The
Belgian
chocolate
sector
Role and
importance
of Belgium
in the cocoa
and chocolate
chain
01 | Introduction
1 | Introduction
0 | Contents
1 andIntroduction
Belgium
is is
known
tation of Belgium as a chocolate country
This
study
basedfor its chocolate
Belgium is known for its chocolate and
tation of Belgium as a chocolate country
on
research
by
seizes
every done
opportunity
to underline this
seizes every opportunity to underline this
by being among the biggest consumers
Research
Consultancy
to Belgium
asset. Our&country
has a lot to 2
offer to From bean
worldwide.
-the
Paul
Elshof.
2.1
global cocoa chain. Belgians
have aThe Port of Antwerp: storage and throughput
asset. Our country has a lot to offer to
worldwide.
industry
sweet tooth and consume a lot2.2
of cho-The grinding
Although
Belgium undeniably is a choAcknowledgments:
colate. Moreover, Belgium takes pride
colate country, the engagement of the
sweet tooth and consume a lot of cho-
Although Belgium undeniably is a cho-
colate. Moreover, Belgium takes pride
colate country, the engagement of the
in its fine quality of chocolate as it is the
Belgian government remains vague when
home country of a large number of small
it comes to efforts for a more sustainable
chocolate companies, renowned all over
cocoa chain. The government invests in
the world. Especially since the last two
not even a handful of ad hoc projects and
decades, an increasing amount of small
is not actively engaged in the existing
‘chocolatiers’ started up its own business
sustainability platforms.
by being among the biggest consumers
Jan Cappelle
3 it is the
Industrial
chocolate:
Belgium
rules
the world
in its fine quality of chocolate as
Belgian
government
remains
vague
when
Barbara Goffin
3.1
The suppliers
ofto
industrial
chocolate
worldwide
home country of a large number
of small
it comes
efforts for
a more sustainable
Corentin Dayez
3.2
Production
ofchain.
industrial
in Belgium
chocolate companies, renowned
all over
cocoa
Thechocolate
government
invests in
Nancy De Wispelaere
the world. Especially since the last two
not even a handful of ad hoc projects and
Guy Gallet
production
in in
Belgium:
decades, an increasing amount4of smallThe chocolate
is not actively
engaged
the existing
Gijs Verbraak
business
‘Belgian
chocolate’platforms.
‘chocolatiers’ started up its own
sustainability
Frank Mechielsen
The number of chocolate companies
to
make Poissonnier
chocolates. A country 4.1
could
Marieke
the global cocoa chain. Belgians have a
to make chocolates. A country could
4.2to its The turnover
of chocolate
companies
not wish
for a better contribution
With this
study, Oxfam-Wereldwinkels
Eline
Demey
4.3 uses
Employment
economy than a sector that proudly
wants issues
to investigate how important the
not wish for a better contribution to its
Nevertheless, the cocoa chain has a
economy than a sector that proudly uses
lot of challenges and problems to deal
The diversity
of the
chocolate
industry and
the adjective ‘Belgian’ as a true4.4
asset
chocolate
sector
is for Belgium
Editor:
the adjective ‘Belgian’ as a true asset
with. Especially the cocoa farmers in the
and export
“Belgian chocolate”
on wrappings
and in shops for 4.5
its mainImport whether
thisofoutweighs
the sustainability
Ben
Schokkaert
on wrappings and in shops for its main
producing countries live and work in very
product.
product.
difficult circumstances. Smallholders
efforts of the government. In other words,
5
Chocolate
consumption
if chocolate
production and consumption
represent 95% of the cocoa produced
5.1 The consumer
market
But Belgium is more than a marketing
is important
for the Belgian economy, to
But Belgium is more than a marketing
worldwide. Most of them live below the
5.2Bel
Per capita
tool
for boxes of chocolates. The
whatconsumption
extent does the government of this
Lay-out
tool for boxes of chocolates. The Bel-
poverty line. By consequence, they have
Grafische dienst
farNew
gian factory of Barry Callebaut 5.3
is by
Oxfam-Wereldwinkels
Efraïm
the biggest production site in the world
gian factory of Barry Callebaut is by far
little bargaining power in the chain, let
the biggest production site in the world
alone the financial capacity to invest in
of industrial chocolate sold to chocolate
productivity, quality and good practices.
chocolate industry
companies and to artisanal enterprises in
Farmers can hardly pay for hired labour
a sustainable cocoa the chocolate sector. The Port of Antwerp
and take their children along to the cocoa
base economy
supply
plays an important role as supply base
field. Sometimes, they have to carry out
industries in
for cocoa deliveries to the industries in
dangerous and heavy work, like carrying
surrounding countries. And do not forget
heavy loads or climbing in trees to cut the
that Belgian consumers add to the repu-
cocoa pods with machetes. As a result,
markets
country invest back in the sustainability of
the entire sector.
6
Sustainability
of
industrial chocolate sold to chocolate
Druk
op Cyclus Print (100% kring6.1 The
companies
and to artisanal enterprises
in Belgian cocoa and
looppapier)
bij
in de Weer
- Gent The Port 6.2
Belgian efforts towards
theDruk
chocolate
sector.
of Antwerp
plays
an important
role as
Verantwoordelijke
uitgever:
xxxxxxxxxx, Ververijstraat 15for
cocoa
deliveries to the
17, 9000
Gent
forget
Conclusions
surrounding countries. And do 7not
Art. nr.: 000000
ed.
nov 2010
- 267
thatoww:
Belgian
consumers
2
repuRecommendations
add to8the
3
2 | From bean to Belgium
The cocoa supply chain
Smallholders
Exporters - International traders
Grinders
Chocolate companies
only half of the children in Ivory Coast at-
The cocoa required by the chocolate
The volumes of beans imported are big-
tends school. The most vulnerable group
industry, located in Belgium, is imported
ger than what is needed for the Belgian
are the children from the poorer neigh-
in various ways and forms: as cocoa
grinding industry. The net imports indicate
bouring countries Mali and Burkina Faso.
beans (about 58,000 tons), as cocoa
the volumes that have been grinded in
butter (about 65,000 - 70,000 tons), as
Belgium in recent years. The remainder
With this study, Oxfam-Wereldwinkels
cocoa paste/liquor (about 30,000 tons)
has been imported for further distribu-
wants to investigate how important the
and as cocoa powder/cake (about 14,000
tion into Europe, or for temporary ware-
chocolate sector is for Belgium and
tons). In terms of cocoa bean equivalents
housing as cocoa stocks.
whether this outweighs the sustainability
the Belgian industry used 198 462 tons
efforts of the government. In other words,
of bean equivalents (2008-2009; ICCO
if chocolate production and consumption
Cocoa Statistics).
is important for the Belgian economy, to
what extent does the government of this
The physical cocoa beans imported into
country invest back in the sustainability of
Belgium mainly come from Ivory Coast
the entire sector.
and Ghana. On average, about 75-80%
of all imported beans originate from West
Africa. Cocoa originating from other countries or regions such as Latin America and
Asia is mostly of better quality; the cocoa
is used for the premium chocolate pro-
Retailers
ducts and for single origin chocolates.
