biochem.
Anal. Chem.
Anat. Rec.
Anim. Behav.
Anim. Breed. Abstr.
Anim. Prod.
Ann. Hum. Genet.
Ann. Zootechnie
Ann. Eugen.
Ann. Math. Statist.
Annu. Rev. Biochem.
Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.
Annu. Rev. Physiol.
Antibiot. Chemother.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
(J. name since 1976)
Appl. Microbiol. (J. name before 1976)
Arch. Biochem.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
Arch. Tierzucht.
Australian J. Agr. Res.
Australian J. Biol. Sci.
Australian Vet. J.
Bacteriol. Rev.
Biochemistry
Biochem. J.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
Biol. Chem.
Biol. Reprod.
Biol. Rev.
Biometrics
Bioscience
Blood
Brit. J. Nutr.
Brit. Vet. J.
Can. J. Anita. Sci.
Can. J. Genet. Cytol.
Can. J. Res.
Can. Med. Assoc. J.
Chem. Ind.
Clin. Toxicol.
Cornell Vet.
Ecol. Monogr.
Empire J. Exp. Agr.
Endocrinology
Equine Vet. J.
Eur. Assoc. Anita. Prod.
Eur. J. Biochem.
Farm Res.
Fed. proc.
Fert. Steril.
Food Cosmet. Toxicol.
Food Res.
Food Technol.
Gastroenterology
Genetics
Growth
Gut
Horm. Behav.
Indian J. Vet. Sci.
J. Agr. Food Chem.
J. Agr. Res.
J. Agr. Sci. (Camb.)if published in England.
Include country of publ. for other countries
(e.g., Netherlands J. Agr. Sci.)
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
Amer. Chem. Soc.
Amer. Med. Assoc.
Amer. Oil Chem. Soc.
Amer. Statist. Assoc.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc.
Anita. Sci.
Appl. Physics
Appl. Physiol.
Assoc. Official Anal. Chem.
Bacteriol.
Biol. Chem.
Brit. Grassl. Soc.
Cell Physiol.
Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
Clin. Invest.
Clin. Pathol.
Dairy Res.
Dairy Sci.
Econ. Entomol.
Endocrinol.
Environ. Pathol. Toxicol.
Environ. Quality
Equine Med. Surg.
Exp. Biol.
Exp. Med.
Food Sci.
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
J. Gen. Microbiol.
J. Gen. Physiol.
J. G e r o n t o l .
J. Hered.
J. I m m u n o l .
J. Infect. Dis.
J. Lab. Clin. Med.
J. Lipid Res.
J. M o r p h o l .
J. Nutr.
J. Pathol.
J. Pathol. Bacteriol.
J. P h a r m a c o l . Exp. T h e r .
J. Physiol.
J. R a n g e Manage.
J. R e p r o d . Fertil.
J. Sci. F o o d Agr.
J. Toxicol. E n v i r o n . H e a l t h
J. Vet. Res.
J. Vet. Sci. A n i m . Ind.
Lab. A n i m .
Lipids
L i v e s t o c k Prod. Sci.
Metabolism
Nature
Neuroendocrinology
N e w Z e a l a n d J. Agr. Res.
New Z e a l a n d Vet. J.
Nucleonics
Nutr. Abstr. Rev.
Nutr. M e t a b .
Nutr. Rep. Int.
Obstet. Gynecol.
P h a r m a c o l . Rev.
Physiol. Rev.
Poul. Sci.
Proc. Brit. N u t r . Soc.
Proc. M e a t Ind. Res. Conf.
Proc. N u t r . Soc.
Proc. Recip. Meat Conf.
Proc. Roy. Soc. ( L o n d o n )
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
Rec. Prog. H o r m . Res.
Residue Rev.
Science
Sci. Agr.
Soil Sci.
Steroids
Theriogenology
Toxicol. Appl. P h a r m a c o l .
Vet. Rec.
Vet. Res.
Z. Tierz. Z i i c h t u n g s b i o l .
Z e n t r a l b l . Vet. Med. A.
1397
T h e w o r d " a n d " in a j o u r n a l n a m e is
n e v e r used in t h e a b b r e v i a t e d f o r m in t h e
" L i t e r a t u r e C i t e d " o f JAS.
M.
Abbreviations o f Words Used in Citations
Abstract ..................
