Name: ___________________________
Year 11 revision guide Geography theme 3
People, work and development.
1. Employment structures and opportunities
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How and why do patterns of employment structure vary between regions and countries and
over time?
How might changing technology affect employment structures and opportunities?
Topic
Mechanisation
LEDCs (Primary) NICs (Secondary) and MEDCs (Tertiary.),
The knowledge economy
And informal employment
Case Study: West Midlands
Case Study: Mali
Revised?
2. Development
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What is meant by human development?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using economic indicators as measures of
development?
How and why are countries at different stages of human development identified?
How helpful in the 21st century is dividing the world into Less and More Economically
Developed Countries?
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Topic
The Development Gap
The Brandt Line.
Development Indicators (Literacy rates, GNP, etc)
Definitions of development
Revised?
3. World Interdependence
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How are countries interdependent?
How has changing technology contributed to an interdependent world?
How do such links create advantages and disadvantages?
Topic
Flows of interdependence.
Why are we interdependent?
How has technology helped?
What are the good and bad things? (eg. Brain Drain).
Case Study: India.
4. International trade and aid
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Revised?
How do international trade and aid operate?
How effective are current international trade and aid systems in narrowing the economic gap
between countries?
 How might different trade and aid systems create a more sustainable global economic system?
Topic
Revised?
Imports and exports.
Free trade.
Trade blocs.
Different types of aid (Emergency, long term, bilateral,etc)
Case Study: Niger
Case Study: Ghana
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5. The location of economic activities
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Who makes decisions about the present and future location of economic activities?
What factors influence decisions about where to locate different economic activities?
How and why have the locations of different activities changed?
Topic
What factors attract industry?
What are the different views of location of industry?
Trade blocs.
Different types of aid (Emergency, long term, bilateral,etc)
Case Study: Nokia
Case Study: TV and Film UK
Revised?
6. Multinational companies (MNCs) and globalisation
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How do MNCs affect patterns of work and development?
How do these companies cause positive and negative multiplier effects?
Topic
Advantages and Disadvantages of MNC investment.
Multiplier Effect, Leakage, Optimum population total.
How does globalisation help LEDCS?
Different types of aid (Emergency, long term, bilateral,etc)
Case Study: Nokia
Revised?
7. Economic activity and ecosystems
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How can economic activity lead to changes in the structure, processes and stability of
ecosystems?
What conflicts arise from these changes both within and beyond the ecosystem?
How might ecosystems be better managed in a sustainable way?
Topic
Formation of Acid Rain
Greenhouse effect
Ecosystems as a resource for businesses and people/
Case Study: Paris Dakur rally.
Case Study: Borneo
Revised?
8. Economic activity and climate change
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How might economic activity influence climate change?
What are the social, economic and environmental consequences of climate change?
What steps can be taken to reduce the consequences of climate change to ensure a sustainable
future?
Topic
What is climate change?
LEDC and MEDC differences, eg. MEDCs cause and LEDCs suffer.
Effects of climate change.
Case Study: China
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Revised?
Case studies
1. Employment structures and opportunities
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West Midlands
Changing employment structure (car production decline, retail increase)
1950 – 1980 Manufacturing: steel making, engineering, mining,MG Rover,
Leyland Daf
1980 – services: health, retail, bank, leisure (knowledge economy, skilled jobs)
De-industrialisation.
+ve less pollution –ve lost jobs
Job loss MG Rover, Longbridge: Opened in 1905, by the late 1960s Longbridge
was the largest car plant in the world and employed around 250,000 workers. A
wide variety of products have been produced at the site during its history,
although the core product has been cars, most notably the original two-door
Mini. In 2004 after a number of financial problems a Chinese company bought
the rights for Rover cars worth £67m. Cars are now being manufactured in
China.
 Job gain: The Bullring is
a major commercial area
of Birmingham. Built in
2003. The current
shopping centre was the
busiest in the United
Kingdom in 2004 with
36.5 million visitors. It
houses one of only four
Selfridges department
stores, the fourth largest
Debenhams and the first
Forever 21 store in
Europe. Consequently,
the centre has been a
huge success, attracting
customers from all over
the world, including New York.
UK GDP per capita $35 000
Mali
Formal job: tax, regular wage, holiday/sick pay, pay tax (shop, school,
hospital)
Informal jobs: selling newspapers in traffic jam, recycling waste, recycling
scrap metal, selling surplus crops. Low irregular earnings, no contract, no tax.
