JOURNAL OF ETHNIC FOODS
AUTHOR INFORMATION PACK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Description
Abstracting and Indexing
Editorial Board
Guide for Authors
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ISSN: 2352-6181
DESCRIPTION
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The Journal of Ethnic Foods is dedicated to provide reliable information about people’s consumption
of food, as well as the superiority or creativity developed from the long-term accumulated traditional
understanding and knowledge in foods. The superiority and creativity of food cannot be fully
understood and appreciated from food ingredients and nutrition. It has to be viewed also from
other aspects, such as culture, ecology, history and environment. It is recommended to the authors
to cover these areas in the manuscript. It could be demonstrated by various approaches such as
biological, nutritional, epidemiological, ecological, or cultural anthropological research. The journal
covers foods from different geographic areas across continents, including ethnic foods. The journal
ultimately focuses on topics which contributes to health and long life, or topics with academic value.
The journal welcomes review articles in the above mentioned fields, especially those highlighting the
multidisciplinary nature of the ethnic food.
ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING
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ScienceDirect
Scopus
EDITORIAL BOARD
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Publisher
President of Korea Food Research Institute
Yong-Kon Park, Korea Food Research Institute, The Republic of Korea
Editor-in-Chief
Dae Young Kwon, Korea Food Research Institute, The Republic of Korea
Associate Editors
Myung Sunny Kim, Korea Food Research Institute, The Republic of Korea
Kohsaka Ryo, Tohoku University, Japan
Editors
Soo Wan Chae, Chonbuk National University, The Republic of Korea
Kyung-soo Chun, Seoul National University (SNU), The Republic of Korea
Jin Taek Hwang, Korea Food Research Institute, The Republic of Korea
Hye Kyung Jeong, Hoseo University, The Republic of Korea
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Chang Hwa Jung, Korea Food Research Institute, The Republic of Korea
Cherl-Ho Lee, Korea University, The Republic of Korea
Hae-Jeung Lee, Gachon University, The Republic of Korea
Myeong Soo Lee, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, The Republic of Korea
Young Chul Lee, Korea Food Research Institute, The Republic of Korea
Kun Young Park, Busan National University, The Republic of Korea
Sang Chul Park, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), The Republic of Korea
International Editors
Anil Kumar Anal, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Dimitrios Buhalis, Bournemouth University, UK
Francesco Canganella, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Italy
James W. III Daily, Daily Manufacturing, Inc., USA
Sevim Erhan, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USA
Martin Hall, Campden BRI, UK
Bei-Zhong Han, China Agricultural University, China
Wilhelm Holzapfel, Handong Global University, The Republic of Korea
Nam-lin Hur, University of British Columbia, Canada
Wei Jia, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Yannick Joseph, University of Oxford, UK
Ravindra Khare, University of Virginia, USA
Sung Hee Kim, University of Oxford, UK
Guan-Sheng Ma, Peking University, China
Valeriy Pak, Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Uzbekistan
Zhao Rongguang, Zhejiang Gongshang University, China
Laura Rossi, National Institute for Food Nutrition Research, Italy
Lee-Yan Sheen, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Kalidas Shetty, North Dakota State University, USA
Won O Song, Michigan State University, USA
Udagawa Taeko, National Museum of Ethnology, Japan
Jyoti Prakash Tamang, Sikkim University, India
Asakura Toshio, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Honggen Xiao, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Managing Editor
Dai Ja Jang, Korea Food Research Institute, The Republic of Korea
Communication Editor
Myung Ok An, University of Manitoba, Canada
Statistical Editor
Jin Sik Nam, Suwon Women's University Food Analysis Research Center, The Republic of Korea
Honorary Editor
Hae-Wol Cho, Eulji University, The Republic of Korea
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GUIDE FOR AUTHORS
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Manuscript Submission
Manuscripts for Journal of Ethnic Foods should be submitted online at the online submission system.
For editorial questions, please contact us via e-mail ([email protected]), telephone (+82 31-780-9171),
or fax (+82 31-780-9279).
Important information
Articles should be prepared in the simplest form possible and submitted in Microsoft Word (*.doc
or *.docx). Manuscripts must be typed in English and double-spaced. All pages must be numbered
consecutively starting from the title page. You may use automatic page numbering, but do NOT use
other kinds of automatic formatting such as footnotes. Place text, references, figures, tables and
legends in one file with each figure or table on a new page.