Agriculture ...................
Annals .....................
Annual ...................
Association ................
Bulletin ....................
Circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Edition, Editor(s) ..............
Experiment .................
Extension ......
.............
International .................
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monograph ................
National ...................
Proceedings .................
Publication ...................
Report ....................
Research ....................
Station ................
Supplement ................
Technical ...................
University ..................
N.
Abstr.
Agr.
Ann.
Annu.
Assoc.
Bull.
Circ.
Ed.
Exp.
Ext.
Int.
Misc.
Monogr.
Natl.
Proc.
Pub.
Rep.
Res.
. ....
Sta.
Suppl.
Tech.
Univ.
Otber Abbreviations
average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
avg
calorie(s) (small, g r a m calorie) . . . . . . .
cal
Calorie(s) (large, k i l o g r a m calorie) . . . kcal
Celsius
( w i t h n u m e r a l , o m i t degree s y m b o l ) . . .C
c e n t i g r a d e ( o m i t degree s y m b o l ) . . . . . . .
C
centimeter ....................
cm
counts per minute ..............
cpm
cubic centimeter(s) .............
cm 3
c u b i c millimeter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mm 3
curie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ci
day(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d
degree (space) (use degree s y m b o l ) . . . . .
o
deciliter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dl
disintegrations per minute .........
dpm
e x p e r i m e n t ( s ) ( w i t h n u m b e r o n l y ) . . Exp.
f e m t o (prefix, 10 - i s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f
gram(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g
gravity, centrifugal . . . . . . . . . .
speed x g
hectare(s) .....................
ha
hour(s) .......................
h
inside d i a m e t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
id
international units ...............
IU
intramuscular ..................
im
1398
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
intraperitoneal .................
ip
intravenous ...................
iv
kilo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
k
kilogram(s) ....................
kg
kilometer(s) ..................
km
liter(s) spell o u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
liter(s)
l e t h a l dose 50% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LD50
lux .........................
lx
mega ........................
M
megacalorie(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mcal
meter(s) ......................
m
metric ton(s) ...................
t
m i c r o (prefix, 10 -6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
/a
microcurie(s) .................
/aCi
microgram(s) ..................
/~g
microliter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pl
micrometer(s) .................
/am
m i c r o m o l a r ( u n i t o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n ) . . . /aM
m i c r o m o l e ( s ) ( u n i t o f mass) . . . . . . .
#tool
milli (prefix, 10 -3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
m
millicurie(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mCi
milligram(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mg
milliliter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ml
millimeter(s) ..................
mm
millimolar (unit of concentration) . . . mM
millimole(s) ( u n i t o f mass) . . . . . . .
mmol
minute .....................
min
month(s) ....................
mo
molar (concentration) ............
M
mole(s) (mass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tool
n a n o (prefix, 10 - 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n
nanogram(s) ...................
ng
nanoliter(s) ...................
nl
nanometer(s) .................
nm
nanomolar (unit of concentration) . . . nM
n a n o m o l e ( s ) ( u n i t o f mass) . . . . . . .
nmol
normal (concentration) ............
N
number(s) ...................
no.
outside diameter ................
od
page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p
pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pp
p a r t s p e r billion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ppb
p a r t s per million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ppm
per ..........................
/
percent (with number only) .........
%
pico (prefix, 10 -12 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p
picogram(s) ...................
pg
picoliter(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pl
picometer ...................
pm
picomolar (unit of concentration) ....
pM
p i c o m o l e ( s ) ( u n i t o f mass) . . . . . . . .
pmol
probability .....................
P
revolutions per minute ...........
rpm
second(s) ......................
s
species
( o n l y a f t e r a generic n a m e ) . . . .
specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
square centimeters ..............
square m i l l i m e t e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
standard deviation ...............
standard error ..................
subcutaneous ..................
t o t a l digestible n u t r i e n t s . . . . . . . . .
ultraviolet ....................
versus .......................
volative f a t t y acid(s) . . . . . . . . . . .
volume .......................
v o l u m e per v o l u m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
week(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
weight(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
weight per volume ..............
w e i g h t per w e i g h t . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
year(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sp., spp.
sp gr
cm 2
mm 2
SD
SE
sc
TDN
uv
vs
VFA
v
v/v
wk
wt
w/v
w/w
yr
For chemical units and abbreviations,
refer t o t h e " H a n d b o o k
for A u t h o r s
o f Papers in t h e J o u r n a l s o f t h e A m e r i c a n
Chemical Society." Anatomical nomenclature is described in t h e c u r r e n t " N o m i n a
A n a t o m i c a V e t e r i n a r i a " w h i c h is o b t a i n able f r o m t h e N e w Y o r k S t a t e College o f
V e t e r i n a r y Medicine, I t h a c a , NY.