Mali 50% informal.
+ve help waste disposal
-ve don’t pay tax
Employment example: waste metal recycling
GDP per capita $1 200
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2. World Interdependence
India
• Multi National Companies (MNCs)
• Flows of people
• Improved communication technologies
• Flows of ideas and culture
• India spend a lot of time and money training
nurses and doctors. When they are qualified
many leave India and work in the UK where
wages are higher. In 2004 3690 Indian
nurses came to work in the UK (brain drain)
3. International trade and aid
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Niger
The UK government spent £7.8 billion or 0.7% of its GDP on foreign Aid
2011/12.
In 2004 Niger needed emergency aid for two reasons. They were effected by a
severe drought and a plague of locusts destroyed most of their crops. An
estimated 3.3 million people including many children were at serious risk of
death because of food shortage.
UNICEF an NGO was already working in Niger, they increased the amount of
money being spent. The UK government also gave £3 million.
Money was spent on therapeutic food and restocking cereal banks.
The $270 000 given by UNICEF was enough to treat 14000 malnourished
children for six months. Without this help more children would have died. This
would be devastating for relatives and it would also leave Niger with less
workers in the future.
Ghana
 Imports; expensive, manufactured goods, machinery, tools, vehicles medical
equip.
 Exports; cheap, primary commodities, Cocoa, metals, crops.
 Cocoa: cheap, price fluctuates, lots of
competition.
 Ghana – not in a trade bloc.
 GDP per capita $1 600
 EU – trade bloc. Countries protect their
markets (quota, import duty, subsidy)
 The Future?? +ve Fairtrade products, trade
agreements with EU, discovered oil.
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4. The location of economic activities
TV and Film location in the UK- tertiary industry.
 Adds £100 billion to the national economy each year.
 Employs 2 millions people.
 65% made in London, because of tight deadlines, so
don’t have time to look beyond the city for experienced
workforce.
 Yorkshire, another popular area, is home to 100 new
media companies.
 OFCOM has created quotas to force TV broadcasters to
use a range of regions.
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Nokia location
MNC; head office Finland
Research and development; 10 countries; mostly Europe and USA; most above
Brandt; employs over 30 000 people/.
2000 people employed in the UK at three sites.
Nokia’s head office and sales office is near Cambridge on the M11.
Therefore it is near good universities (so skilled workforce)…
And on good communication corridors such as M11 and near London airports.
Phones made in 10 countries; eg China, India; most below Brandt; low labour
costs; cheap land; low business rates.
5. Multinational companies
(MNCs) and globalisation
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Nokia (China/Congo)
MNC; head office Finland
Research and development; 10 countries; mostly Europe and USA; most above
Brandt; employs over 30 000. UK branch in Farnborough near M3, M35,
London, airports, universities.
Phones made 10 countries; eg China, India; most below Brandt; low labour
costs; cheap land; low business rates.
Sales 150 countries
Issue: conflict minerals Coltan – Congo – civil war, human rights
Issue: factory conditions in China – Foxcon - Siucide
Africa growing markets. Mobile easier than landline (no wires). Leapfrog
technology. Appropriate technology eg bicycle charger.
MNC investment advantage: direct benefit eg Jobs; indirect benefit employed
people spend more money. High paid research jobs in MEDCs
MNC investment disadvantage: low paid work for LEDCs
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6. Economic activity and ecosystems
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Borneo
 It is an island in South Asia divided between three
countries: Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.
 I hectare of rainforest produces 190 000 litres of
water vapour a year.
 The rainforests help regulate the world’s climate.
 Since 1985 Fact: Borneo has lost over half of its
tropical rainforest for cattle ranching, logging, and
palm oil.
 Orangutans can only be found in two places one of
these is Borneo- they rely on palm oil trees.
 Indonesia's government recently announced the
world's largest palm oil plantation in Borneo, covering an huge area. The $560
million development would create an estimated 100,000 jobs.
Indonesia has been awarded a Guinness World Record for being the country
with the fastest rate of forest destruction on the planet.
73% of Indonesia’s tropical timber is illegal. The UK is the biggest buyer of
illegal timber.
Greenpeace has developed a Good Wood Guide. Good Wood comes from
ethical and ecologically sustainable sources.
Is ecotourism the answer?
Paris Dakar rally
Cars raced from Paris to Dakar from 1978-2008. From 2009 onwards it took
place in South America due to unrest in Mauritania.