Please ensure that the following submission documents are also included, where applicable:
A cover letter. It must include your name, address, telephone and fax numbers, e-mail address, and
state that all authors have contributed to the paper and have never submitted the manuscript, in whole
or in part, to other journals. A conflict of interest disclosure statement (see relevant section below)
Articles covering the use of human samples in research and human experiments must be approved
by the relevant review committee (see relevant section below). Articles covering the use of animals
in experiments must be approved by the relevant authorities. Articles where human subjects can be
identified in descriptions, photographs or pedigrees must be accompanied by a signed statement of
informed consent to publish (in print and online) the descriptions, photographs and pedigrees from
each subject who can be identified (see relevant section below). Clinical trials are recommended to
be registered at a primary national clinical trial registration site such as www.clinicaltrials.gov, http://
ncrc.cdc.go.kr/cris, or other sites accredited by the World Health Organization or the International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Where material has been reproduced from other copyrighted
sources, letter(s) of permission from the copyright holder(s) to use the copyrighted sources must be
supplied. Articles should be written in English (using American English spelling) and meet the following
basic criteria: the material is original, the information is important, the writing is clear, concise and
grammatically correct, the study methods are appropriate, the data are valid, and the conclusions
are reasonable and supported by the data. For non-native English-speaking authors, we suggest that
manuscripts be checked and edited by a native English speaker.
Types of Articles
Review Articles
These describe new developments of significance in the field of traditional food knowledge, culture,
health, nutrition and dietetics, ecology and geography. Most reviews are solicited by the editors,
but unsolicited submissions may also be considered for publication. Review articles should include
Abstract, Introduction, brief main headings and References. The text should be limited to 5000 words
(excluding tables, figures and references).
Original Articles
These are expected to present major advances and important new research results. Section
headings should include Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conflict of Interest,
Acknowledgments (if applicable), and References. The text should be limited to 4000 words (excluding
tables, figures and references) and 40 references.
Case Reports
These are short peer-reviewed papers presenting novel findings in clinical studies. Case reports are
only published if they illustrate a rare occurrence of important clinical importance. Section headings
should include Abstract, Introduction, Case, Discussion, and References. The text should be limited
to 1500 words (excluding tables, figures and references) and 15 references. A maximum of 4 figures/
tables may be included.
Commentary
As a flexible format, Commentaries are short, opinion articles commissioned by the Editors. The main
criteria are that they should be of immediate interest to a broad readership and should be written
in an accessible, non-technical style. In some cases, Commentaries accompany a primary research
article in Journal of Ethnic Foods to highlight an exceptional advance or to discuss a controversy in
the field. They may also focus on article(s) of exceptional significance that are published elsewhere.
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Commentaries do not normally contain primary research data. Their length is usually limited to 1,000
words and may include one figure or table. References are limited to 10. Commentary authors must
provide a competing financial interests statement before publication. Commentaries may be peer
reviewed at the editor's discretion.
Letters to the Editor
These are letters about readers' opinions or issues of concern on previously published articles in
the journal. Receipt of letters will not be acknowledged nor are authors generally consulted before
publication. The text should be limited to 400 words (excluding tables, figures and references) and 5
references. Accepted letters are subject to editing for clarity and space.
Food & Culture Convergence
In terms of defining Food as a window for pop culture, this category can include creative contents on
themes which relate to not only Social Science, and Science but also Food, Culture, and Society in Food
area all around the world beyond the studies. It will strengthen the knowledge and understanding
toward various academic perspectives on Humanity, Society, Geology, History, Culture, Literature
Research, Religion, History of Art, Communication, Environment, etc.
This area prefers the format which expresses freely, even though it doesn't fit for this journal's format;
Research Papers Cuizine Art Interviews Biographical statements Ancient document review
Ex) Verse, Prose Animation, Cartoon, Essay, etc.
Image, Audio, Video, etc is acceptable if it relates to online.
Editorials
These are manuscripts that are related to materials within an issue; they raise challenging questions
or explore controversies. The editor solicits such opinion pieces. The order of the submitted manuscript
includes title page, integrated discussion, conflict of interest, acknowledgments (if applicable) and
references. The text should be limited to 1500 words (excluding references) and 10 references. No
figures or tables are included.
Submission checklist
You can use this list to carry out a final check of your submission before you send it to the journal for
review. Please check the relevant section in this Guide for Authors for more details.