Consumers
4
5
IMPORT COCOA BEANS INTO
BELGIUM (156,773 TONS)
EXPORT COCOA BEANS
(98,486 TONS)
GRINDING OF COCOA BEANS
TO BUTTER/PASTE/POWDER
IMPORT OF GRINDING
PRODUCTS IN BELGIUM
32.034 tons
IVORY COAST:
48.676 tons
12.580 tons
157.000 tons
61.991 tons
17.377 tons
NIGERIA:
29.965 tons
20-25%
REST OF THE
WORLD
75-80%
WEST-AFRICA
FRANCE:
47.646 tons
GHANA:
19.785 tons
IN
693 tons
EX
GERMANY:
27.655 tons
PAPUA NEW
GUINEA: 8.028 tons
342.000 tons
6.526 tons
10.045 tons
2826 tons
DOMINICAN
REP.: 6.842 tons
30.173 tons
ECUADOR:
5.161 tons
THE NETHERLANDS:
19.021 tons
440.000 tons
21.361 tons
57.404 tons
5.870 tons
USE OF BELGIUM
CHOCOLATE INDUSTRY
IN
58.000 tons
COCOA BEANS
IMPORT OF CHOCOLATE
2.964 tons
514 tons
EXPORT OF CHOCOLATE
INDUSTRIAL choc. / FINISHED prod.
FRANCE
26.851 tons
869 tons
THE NETHERLANDS
29.782 tons
85-95%
EX
INDUSTRIAL choc. / FINISHED prod.
OTHER COUNTRYS
24-30%
GERMANY
27.410 tons
IN
ITALY
14.475 tons
FRANCE
92.642
EXPORT OF GRINDING
PRODUCTS
EX
THE NETHERLANDS
76.570
UK:
8.594 tons
UK
50.172
ITALY
22.273
6
GERMANY
87.406
7
2.1 | The Port of Antwerp: storage and throughput
2.2 | The grinding industry
In Western Europe, cocoa is landed in a
In the Port of Antwerp, several companies
for cocoa (LIFFE). Some of them have
The majority of the cocoa beans that
number of ports. The most important is
are located, responsible for the hand-
subsidiaries in cocoa producing countries
arrive in Belgium are exported to desti-
Amsterdam. Antwerp takes the second
ling and storing of the cocoa volumes.
for the storage and handling of cocoa,
nations in surrounding countries. Most of
place, before Hamburg, Le Havre and
Vollers (headquarter in Bremen) handles
for example in Ivory Coast, Ghana and
these exports go to Germany, France and
Bremen.
about 50% of all cocoa beans in the Port
Vietnam.
the Netherlands, where the major grinding
of Antwerp and plays an important role
companies are located.
Cocoa beans are imported in Belgium
in the supply of the beans to the relevant
In Belgium, the only grinding companies
for several purposes. Firstly, the Port of
industries.
are those of Barry Callebaut (Wieze/Leb-
Antwerp has the infrastructure to stock,
Due to the recent acquisitions of Uni-
beke; as for the year 2008/2009, approxi-
handle and export the beans to neigh-
control and Unieveem, Katoennatie has
mately 40,000 tons) and Kraft Foods He-
bouring countries. Additionally, the port
also become an important company in
rentals (about 20,000 tons). Kraft Foods
as a warehouse is also significant for the
the handling of cocoa. Unieveem claims
Herentals grinds beans to liquor for Kraft
London International Futures & Finance
to handle about 60-70% of the European
Foods Halle, where industrial chocolate
Exchange (LIFFE) for cocoa. Secondly,
market for processed cocoa products
is made mainly for the production of the
the physical cocoa beans are needed
like butter, liquor and powder. The bulk
whole range of chocolate products under
for the Belgium-based cocoa grinding
of the operations of these companies
the brand Cote d’Or. Due to a new supply
industry.
takes place in the Port of Amsterdam, but
agreement with Barry Callebaut, parts of
Unicontrol is increasing its presence in
these activities are probably outsourced
In absolute terms, the Port of Amsterdam
Antwerp.
to the Barry Callebaut plants.
handles a substantially higher volume of
Molenbergnatie, one of the oldest ‘naties’
beans (about 600,000 tons a year) as it is
in the port of Antwerp, has grown into a
All other companies located in Belgium
the port via which supplies for the major
global supply chain manager for coffee,
do not work starting from the cocoa bean.
grinding factories of Cargill Cocoa and
cocoa, tea, nuts and spices. The Durme
This is confirmed when comparing export
ADM Cocoa located nearby are handled.
Natie started in 2006; its main activity is
and import data for half ingredients into
The ports of Amsterdam and Antwerp are
the storing of cocoa and coffee and all
Belgium.
more or less equally important in terms
implied treatments.
In 2008/2009 Belgium imported 32,034
of storing stocks. But in recent years,
Antwerp took a bigger volume than Am-
These companies are increasing their
tons of cocoa butter from France (the
sterdam, probably due to the competitive
international presence and have direct
Barry Callebaut subsidiaries in Meulan
conditions it could offer.
lines to the European futures market
and Rouen) and 30,173 tons from The Ne-
8
9
Towards a more vertical integration: concentration in the cocoa and chocolate
5
grinders
operate more
01
Introduction
than |50%
of total
worldwide yearly
grindings
therlands (Cargill Cocoa, ADM Cocoa and
In other words, an important activity of
Dutch Cocoa/ECOM). Exports of cocoa
the chocolate industry in Belgium is to
butter vacillate between 2,500 and 5,500
work mostly from half ingredients im-
tons a year.
ported from neighbouring countries. The
In 2008/2009 Belgium imported 21,361
import of all half ingredients into Belgium
tons of cocoa paste/ liquor from The Ne-
is undeniably more important than the
therlands, 12,580 tons from France and
export. This clearly shows that grinding is
6,526 tons from Germany. Yearly exports
not the most important activity for com-
from cocoa liquor are around 10,000 tons.
panies located in Belgium.