The distances of each stage covered vary from short distances up to 800–900
kilometres (500–560 mi) per day.
When the race was held in Africa, it was subject to criticism from several
sources, generally focusing on the race's impact on the inhabitants of the
African countries through which it passed.
Some African residents along the race's course in previous years have said they
saw limited benefits from the race; that race participants spent little money on
the goods and services local residents can offer.
The racers were blamed for hitting and killing livestock, in addition to
occasionally injuring or killing people.
According to recent figures provided by the
Dakar Rally, the carbon emissions of the
two-week race are approximately
equivalent to a Formula One race.
Rally cars may destroy or stunt the growth
of plants which fixate the soil, particularly in
sandy regions, and can causes
deforestation.
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7. Economic activity and climate change
China (transport, electricity, factories) Maldives sea level
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China
World’s biggest pop. 1.3 billion (lots of cheap labour)
Rich cities Shanghai, Beijing, Hong Kong (East coast), poor rural.
GDP $7 400
Rapid growth since 1990, opened up to world, lots of MNCs
Local Impact: Acid rain. Cause Nitrogen Dioxide NO2; burning fossil fuels (cars,
electricity), factories. Effects: Smog, breathing problems, acid rain (kills plants,
pollutes rivers, damages buildings.
Global impact: Greenhouse gas emissions. Cause: C02, burning fossil fuels,
cement and steel industries (new buildings). Effects: in atmosphere, traps heat,
may cause global warming, sea levels rising, storms, melt icecaps.
Resource use: Over fishing, cutting to many trees etc.
China: development is not sustainable at the moment
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Theme 3 Keyword defintions:
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Primary job – collect eg farming, mining
Secondary job – make eg build ships, make furniture
Tertiary job – service eg teacher, lawyer
Labour intensive – takes a lot of people to do it
Manufacturing – make stuff
Industrialisation – using machines to do work
Formal jobs – proper jobs, pay tax, teacher
Informal jobs – casual jobs, no tax, collect scrap
Imports – stuff brought into country
Exports – stuff sold to other countries
Development gap – gap between rich and poor
Adult literacy – how many adults can read/write
Primary enrolment – how many go primary sch.
GNP/GDP – money av. person earns a year
Gender inequality – men/women treat diff
Infant mortality rate – how many children die
Globalisation – connected world eg internet
Interdependent – countries rely each other
Digital divide – not all countries broadband
Quota – applied to imports eg into EU
Import duty – tax on imports eg into EU
Subsidy – eg EU pays extra money to farmers
Trade bloc – Countries trade together (EU)
Primary commodities – wood, crops, metal
Manufactured goods – furniture, cars
Dumping – America ‘dumps’ subsidised rice
Fairtrade – promises farmers fair wage etc
Emergency aid – aid in emergency (tents)
Development aid – aid for long term (school)
Bi-lateral aid – eg UK to Ghana (two countries)
Multi-lateral aid – eg UN to Ghana (many)
MNC/TNC – Multi national company (worldwide)
Business rates – rates paid to gov. by business
Direct benefit – of MNC eg jobs
Indirect benefit – of MNC eg workers spend £
Acid rain – pollution = acidic rain = dead plants
Carbon cycle – plant – coal – burn – air etc
Carbon sink – stores carbon eg coal
Enhanced greenhouse effect – extra heat
Sustainable development – keeps going
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Example case study questions:
Which question is easier to answer?
What is the question asking?
What case study should you use?
How will you get high marks in a short time?
An 8 mark question should take you 8 minutes.
June 2011 (8 mark question: choose i or ii)
Either
(i) For an area or country that has received aid:
• Name and locate the area or country.
• Describe the aid given.
• Explain how the aid affected the lives of different groups of people.
Or
(ii)For an economic activity that has damaged the environment:
• Name and locate the economic activity.
• Describe the effects of the activity on the environment.
• Explain how this activity leads to conflict between different groups of people.
Exam prompt words:
Explain: Give a reason (so what, so what, so what!)
Compare: What is similar, what is different?
Graphs: Trend; high/low; min/max; use some numbers eg 25ºc
Use map evidence: Give a grid reference for the evidence. Example: The
School in 455 632 would be easy to walk to saving time.
Key points:
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Look at the number of marks.
Explain means say WHY.
Describe means say WHAT YOU SEE.
Learn and revise case studies.
Develop answers and use keywords.
Revise!!!
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