Ensure that the following items are present:
One author has been designated as the corresponding author with contact details:
• E-mail address
• Full postal address
All necessary files have been uploaded:
Manuscript:
• Include keywords
• All figures (include relevant captions)
• All tables (including titles, description, footnotes)
• Ensure all figure and table citations in the text match the files provided
• Indicate clearly if color should be used for any figures in print
Graphical Abstracts / Highlights files (where applicable)
Supplemental files (where applicable)
Further considerations
• Manuscript has been 'spell checked' and 'grammar checked'
• All references mentioned in the Reference List are cited in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the
Internet)
• Relevant declarations of interest have been made
• Journal policies detailed in this guide have been reviewed
• Referee suggestions and contact details provided, based on journal requirements
For further information, visit our Support Center.
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BEFORE YOU BEGIN
Ethics in publishing
Please see our information pages on Ethics in publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication.
Declaration of interest
All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations
that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include
employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/
registrations, and grants or other funding. If there are no conflicts of interest then please state this:
'Conflicts of interest: none'. More information.
Submission declaration and verification
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except
in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis or as an electronic
preprint, see 'Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication' section of our ethics policy for more
information), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is
approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was
carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or
in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. To
verify originality, your article may be checked by the originality detection service CrossCheck.
Authorship
All authors should have made substantial contributions to all of the following: (1) the conception and
design of the study, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, (2) drafting the
article or revising it critically for important intellectual content, (3) final approval of the version to
be submitted.
Changes to authorship
Authors are expected to consider carefully the list and order of authors before submitting their
manuscript and provide the definitive list of authors at the time of the original submission. Any
addition, deletion or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should be made only
before the manuscript has been accepted and only if approved by the journal Editor. To request such
a change, the Editor must receive the following from the corresponding author: (a) the reason
for the change in author list and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, letter) from all authors that they
agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors,
this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed.
Only in exceptional circumstances will the Editor consider the addition, deletion or rearrangement of
authors after the manuscript has been accepted. While the Editor considers the request, publication
of the manuscript will be suspended. If the manuscript has already been published in an online issue,
any requests approved by the Editor will result in a corrigendum.
Copyright
Published manuscripts become the permanent property of the Korea Food Research Institute, and
must not be published elsewhere in any form without written permission. A copyright transfer form
should be submitted with signs of all authors by fax upon acceptance of the article. The form is
available on the journal's homepage at http://journalofethnicfoods.net.
Elsevier supports responsible sharing
Find out how you can share your research published in Elsevier journals.
Role of the funding source
You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or
preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in
the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to
submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should
be stated.
Open access
Every peer-reviewed article appearing in this journal will be published open access. This means that
the article is universally and freely accessible via the internet in perpetuity, in an easily readable
format immediately after publication. The author does not have any publication charges for open
access. The Korea Food Research Institute will pay to make the article open access. A CC user license
manages the reuse of the article (see http://www.elsevier.com/openaccesslicenses). All articles will
be published under the following license:
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Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND): for noncommercial purposes, lets others distribute and copy the article, and to include in a collective work
(such as an anthology), as long as they credit the author(s) and provided they do not alter or modify
the article.
Elsevier Publishing Campus
The Elsevier Publishing Campus (www.publishingcampus.com) is an online platform offering free
lectures, interactive training and professional advice to support you in publishing your research. The
College of Skills training offers modules on how to prepare, write and structure your article and
explains how editors will look at your paper when it is submitted for publication. Use these resources,
and more, to ensure that your submission will be the best that you can make it.
Submission
Our online submission system guides you stepwise through the process of entering your article details
and uploading your files. The system converts your article files to a single PDF file used in the double
blind peer-review process. Editable files (e.g., Word, LaTeX) are required to typeset your article for
final publication. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for
revision, is sent by e-mail.
PREPARATION
Peer review
This journal operates a double blind review process. All contributions will be initially assessed by the
editor for suitability for the journal. Papers deemed suitable are then typically sent to a minimum of
two independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The Editor is responsible
for the final decision regarding acceptance or rejection of articles. The Editor's decision is final. More
information on types of peer review.
Double-blind review
This journal uses double-blind review, which means the identities of the authors are concealed from
the reviewers, and vice versa. More information is available on our website. To facilitate this, please
include the following separately:
Title page (with author details): This should include the title, authors' names, affiliations,
acknowledgements and any Declaration of Interest statement, and a complete address for the
corresponding author including an e-mail address.