50%
5%
13%
500.000 tons
190.000 tons
7%
12%
13%
250.000 tons
440.000 tons
500.000 tons
660.000 tons
For cocoa powder and cake a similar pattern exists. Around 17,000 tons of import
per year, mainly from the three countries
mentioned before.
290.000 tons
200.000 tons
155.000 tons
Worldwide tendency towards outsourcing activities
100.000 tons
80.000 tons
60.000 tons
60.000 tons
28.000 tons
In the course of time, so-called vertically integrated companies did all the relevant steps
in the production process from bean to bar. During the last decades a process of division
of labour has been developed in which the various parts of the chain have been separated
since 2009 part
of ADM
from each other. During the 1980s, the US companies ADM (grinding capacity of 500,000
tons in 2007) and Cargill (500,000 tons) acquired within a short period of time a number of
companies specialising in the grinding and pressing of cocoa beans. Other cocoa grinding
companies are Barry Callebaut (440,000 tons), Petra Foods (250,000 tons) and Blommer
(190,000 tons). These companies operate more than 50% of the total worldwide yearly grindings (about 3.7 mln tons). A large part of the remainder is still done by the major chocolate
companies.
Further on in the supply chain, a small group of chocolate companies together command
nearly 60% of the worldwide chocolate market: Kraft/Cadbury (15.1% world market share),
5
chocolate
companies command
nearly 60% of the
world chocolate
market.
since 2009 part
of B. Callebaut
60%
7%
15%
8%
Mars (14.7%), Nestle (12.5 %), Hershey’s (8.3 %) and Ferrero (6.8 %). They still are, to a certain extent, vertically integrated companies, but there is a strong tendency towards outsourcing parts of the grinding and chocolate production process towards other companies.
15%
15%
11
3 | Industrial chocolate: Belgium rules the world
3.2 | Production of industrial chocolate in Belgium
This part of the cocoa chain is growing
In Belgium, since the 1970s, Callebaut
of the production is, however, for export.
in importance, especially in Belgium.
developed into a major producer of in-
In Belgium four companies specialise in
The growth can mainly be explained as a
dustrial chocolate, for its own chocolate
the production of industrial chocolate.
result of the volumes of industrial cho-
products as well as for other chocolate
Barry Callebaut is by far the most impor-
colate production that are increasingly
companies. Smaller chocolate compa-
tant supplier for industrial chocolate to
outsourced by the chocolate industry. In
nies withdrew altogether from the original
the major chocolate companies and the
this specific part of the cocoa chain, the
steps and concentrated more and more
chocolate world with a yearly production
industry located in Belgium plays a very
only on the end phases: the production of
of at least 270,000 tons in Wieze. Cargill
important role.
chocolate products and packaging. This
has a capacity of 60,000 tons in Moes-
process is now gaining momentum also
kroen; the capacity in Antwerp is not
among the major chocolate companies.
known. Belcolade (a division of Puratos
They decide to spend their money rather
in Erembodegem) is estimated to have a
on developing new products, entering
capacity of about 60,000 tons. Schokinag
in Manage is acquired by ADM in 2009.
3.1 | The suppliers of industrial chocolate worldwide
At the beginning of 2007, Barry Callebaut
as China, Russia and Brazil, and made
new markets and marketing their final
estimated the total open market in indus-
important acquisitions such as Chocovic
products. The most recent example is the
trial chocolate (the part of the industrial
in Spain. The aim was to reach a total
long-term global supply agreement sig-
All Belgian companies that produce cho-
chocolate production which is outsourced
production capacity of 1,350 million ton in
ned by Barry Callebaut and Kraft Foods
colate products buy their industrial cho-
by chocolate companies to producers
2010. The yearly worldwide investments
in September 2010. Barry Callebaut will
colate from these four companies or from
such as Barry Callebaut) at 1.74 million
of 115 to150 million euro a year and even
deliver the majority of Kraft Foods cocoa
the few companies producing industrial
tons. In 2007, the open market comprised
250 million euro in the year 2007/08 were
products and industrial chocolate require-
chocolate in surrounding countries like
about 30 % of all chocolate. Of the open
made based on the assumption that in the
ments around the world.
CEMOI in France. The only exception is
market, considered to be highly frag-
coming years the major chocolate com-
Until now only 8 to15% of the industrial
Kraft Foods Halle that receives the liquor
mented with many local players, Barry
panies will raise their levels of outsourcing
chocolate production by the top five
from Kraft Foods Herentals and produces
Callebaut at that time had a 38% share.
from an actual level of 5 to 20% of their
consumer chocolate companies is out-
its own industrial chocolate.
Over the last years, it raised this share
industrial chocolate needs to levels of 25
sourced, according to information from
considerably in various ways. The com-
to 30% in 2012/2013. Barry Callebaut
Barry Callebaut.
pany outsourced contracts with some of
calls itself: ‘the heart and engine of the
the major chocolate companies. It made
chocolate industry’.
The companies mentioned above play a
crucial role in the global cocoa/chocolate
The industrial chocolate, the starting point
chain as the main suppliers of industrial
huge investments in the construction
for most Belgian chocolate companies, is
chocolate to the producers of chocolate
of new factories in new markets such
mainly produced in Belgium. The majority
products.
12
13
4 | The chocolate production in Belgium:
‘Belgian chocolate’
4.1 | The number of chocolate companies
Belgium is known for its chocolate and
surrounding countries. And do not forget
seizes every opportunity to underline this
that Belgian consumers add to the repu-
asset. Our country has a lot to offer to
tation of Belgium as a chocolate country
the global cocoa chain. Belgians have a
by being among the biggest consumers
sweet tooth and consume a lot of cho-
worldwide.
colate. Moreover, Belgium takes pride
in its fine quality of chocolate as it is the
Although Belgium undeniably is a cho-
home country of a large number of small
colate country, the engagement of the
chocolate companies, renowned all over
Belgian government remains vague when
the world. Especially since the last two
it comes to efforts for a more sustainable
decades, an increasing amount of small
cocoa chain. The government invests in
‘chocolatiers’ started up its own business
not even a handful of ad hoc projects and
to make chocolates. A country could
is not actively engaged in the existing
not wish for a better contribution to its
sustainability platforms.
chocolate, cocoa, sugar confectionery in Belgium (2008)
FLANDERS
TURNOVER
IN MLN EURO
WALLONIA
EMPLOYMENT
BRUSSELS
IMPORT
NUMBER OF
COMPANIES
EXPORT
economy than a sector that proudly uses
the adjective ‘Belgian’ as a true asset
With this study, Oxfam-Wereldwinkels
on wrappings and in shops for its main
wants to investigate how important the
product.
chocolate sector is for Belgium and
10,6
9,5
5,2
5,9
9,5
whether this outweighs the sustainability
But Belgium is more than a marketing
efforts of the government. In other words,
tool for boxes of chocolates. The Bel-
if chocolate production and consumption
gian factory of Barry Callebaut is by far
is important for the Belgian economy, to
the biggest production site in the world
what extent does the government of this
of industrial chocolate sold to chocolate
country invest back in the sustainability of
companies and to artisanal enterprises in
the entire sector.