O.
International
F e e d N a m e s and International
Feed N u m b e r s
( I F N ) -- E a c h
f e e d s t u f f r e f e r r e d t o in t h e m a n u s c r i p t
may be identified by the International
Feed N u m b e r ( I F N ) a n d a simplified n a m e
o f t h e feed. T h e IFN, w h e n used, s h o u l d
b e listed o n l y o n c e in t h e m a n u s c r i p t ,
p r e f e r a b l y in t a b l e s if t a b l e s listing feeds
are included. If n o t a b l e o f feed i n g r e d i e n t s
is i n c l u d e d t h e n t h e I F N s h o u l d b e given in
p a r e n t h e s e s f o l l o w i n g t h e feed n a m e in t h e
Materials a n d M e t h o d s section. T h e use o f
t h e IFN m a k e s t h e full d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Feed N a m e s r e d u n d a n t a n d
space c o n s u m i n g . T h u s , simplified n a m e s
for t h e full d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
F e e d N a m e s s h o u l d b e used in t h e t e x t a n d
tables as i n d i c a t e d in t h e e x a m p l e s for t h e
following feeds:
Clover, red, h a y sun-cured, early b l o o m
( I F N 1-01-400).
Barley, grain ( I F N 4 - 0 0 - 5 4 9 ) .
S o y b e a n , seeds, m e a l s o l v e n t e x t r a c t e d
( I F N 5-04-604).
In t h e t e x t t h e y s h o u l d b e w r i t t e n as
. . . red clover h a y ( I F N 1-01-400), b a r l e y
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
(IFN 4-00-549) and soybean meal (IFN
5-04-604) were fed. In tables they should
appear as shown below:
Ingredient
%
Barley (IFN 4-00-549)
Soybean meal (IFN 5-04-604)
78.6
18.0
The International Feed Names and IFN
are listed in Utah Agricultural Experiment
Station Bulletin 501 (1981). Copies of the
bulletin may be obtained from: The Utah
Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin
Room, Utah State University, UMC 50,
Logan, Utah 84322.
Many different names are used in
describing feedstuffs, but to establish a
common basis for comparing nutritive
values it is essential that the exact IFN
given for the specific International Feed
Name in this bulletin be used. If a feed
ingredient is not exactly described in
Bulletin 501, write to: Director, International Feedstuffs Institute, Utah State
University, UMC 46, Logan, Utah 84322,
and an International Feed Name and IFN
will be provided.
P.
S t a t i s t i c s - Biology should be emphasized
but incorrect or inadequate statistical
methods frequently are problems with
manuscripts. The suggestions below should
be followed in order to avoid delays in
publication. Consultation with a competent statistician or a recent statistical
reference is recommended.
Statistical procedures should be done in
the following sequence.
1) Formulate a hypothesis based on
what is known about the biological
system under test.
2) Select the best possible design for an
experiment to test that hypothesis.
3) Set up and conduct the experiment
to conform to the specific design.
4) Analyze and interpret the data
according to the specific design used
and determine whether the results
support the hypothesis. Do not
allow the results to determine the
analysis. Reasoning after the fact is
only valid as a basis for future work.
5) Present the hypothesis, design, analy-
1399
sis and interpretation in a clear and
concise manner so that the reader
can follow what was done.
Statistical methods commonly used in
the animal sciences do not require presentation of mathematical formulas or
bibliographic references. Those infrequently used need not be described in detail, but
adequate references should be given.
However, linear models underlying analysis
o f survey data from unusual experimental
designs should be given. This should
include a statement concerning which
elements are fixed and which are random.
Also, any restrictions used in estimating
the parameters should be defined.