Blinded manuscript (no author details): The main body of the paper (including the references,
figures, tables and any acknowledgements) should not include any identifying information, such as
the authors' names or affiliations.
Use of word processing software
It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the word processor used. The text
should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting
codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the word
processor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts,
superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each
individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns.
The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see
also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier). Note that source files of figures, tables and text graphics
will be required whether or not you embed your figures in the text. See also the section on Electronic
artwork.
To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spell-check' and 'grammar-check'
functions of your word processor.
Article Structure
Title page
The title page should include article title, names (spelled out in full in order of first name, initials
of middle name and last name) of all authors, and the institutions with which they are affiliated,
short running title not exceeding 30 characters, separate word count for abstract and text, and
corresponding author details (name, address, phone, fax and e-mail information).
Main Text
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The text for original articles, for example, should include the following sections: Introduction, Methods,
Results, and Discussion. The Introduction should be as concise as possible, without subheadings. The
Methods section should be sufficiently detailed. Subheadings may be used to organize the Results
and Discussion. Each section should begin on a new page.
Essential title page information
Title
Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations
and formulae where possible.
Author names and affiliations
Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present
the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all
affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of
the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name
and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
Corresponding author
Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also postpublication. Ensure that phone numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to
the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the
corresponding author.
Present/permanent address
If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a
'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The
address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address.
Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Abstract
Abstract should not exceed 250 words in original or review articles and 150 words in case reports. It
must be written for easy reading with no abbreviations. The abstract of the original article should be
divided into four subsections: Background, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.
Keywords
Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and
avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing
with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords
will be used for indexing purposes.
Abbreviations
Where a term/definition is continually referred to (3 times or more in the text), it is written in full when
it first appears, followed by the subsequent abbreviation in parentheses (even if it was previously
defined in the abstract); thereafter, the abbreviation is used.
Acknowledgments
General acknowledgments for consultations, statistical analysis and so on should be listed after main
body of text, before the References section, including the names of the individuals involved. All
financial and material support for the research and the work should be stated here clearly explicitly.
Gene nomenclature
Current standard international nomenclature for genes should be adhered to. Genes should be typed
in italic font and include the accession number. For human genes, use genetic notation and symbols
approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (http://www.genenames.org/) or refer to
PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez).
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Units
Systme International (SI) units must be used, with the exception of blood pressure values which
are to be reported in mmHg. Please use the metric system for the expression of length, area, mass
and volume.
Traditional food terms
Regarding the description of traditional food terms, it should be italicized and the first letter does
not need to be capitalized.
Figure Legends
Figure legend should follow the title closely and provide enough information to make the figures
understandable without frequently referring to the text. Do not describe methods in figure legends
unless they are necessary to interpret the results conveyed by the figure. All symbols and
abbreviations that are used in the figure should be defined in the legends.
Figure
Figures are numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals in the order of their citation in the text.
Figures should be uploaded as separate files, not embedded in the manuscript file. Figures that are
line drawing or photographs must be submitted separately in high-resolution EPS or TIFF format
(or alternatively in high-resolution JPEG format). Please ensure that files are supplied at the correct
resolution (1,200 dpi for line drawings and 600 dpi for images such as gels or blots, and 300 dpi for
color and half-tone artwork). The files are to be named according to the figure number and format (e.g.
Fig1.tif). Figures that are reproduced from other published sources require written permission from
the authors and copyright holders. The first color figure charges $600, and $100 of each additional
one. Authors must bear all costs associated with printed color figures. If authors elect not to print in
color, in most cases, authors will be able to have their color figures produced in black and white for
the printed version of the journals, but the figures will appear in color online.
Tables
Tables are numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals in the order of their citation in text. Tables
should be typed double-spaced on separate pages in as simple a form as possible. Table titles should
be short and descriptive (e.g. Table 1. Demographic characteristics of patients). Information requiring
extra explanatory footnotes should be denoted using these symbols (in order of appearance): *,
†, ‡, §, #, **, ††, ‡‡ When there are more than 10 footnotes, use superscript lowercase letters.
Abbreviations used in the table must be defined and placed after the footnotes as shown here: CT,
computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. Certain words can be abbreviated in tables
as follows: years to yr, months to mo, days to d, hours to hr, minutes to min, seconds to sec, and
to &. Use en dash for empty entries.