% OF TOTAL FOOD SECTOR
the chocolate sector. The Port of Antwerp
plays an important role as supply base
for cocoa deliveries to the industries in
14
15
4.2 | The turnover of chocolate companies
4.3 | Employment issues
Sugar confectionery included, Choprabis-
might have boosted this tendency, is the
The majority of companies and employ-
sive part of production, the packaging
co reports a turnover of 4.3 billion euro for
global trend in the cocoa chain to out-
ment is found in Flanders. The figure for
process, as it was, in Europe. A growing
the year 2008, implying a turnover of 3.44
source certain phases in the production,
Wallonia is seen in another light when
number of companies is outsourcing the
billion euro for the chocolate sector alone.
such as grinding and making industrial
considering the fact that only one fac-
packaging process in an attempt to lower
The turnover has been increasing steadily
chocolate. The fact that Barry Callebaut
tory, Ferrero in Arlon, employs about 900
the costs involved.
over the years, coming from 3.45 bil-
decided since the 1970s to develop into
persons.
Godiva management closed down its
lion euro in 2005. Employment has been
a major producer of industrial chocolate
rising for a while, but is stabilizing now.
might have contributed to this trend. This
The general manager of Gudrun Choco-
which implied the loss of about 90 jobs
The chocolate and sugar confectionery
gave way to chocolatiers to start from the
late points out the ever growing demands
in the factory at Koekelberg. In the case
sector in Belgium in 2008 counted for
industrial chocolate onwards. In this way,
from customers, especially supermarket
of Gudrun Chocolate, cost savings were
10 % of turnover in the total food sector
they could focus on developing creative
chains in the United States. According to
achieved by concentrating all activities
and almost 10 % in terms of employment
final products and marketing strategies.
management, the exchange rate of the
in Lier, and by closing down the site of
and exports. Over a longer period of time
euro against the dollar makes it very dif-
Herenthout.
(1995-2007), the chocolate sector is the
ficult to maintain the most labour inten-
packaging department in April 2010,
only sector together with the vegetable,
fruit and potatoes sector in which the
number of companies and of employees
has increased.
4.4 | The diversity of the chocolate industry
Many of the medium sized and small
To show some of the diversity in size and
Barry Callebaut Belgium’s turnover has
chocolate companies were founded after
employment table 6 provides a list of the
increased considerably: in 2007 it com-
1950, quite a number of them even during
25 largest companies active in the cho-
prised 1,885 million euro. In 2009 the
the last two decades. The threshold to
colate and confectionery sector, using
turnover decreased slightly to 2,110 mil-
enter the industry is thus not so high that
the Trends Top database for figures of
lion euro. In the total database of more
it is impossible to start new companies.
turnover and employment (for 2008).
than Belgian 136,000 companies, it ranks
Once the artisanal requirements are
28th.
fulfilled, it seems to be mostly a matter of good and clever marketing and
good business acumen to get a position
amidst the Belgian ‘chocolatiers’. What
16
17
Company
jacali
Turnover 2008 in MLN Euro
Employment 2008
2,128.2
896
404.8
1,023
371.5
899
322.7
501
85.3
120
126.9
197
64.1
23
62.2
381
86.9
346
48.8
114
46.2
305
34.1
96
32.7
96
30.6
100
The figures for Puratos are aggrega-
A number of the companies are speci-
ted figures that include data on other
alised in the production of private label
products and activities than chocolate.
products. The most important ones in
Puratos is specialized in bakery, pastry
terms of sales and production volumes
and chocolate. Belcolade is an integral
are: Jacques (Barry Callebaut/Stollwerck),
part of Puratos. It presents itself as the
Baronie Chocolate (Veurne), Kim’s Cho-
only Belgian owned company manufactu-
colate, Italo Suisse, Gudrun Chocolade-
ring industrial chocolate and the number
werken, Belgian Chocolate Group and the
two in the worldwide professional market
two Natra Factories (Natrajacali and Natra
of high quality chocolate. The turnover of
all Crump). For these companies it is also
Puratos has risen quite a lot over the last
true that most production is meant for
few years: in 2007 the turnover was 217.6
export. For example, Gudrun Chocolade-
million euro, in 2009 the company turned
werken (Lier) indicated recently that 70%
over 336.3 million euro.
of total sales are pralines under private
label for big retail chains in the USA.
For Kraft Foods, it is unclear whether data
are aggregated and hence also include
The Trends Top database does not pro-
non-chocolate figures. The Cote d’Or
vide figures for the Stollwerck subsidiary
brand is the most important in Belgium
Jacques in Eupen, although this is one of
in the subsector of bars and tablets and
the most important chocolate producers
also in chocolate toffees. Kraft Foods/
after Cote d’Or in the Belgian market,
Cote d’Or and Ferrero produce by far the
claiming to have a market share of 12%
of the Belgian chocolate market.
30.3
92
28.3
106
28.3
88
28.1
72
biggest volumes and turnovers.
27.1
60
Guylian, Godiva, Leonidas and Neuhaus
26.1
82
33.2
93
14.7
127
14.5
90
14.5
109
are important companies that give Belgian
chocolate its fame worldwide. Around 80
to 90 % of their production is exported.
Guylian is the biggest in sales.