A parameter (/1, o) is estimated b y a
statistic ~ , s) which defines or describes a
population. A parameter is not a variable,
observation, trait, characteristic or measurement taken in an experiment. When
parametric tests are used, the authors
should verify that underlying assumptions
are valid. The usual assumptions are that
the data are continuous and normally
distributed, errors are independent and
variances of treatment subgroups are not
heterogeneous. Violation of any of these
assumptions may require transformation of
the data, use of other techniques that
accommodate violations, or in some cases
use of nonparametric statistics. Most tests
also assume that experimental units (animals) have been assigned to treatments at
random. If initial weight or some other
initial measurement should be accounted
for, it should be included as a covariate or
as blocks.
Standard designs are adequately described by name and size, e.g., "a randomized complete block design with six
treatments in five blocks". For a factorial
set of treatments, an adequate description
might be merely: "Tryptophan at .05 or
.10% of the diet and niacin at 5, 10 or 20
mg/kg of diet were used in a 2 • 3 factorial
plan arranged in five randomized complete
blocks, each consisting of littermates".
A simple statement of the results of
statistical analysis should justify the
interpretations and conclusions. Do not
report a number of similar experiments
separately. Adequate reporting may require
only: (1) the number of observations; (2)
the arithmetic means, ~ ; and (3) an esti-
1400
STYLE AND FORM FOR JOURNAL
mate of experimental error, i.e., error
mean square (EMS), a p o o l e d . s t a n d a r d
error of the mean (SE) or standard errors
of specific comparisons. Standard errors
should not be calculated separately f o r nor
associated witb eacb mean unless there is
some problem witb beterogeniety o f
variances. Doing so only clutters the
presentation and often misleads the reader.
Modelling and systems analysis are
becoming useful tools in animal research.
When such work is reported, an assessment
of the reliability (error) of the prediction
(confidence interval or standard error)
should be provided.
For more complex experiments, a
statement or table of subclass means and
table of analysis of variance (AOV) or
covariance may be needed. They show
many additional items such as mean
squares and degrees of freedom attributable to blocks, treatment main effects,
interactions and error. The AOV table for
designs such as a split-plot which has two
or more error terms should indicate clearly
which mean square was used for the
denominator of each F statistic. Linear
contrasts (preferably ortbogonal) used to
answer specific questions for wbicb tbe
experiment was designed should be tbe
basis for comparing treatment means.
Nonorthogonal contrasts may be evaluated
with Bonferroni t-statistics. Multiple range
tests never should be used in planned
experiments to compare factorial combinations or in any case f o r t~eatments that are
dose-related or quantitatively distinct.
Unbalanced factorial data present special problems. In contrast to the balanced
case, no universally accepted analysis of
variance exists. Rather the method used
depends upon computer facilities and upon
the statistical expertise of the research
worker. Accordingly, it is imperative that a
precise description of how each mean
square was computed and how each of the
parameters was estimated be stated.
Consequently, if approximate tests are
used, a statement o f caution should be
made because the probabilities associated
with mean squares can be misleading.
Similarly, sampling variances can only be
approximations. Values for heritabilities
and genetic correlations can be only
approximated using data from balanced
experiments. A n y approximations used
for the unbalanced case may be very
inaccurate and a statement of caution
should be made in the text.
Probability levels associated with specific tests should be noted in figures, tables
and text. The most common acceptable
levels of probability are: P<.10, P<.05,
P<.01 and P<.O01. Other levels of significance may be used, but whatever level
is accepted b y the authors, its acceptance
should be based on the relative consequences of t y p e I and II errors. A desirable
alternative would be to state exact probabilities for each comparison and let the
reader decide what to accept or reject. This
information would be especially useful for
future researchers to combine data.
Give only meaningful digits. A practical
rule is to round so that the change caused
b y rounding is less than one-tenth of the
standard error. Such rounding increases the
variance of the reported value by less than
1%, so that less than 1% of the relevant
information contained in the data is
sacrificed. In most cases, two or three
digits (not decimal places) are sufficient.
Conclusions from data should not be
stated so that inactive nouns are paired
with active verbs such as "data show". Use
instead "data are interpreted to show" or
other appropriate wording.
q.
Guidelines f o r Autbors
The following publications may be useful
to authors:
CBE Style Manual. 1983. Fifth Ed. Council
of Biology Editors, Inc. Bethesda, MD.
Day, R. A. 1979. How to Write and Publish
a Scientific Paper. ISI Press, Philadelphia.