References
Citing references in text
References should be cited with Arabic numerals in square brackets. References are numbered
consecutively in order of appearance in text. Multiple references are separated by closed-up commas
and ranges are indicated with en dash. References cited in tables or figure legends should be included
in sequence at the point where the table or figure is first mentioned in text. Abstracts should not be
cited unless it is the only available reference to an important concept. Uncompleted work or work that
has not yet been accepted for publication (i.e. unpublished observation, personal communication)
should not be cited as references. When referring to a study, if the reference has only 1 author, then
list the author name directly (e.g. Hawkins [1] reported that...); if the reference has 2 authors, both
surnames are listed (e.g. Hawkins and Price [1] reported that); if the reference has 3 authors or
more, then list the surname of the first author only followed by "et al" (e.g. Hawkins et al [1] reported
that). Note that "et al" has not end period and is not in italics.
References section
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References are limited to those cited in text and listed in numerical order, NOT alphabetical order. They
should include, in order, author names, article title, journal name, volume, inclusive page numbers
and year. If there is only one page, state if the article is an abstract or letter. Names of all authors
should be listed, and should include the last name and initials of the first name and middle name.
Journal names should be in italics and abbreviations for journal titles should conform to those used
in MEDLINE. If citing a website, author information, article title, website address and the date the
site was accessed should be provided. For an article in press, the journal name and, if possible, the
volume and year, must be provided.
Examples
Note the use of italics, semi-colons, colons, en dashes, word capitalization, and page range.
Reference to a journal publication:
[1] Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG and Chiu V. Blood pressure levels before dementia. Arch
Neurol 2005;132:429-34.
Reference to a book:
[2] Belitz HD, Grosch W and Schieberle P. Food chemistry. 3rd rev. ed. Burghagen MM, translator.
Berlin: Springer; 2004. 1070 p.
Reference to a report:
[3] Page E and Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2001. Report No.: HETA2000-0139-2824. 24 p.
Reference to a website:
[4] PeriStats [Internet]. White Plains (NY): March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center. 2007 [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.marchofdimes.com/peristats/.
Journal abbreviations source
Journal names should be abbreviated according to the List of title word abbreviations: http://
www.issn.org/2-22661-LTWA-online.php.
Supplemental digital content
Authors can submit supplemental digital content to supplement the information provided in the print
version of the manuscript. Supplemental materials will be published online-only. When uploading
supplemental files through the online system, please use the "supplemental" file designation.
Supplemental materials must be cited consecutively in the main body of the submitted manuscript
and include the type of material submitted (e.g., "Suppl. Table 1"; "Suppl. Fig. 1").
Subdivision - numbered sections
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered
1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this
numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be
given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.
Introduction
State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature
survey or a summary of the results.
Material and methods
Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be
indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.
Theory/calculation
A Theory section should extend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the
Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast, a Calculation section represents a
practical development from a theoretical basis.
Results
Results should be clear and concise.
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Discussion
This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results
and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published
literature.
Conclusions
The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand
alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.
Appendices
If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in
appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix,
Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.
Essential title page information
• Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid
abbreviations and formulae where possible.
• Author names and affiliations. Please clearly indicate the given name(s) and family name(s)
of each author and check that all names are accurately spelled. Present the authors' affiliation
addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lowercase superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address.
Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the
e-mail address of each author.
• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing
and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that the e-mail address is given and that contact
details are kept up to date by the corresponding author.
• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was
done, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated as
a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be
retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Abstract
A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the
research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from
the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if
essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should
be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
Graphical abstract
Although a graphical abstract is optional, its use is encouraged as it draws more attention to the online
article. The graphical abstract should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial form
designed to capture the attention of a wide readership. Graphical abstracts should be submitted as a
separate file in the online submission system. Image size: Please provide an image with a minimum
of 531 × 1328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 5 ×
13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Office
files. You can view Example Graphical Abstracts on our information site.
Authors can make use of Elsevier's Illustration and Enhancement service to ensure the best
presentation of their images and in accordance with all technical requirements: Illustration Service.
Highlights
Highlights are a short collection of bullet points that convey the core findings of the article. Highlights
are optional and should be submitted in a separate editable file in the online submission system.
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Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy];
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of Peace [grant number aaaa].
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