19
11.6
17
‘Belgian chocolate’
4.5 | Import and export of ‘Belgian chocolate’
In 2000, the European Directive 2000/36 allowed for other vegetal fats to replace cocoa
Belgium is known for its chocolate and
tation of Belgium as a chocolate country
butter for up to 5 % as the ingredient for chocolate. In Belgium, known for its fine qua-
seizes every opportunity to underline this
by being among the biggest consumers
lity chocolate using only cocoa butter, the Directive was seen as a clear levelling of the
asset. Our country has a lot to offer to
worldwide.
quality standards for chocolate products in general. It is noteworthy that most Belgian
the global cocoa chain. Belgians have a
companies communicate explicitly that their chocolate products always contain 100%
sweet tooth and consume a lot of cho-
Although Belgium undeniably is a cho-
cocoa butter.
colate. Moreover, Belgium takes pride
colate country, the engagement of the
in its fine quality of chocolate as it is the
Belgian government remains vague when
In this context, the notion ‘Belgian chocolate’ became particularly sensitive. One of the
home country of a large number of small
it comes to efforts for a more sustainable
activities of Choprabisco is the generic promotion of the image of the Belgian confec-
chocolate companies, renowned all over
cocoa chain. The government invests in
tionary industry, among others by “contesting the illegal use in foreign countries of the
the world. Especially since the last two
not even a handful of ad hoc projects and
appellation ‘Belgian’ for products which are not produced in Belgium”. The Belgian
decades, an increasing amount of small
is not actively engaged in the existing
Chocolate Code, approved by Choprabisco in 2007, refers to ‘Belgian chocolate’ as
‘chocolatiers’ started up its own business
sustainability platforms.
chocolate of which the complete process of mixing, refining and conching is done in
to make chocolates. A country could
Belgium. The Code only refers to geographical features and not to the quality of the
not wish for a better contribution to its
With this study, Oxfam-Wereldwinkels
chocolate.
economy than a sector that proudly uses
wants to investigate how important the
the adjective ‘Belgian’ as a true asset
chocolate sector is for Belgium and
on wrappings and in shops for its main
whether this outweighs the sustainability
product.
efforts of the government. In other words,
if chocolate production and consumption
But Belgium is more than a marketing
is important for the Belgian economy, to
tool for boxes of chocolates. The Bel-
what extent does the government of this
gian factory of Barry Callebaut is by far
country invest back in the sustainability of
the biggest production site in the world
the entire sector.
of industrial chocolate sold to chocolate
companies and to artisanal enterprises in
the chocolate sector. The Port of Antwerp
plays an important role as supply base
for cocoa deliveries to the industries in
surrounding countries. And do not forget
that Belgian consumers add to the repu-
21
5 | Chocolate consumption
Most chocolate products produced in
This different pattern indicates that the
This is reflected by investments in the
in each important market, and also in new
Belgium are meant for export. At the
prices per unit have increased.
chocolate production in the new markets
markets like Japan Brazil or China. Other
by the main companies. Barry Callebaut is
cocoa and chocolate companies follow a
spreading its production facilities worldwi-
similar trend.
same time, a lot of the chocolate products
consumed in Belgium are imported. This
is due to the fact that of the major chocolate companies only Kraft Foods/Cote
d’Or has its production centre in Belgium.
The other major ones, such as Mars and
Nestle, are based in other countries and
import their finished products.
5.1 | The consumer market
5.2 | Per capita consumption
Belgians are not the largest consumers of
chocolate in the world, but they are in the
top ten of chocolate consumers worldwide. Based on data from Barry Callebaut
and Euromonitor, Belgium occupies the
seventh place worldwide. CAOBISCO statistics rank Belgians fourth after Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Germany
Up-to-date figures for chocolate con-
with a consumption of 8.9 kg per head in
sumption in Belgium, released by the
2006.
Studiecentrum Snacks en Zoetwaren Benelux in March 2010, covered the sales of
industrially produced chocolate products
sold to the retail chains, such as bars,
tablets and countlines. The value of the
consumer market has been increasing in
the last four years: from 579 million euro
in 2006 to 644 million euro in 2008. In
2009, a crisis year, the consumer market
value remained at 641 million euro.
Whereas the value of the consumer market is going up, the volumes sold during
the last three years are going down: from
63,800 ton in 2006 to 60,800 ton in 2009.
de, buying or building production centres
5.3 | New markets
Chocolate consumption in 2008
Country
United Kingdom
Ireland
Switzerland
Germany
Norway
Austria
Per capita consumption in Japan, Brazil
Belgium
and China clearly shows another recent
USA
trend in worldwide chocolate consumption. About 50% of all chocolate consumption still takes place in Europe and about
Denmark
Sweden
25% in North America. However, with a
Russia
fast growing economy and an emerging
The Netherlands
middle class of a few hundred million
people, per capita consumption levels will
undoubtedly increase in Latin America
and Asia.
Kilos
Japan
Brazil
China
0 kilo pp
22
12 kilo pp
23
6 | sustainability
6.1 | The Belgian cocoa and chocolate sector
During the last decade, sustainability is-
- 2000) to set up sustainability projects. In
products would continue to grow signifi-
Foods has about one third of the Belgian
sues have gained importance in various
the Roundtable for a Sustainable Cocoa
cantly in 2010. Recently, Barry Callebaut
chocolate market. Kraft did not make any
commodity chains. The influence of the
Economy (RSCE - 2007) industry conve-
set up a close cooperation with Rainforest
statements on certification regarding the
media, NGO campaigns and consumer
nes with governments, NGOs, unions and
Alliance and Utz Certified. It wants to
Milka and Toblerone brands.
demand for sustainable finished products
producers to define a joint strategy on a
have all the major certification standards
For 2011, there is a new important launch
cannot be neglected in this evolution.
structural sustainable improvement of the
to be able to supply the whole range to its
in the Gourmet Division of Barry Calle-
Also in the cocoa chain, sustainability in
sector. And on the issue of child labour,
customers.
baut: the Belgian brand Callebaut will be
all its aspects is high on the agenda. Se-
the main initiatives are the Harkin-Engel
Belcolade is predominantly operating
launching four new Fairtrade products
veral organisations have denounced the
Protocol (2001) and the International Co-
together with Rainforest Alliance and to
that will be sold to restaurants, hotels and
poverty of the cocoa producing commu-
coa Initiative (ICI- 2002).
a lesser extent also with Fairtrade and
chocolatiers. This launch will enable small
organic certifications.
chocolate makers to use Fairtrade cho-
nities and bad labour conditions in the cocoa production. Especially the persistent
Trends towards certification
issue of the worst forms of child labour
One of the tools to obtain more sustaina-
In October 2009, Kraft Foods announced
and to communicate about their engage-
in West African producing countries have
bility is certification.
to extend its commitment and to buy
ment to Fairtrade in their shops.
been at the centre of several NGO-cam-
Seventeen years ago, Barry Callebaut
30,000 tons of Rainforest Alliance certified
Other cocoa or chocolate companies in
paigns.
started with the first sourcing and sup-
cocoa beans by 2012. A start is made at
Belgium, like Ferrero, but also Guylian,
ply of certified cocoa. For a long time,
the end of 2009 with specific products in
Godiva or Neuhaus did not make any
Investing in the chain
it mainly used the Fairtrade certification
the Cote d’Or range: the Sensations line
announcement on investments in certifi-
Investing in cocoa farmers and their
scheme, later on followed by organic. De-
was launched on the Belgian and French
cation.
communities is crucial for a sustainable
mand for organic chocolate has been de-
market. In the beginning of 2010 these
cocoa chain. Companies realise this and
veloping steadily over the last ten years.
products were also introduced in other
Consumer markets
have taken private initiatives, providing
In January 2010, Barry Callebaut confir-
European markets, the USA and Canada.
In March 2010, a group of companies,
assistance and training to cocoa farmers,
med a marked increase in the demand for
The intention is to have all Cote d’Or and
NGOs, government and trade unions in
mostly aimed at increasing productivity
certified cocoa and chocolate products in
Marabou products certified by Rainforest
the Netherlands declared to contribute to
and product quality of cocoa farms. They
Europe; in 2009 the demand for Fairtrade
Alliance by the end of 2012. With the
achieving the goal that in 2025 all cho-
are also engaged in sector-wide multista-
chocolate jumped by 50%, the increase
various Cote d’Or products, Kraft Foods
colate consumed in the Netherlands will
keholder initiatives or initiatives at ‘pre-
in certified products overall jumped with
is market leader in the chocolate market
consist of sustainably produced cocoa. In
competitive level’. Many companies in-
12%. The spokesperson of Barry Calle-
in Belgium. With the Cote d’Or brands
Belgium, the debate on certification is not
vest in the World Cocoa Foundation (WCF
baut expects that the demand for certified
and the Milka brands together, Kraft
as lively, but the demand for certified pro-
24
colate in their pastries, pralines, desserts
25
6.2 | Belgian efforts towards a sustainable cocoa economy
ducts is also increasing. Fair trade is by
jor chocolate industry in the UK has been
Governments of cocoa consuming and
the child in the cocoa sector as one of
far the best known certification scheme in
faster in its policy to opt for certified pro-
producing countries can play a crucial
the major axes of the policy objectives.
Belgium.
duction: Cadbury chose for the Fairtrade
role to make the value chain more sustai-
Furthermore, education, as a positive
label for its Dairy Milk brand, Nestlé for its
nable. Especially since there is a geograp-
alternative for child victims of worst forms
Of all schemes Fairtrade has the stron-
four-finger Kit Kat. Additionally, the major
hical adjective attributed to the product,
of child labour, was presented as one of
gest development focus and incorporates
retail chains such as Tesco, Sainsbury
such as ‘Belgian chocolate’, it is interes-
the five concentration areas of the Belgian
all sustainability aspects: next to strict
and Coop offer various certified chocolate
ting to see how the Belgian government
Cooperation policy and child rights as a
social and environmental criteria it also
products under their private labels.
contributes to the improvement of ethical
transversal issue. The paper clarifies that
practices in the sector by investments
the Belgian government started a project
stands for economic sustainability. There
is a fixed minimum price (2000 USD for
In Belgium, Oxfam Fairtrade, Delhaize and
in projects, by taking up responsibility at
on child labour in the West African cocoa
one tonne cocoa) and a premium (200
Lidl are the top three licensees for choco-
international platforms and in its appro-
sector, in cooperation with the Organisati-
USD per tonne). The Fairtrade system
late, representing 70% of the chocolate
ach towards other stakeholders such as
on for Economic Cooperation and Deve-
updates and reviews its control system
category in sales value. The Oxfam-
producers, industry and consumers.
lopment (OECD), based on a partnership
constantly, in order to make sure that all
Worldshops are still the most important
criteria are met.
channel for the sale of Fairtrade chocolate
Projects in the cocoa chain
South, the private sector, regional organi-
products in Belgium. The three retailers
The Belgian department for Foreign Af-
sations, NGOs and West African produ-
The value and market share of the pro-
Delhaize, Lidl and Carrefour have a strong
fairs, Trade and Cooperation for Develop-
cers organisations. One of the objectives
ducts sold under Fairtrade or one of the
private label strategy for Fairtrade and are
ment follows up closely on its eighteen
is to stimulate the dialogue between sta-
other certification schemes is not exactly
increasing their offer to chocolate paste
partner countries that are predominantly
keholders and work out regional solutions
known. The share in Belgium is estimated
or easter eggs. In Wallonia some French
situated in sub-Sahara Africa. Cocoa
for this issue. The outcome of the project
to be very low, at less than 1%. The total
organisations such as Ethiquable and
producing countries like Ghana or Côte
will be a regional guide of best practices
volume of Fairtrade chocolate sold in
Alter Eco also sell Fairtrade chocolate. In
d’Ivoire are not selected as partner coun-
in the combat against the worst forms
Belgium was just below 400 tons in 2009,
2010, some new actors have joined the
tries. However, Belgium intends to make
of child labour, which will be a stepping
counting for 3% of the global Fairtrade
system, such as Exki, Pain Quotidien and
an effort to invest in West Africa, a region
stone to actually invest in good practices
cocoa volume. The UK realized a volume
Italo Suisse with Tonkey’s.
that delivers seventy percent of the global
on the ground. The guide was foreseen
cocoa bean production.
end 2009. In October 2010, no guide nor
of 3,356 tons, the Netherlands 2,136 tons.
between governments of North and
The Netherlands is performing the best
next steps have been defined to tackle
with 280g Fairtrade chocolate per capita.
The policy paper of the federal depart-
The higher volume of Fairtrade chocolate
ment of Development Cooperation of
in the UK is due to two reasons. The ma-
November 2008 mentions the rights of
26
the issue.
27
In June 2008, Belgium organized a multi-
sumer, such as child labour, quality of the
a sustainable sector, is the International
Sustainable trade
stakeholder forum in collaboration with
product, rational resource management,
Cocoa Organisation (ICCO). Back in the
Belgium supports its own Trade for Deve-
the US Department of State’s Bureau of
wise-use of biodiversity or transparency.
1970s, a series of agreements setting up
lopment Centre (TDC). This TDC aims to
Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. In
The members have concretised the main
international commodities markets were
improve the professionalization and mar-
that period, the Belgian government star-
challenges in ten key elements.
concluded at the United Nations Confe-
ket access for producers in the South. It
ted to support a project called ‘Combat
In the Declaration of Trinidad & Tobago
rence on Trade and Development (UNC-
wants to create a platform for sustainable
against Child Trafficking and the Worst
the resolve was expressed to set up
TAD), the aim being to stabilize prices by
trade and aid for trade. Additionally, TDC
Forms of Child Labour in Ivory Coast’, set
national round tables in order to create
applying quota mechanisms to exports
provides information on sustainable trade.
up by the German Gesellschaft für Tech-
an open dialogue among stakeholders
and buffering stocks. But the liberalization
nische Zusammenarbeit (gtz). Belgium
on national level and to work together to-
of the markets have pushed the internati-
Public authorities are important buyers.
started investing financially in this project
wards a sustainable cocoa chain. National
onal commodity bodies to look for a rene-
Apart from their exemplary role, the public
in 2009 and the finalization is foreseen in
roundtables have been set up in the Ne-
wed function. The mandate of the ICCO is
sector has the power to contribute to
March 2011. Reports on and results of
therlands, Ghana, Indonesia and Ecuador.
now to work towards a sustainable world
sustainable development by purchasing
this project since the Belgian investment
Unlike neighbouring consuming countries
cocoa economy. The concept of sustai-
sustainable products for its own use and
are not publicly available.
like the Netherlands or Germany, Belgium
nability encompasses social, economic
consumption. In Belgium, the govern-
does not invest financially in the global ef-
and environmental dimensions in both
ment spends 5.4% of the GDP on the
International bodies
fort to work towards a RSCE. Additionally,
production and consumption. Remunera-
procurement of goods and services. The
The Roundtable for a Sustainable Co-
official Belgian delegates were not repre-
tive prices and higher incomes for cocoa
Belgian federal government subscribes to
coa Economy (RSCE) is an initiative for
sented at the meetings and no follow-up
farmers are essentials elements within the
the goal of the European Council and the
dialogue on sustainability amongst all
from the Belgian government was given
context of sustainability, according to the
European Commission of 50% sustaina-
stakeholders in the cocoa economy. The
to the outcome of the RSCEs.
ICCO. Since 2009, the ICCO was also as-
ble procurement procedures for all federal
RSCE was created in 2007 and convened
Additionally, up to now, there has been no
signed to take up a coordinating role for
public procurement. Both the Belgian and
in Ghana (2007), Côte d’Ivoire (prepara-
national meeting with the different stake-
the RSCE.
the Flemish authorities are in the process
tory meeting 2009) and Trinidad & Tobago
holders within the Belgian cocoa sector,
At the ICCO, during the negotiations of
of developing guidelines for sustainable
(2009).
i.e. the relevant governmental depart-
the new agreement, Belgium was most of
procurement in which sustainable and fair
At the meetings, cocoa producers con-
ments, industry, NGOs and unions.
the times represented by a delegate of the
trade will be included.
vene with and talk to companies or their
European Commission. For a country with
governments and NGOs to raise issues
Another important forum for governments
major interests in the cocoa economy, this
that stretch from the producer to the con-
to voice concerns and initiatives towards
is rather unusual.
28
29
7 | Conclusions
Important role in the sector
also incorporate quality criteria and sus-
it cannot be used as an excuse not to
my. Belgium is rightly proud of the role it
Belgium plays an important role in the
tainability principles.
critically question one’s suppliers and not
can play. Its commitment to the sector at
to invest in a more sustainable chain. If
the World Expo in Shanghai in 2010 again
cocoa and chocolate sector. What might
be the most important phase of the cocoa
Poor efforts on sustainability
the Belgian cocoa and chocolate sector
emphasized its engagement in the sector.
chain for the Belgian cocoa sector is the
Several companies located in Belgium
wants to play a significant role, everyone
However, the investments in a more
industrial chocolate production. Barry
undertake some effort to produce a small
needs to join efforts. Barry Callebaut, cru-
sustainable cocoa chain, relative to cocoa
Callebaut has invested hugely in the pro-
amount of sustainable chocolate. Fair
cial for global chocolate production, has
processed and finalized in Belgium are
duction of industrial chocolate and Belco-
trade and organic are front-runners when
taken a modest step towards the leading
far from satisfactory. The two projects
lade also specialised in this phase of the
it comes to engagement into an econo-
role it could play, making the cocoa chain
supported by the Belgian government
chain, albeit on a smaller scale. Belgian
mic, socially and ecologically sustainable
more fair.
are on the worst forms of child labour in
companies have taken up a leading role
cocoa chain. Over the last years, Belgian
as it comes to the production of industrial
cocoa and chocolate companies also
Not only the industry, also consumers
recommendable, as this issue has been
chocolate, with a remarkable boost in the
invested in other sustainability sche-
in neighbouring countries seem to have
amongst the biggest social and econo-
last years.
mes, such as Rainforest Alliance and Utz
more appetite for sustainable chocolate.
mic challenges in the sector for decades,
Certified. All in all, companies located in
The United Kingdom has, relatively spo-
especially in West Africa. The multista-
The investments by Belgian cocoa com-
other countries are more encouraged to
ken, much higher figures of consumption
keholder approach is promising, but the
panies might be stimulated by the Belgian
produce more sustainable chocolate. The
of sustainable chocolate. In the Nether-
processes are not transparent and the
Chocolate Code, developed by Cho-
Dutch company Verkade committed to
lands, the government showed initiative,
results are unclear as well.
prabisco in 2007. This code states that,
100% Fairtrade chocolate and the for-
with joint efforts of NGOs, trade unions
Furthermore, at the RSCE there is no
in order to label chocolate as ‘Belgian’,
mer British company Cadbury also made
and companies. Together they agreed to
participation or investment from the
the complete process of mixing, refining
strong commitments to Fairtrade.
ensure that all chocolate consumed in the
Belgian government, while other major
Netherlands will be based on sustainably
chocolate consuming countries like the
produced cocoa by 2025.
Netherlands, Germany or Switzerland
and conching needs to be carried out
the cocoa chain in Ivory Coast. This is
in Belgium. Since then, ‘Belgian choco-
Most Belgian companies are not involved
late’ has built up its reputation of quality
in the first phases of chocolate produc-
chocolate. The Belgian Chocolate Code
tion. This implies that they buy industrial
When it boils down to the engagement
but also in Ghana, Ecuador or Indonesia,
assures that (industrial) chocolate pro-
chocolate from other companies and are
of the Belgian government for a more
national round tables are set up to open
duction will remain important for Belgium.
not actively engaged in purchasing cocoa
sustainable cocoa chain, Belgium lags
the dialogue among stakeholders of the
At the same time, the fact that ‘Belgian
from producing countries. Although this
behind. The Belgian government has
national cocoa sector. In Belgium, there
chocolate’ is such a strong brand creates
makes it harder for those companies to
gone to great lengths advocating for the
is no similar initiative. Additionally, at the
opportunities. It could be extended to
trace back the origins of their supply,
importance of the Belgian cocoa econo-
International Cocoa Organization, Bel-
30
take a leading role. In the Netherlands,
31
8 | Recommendations
gium is represented by the delegate of the
Recommendations to the Belgian government
European Commission. For a country with
major interests in the cocoa economy, this
is rather unusual.
Be more actively involved in international processes
Report on the dialogues of the current projects, about the topics discussed, conclusions and way forward.
In November 2008, the Belgian Minister
Take up a leading role in the international efforts towards a sustainable cocoa eco-
of Cooperation for Development an-
nomy. Take part in the discussions at the RSCE and ICCO. Use the global multi-sta-
nounced that child rights and sustaina-
keholder platform to exchange experiences and efforts made in the cocoa chain.
bility in the cocoa economy are majorly
important in the policy objectives of the
Set up a national Round Table for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy
federal department. This ambition was
Convene the stakeholders of the Belgian cocoa economy, i.e. relevant adminis-
welcomed since Belgium takes up a key
tration, industry, NGOs and unions to discuss the key challenges to work towards
role in the worldwide cocoa processing
a sustainable cocoa chain in Belgium. With joint efforts, it is feasible to set up an
and consumption. End 2010, the Belgian
action plan to cover the Belgian chocolate market or Belgian products.
government has taken modest steps to
contribute to a sustainable cocoa sector,
Work on full-fledged definition of Belgian chocolate: quality and sustainability
but the results are fairly poor of what was
The Belgian chocolate code refers to a geographical indication of where the cho-
supposed to be an ambitious priority in
colate is processed and implicitly, the adjective ‘Belgian’ is associated with quality.
the policy of the Belgian Cooperation for
This offers added value for processing companies located in Belgium and therefore
Development.
means an opportunity to attach an additional characteristic to the chocolates produced in Belgium, referring to their fair and child-friendly character. The Belgian
Belgium plays a major role in the cocoa
government can propose that the chocolate processed in Belgium should also be
chain and it excels with its fine quality
processed under sustainable and fair circumstances. In this way, Belgium can use
chocolate. However, it sadly fails in its
its key name and position in the cocoa sector to work towards a sustainable cocoa
contribution to a fair chocolate sector.
economy.
32
33
Set example through own procurement policy
In the negotiations on public procurement guidelines, the public sector has an exemplary role as consumer and has to use its power to contribute to sustainable development by purchasing sustainable products for its own use and consumption. In the
national guidelines on public procurement, the Belgian government chooses for fair
and child-friendly chocolate.
Sensitize consumers about challenges in the cocoa chain
There are still a lot of issues to be tackled along the cocoa value chain, such as the
lack of transparency, the need for decent working conditions or fair remunerations
for cocoa farmers. Through the Trade for Development Centre, consumers need to
be sensitized about these issues and informed about the initiatives of the government.
Recommendations to Belgian cocoa and chocolate companies
Be more actively involved in national and international efforts towards sustainability
Engage in national and international multi-stakeholder initiatives, such as the RSCE
and national roundtables.
Invest in projects and programmes to increase the sustainability of the cocoa chain,
and especially to improve the situation of cocoa farmers, following a holistic and
integrated rather than an individual and ad hoc approach.
Make the own supply chain more sustainable
Chocolate companies care for the quality of their product, but should also take
responsibility for the social and environmental circumstances in which it has been
produced. They can for example do this by choosing a Fairtrade certification for their
chocolate.
Belgian cocoa and chocolate companies collaborate to make ‘Belgian chocolate’
into a strong brand, not only referring to the location of the chocolate production, but
to quality and sustainability issues as well.
34
References
Websites
• Algemene beleidsnota van de Minister van
Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Belgische Kamer van
Volksvertegenwoordigers. 5 November 2008.
Barry Callebaut
www.barry-callebaut.com
• Bird & Bird, “This is not (Belgian) chocolate. When
does chocolate qualify as ‘Belgian chocolate’?”, July
2010.
• Centrale Raad voor het Bedrijfsleven, Studie
over het concurrentievermogen van de Belgische
voedingsindustrie, October 2010.
• FOD Economie, KMO, Middenstand en Energie,
de Algemene Directie Economisch Potentieel,
Directie Agro-Voedingsnijverheid, De Belgische
Voedingsindustrie, Kengetallen per sector 2008.
January 2010.
• ICCO, Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics.
• Oxfam International / IPIS. Towards a Sustainable
Supply Chain. Power and possibilities within the
cocoa chain. January 2009.
• Oxfam Novib. Eerlijk duurt het langst. De
Nederlandse chocoladebranche doorgelicht.
November 2009.
• Roundtable for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy.
Social Issues. Paper for input second roundtable for
a sustainable cocoa economy. March 2009.
• Tropical Commodity Coalition. Cocoa Barometer
2009. March 2009.
• Tropical Commodity Coalition. Cocoa Barometer
2010. October 2010.
Belcolade
www.belcolade.be
Choprabisco
www.choprabisco.be
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
Zusammenarbeit
www.gtz.de
Federaal actieplan duurzame aankopen 2009-2011
Gids voor duurzame aankopen.
www.gidsvoorduurzameaankopen.be
Fenaco
www.fenaco.be
Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development
Cooperation. Natural Resources.
http://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/policy/policy_areas/
striving_for_global_solidarity/natural_resources/
International Cocoa Organization
www.icco.org
Nederlandse intentieverklaring voor
duurzame cacao.
http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_
pageid=116,1640839&_dad=portal&_
schema=PORTAL&p_file_id=2000320
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development
www.oecd.org
Roundtable for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy
www.roundtablecocoa.org
Studiecentrum Snacks en Zoetwaren Benelux
www.ssz.nl
Trade for Development Centre
www.befair.be
Trends Top website, Sectorklassement, chocolade
en suikerwaren.
www.trendstop.be
35
Art. nr.: 000000 - ed. oww: nov 10 - 267
Role and importance of Belgium in the cocoa and chocolate chain