ADDITIONAL
Factsatyour
fingertips!
Acompendiumofquizstylequestionswithanswers
thatwillhelpyoupassyourGCSEscienceexams
Name
1
B2KnowledgeTest
1. Labelthesediagramsofcells:
2. Completethistabletogivethefunctionofthefollowingorganelles:
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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17.
Organelle
Function
CellMembrane
CellWall
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Whichtypeofmicroscopehasthelargestmagnification?
State2differencesbetweenabacterialcellandananimalcell.
Definetheterm‘gene’.
DescribethestructureofaDNAmolecule.
StatethecomplementarybasepairsfoundinDNA.
HowiscomplementarybasepairingdifferentifDNAispairingwithmRNA?
WhatchemicalsubstanceswouldyouneedifyouweretryingtoextractDNAfromKiwis?
Whichscientists‘crackedtheDNAcode’?
Howdidtheyusetheworkofotherscientiststohelpthem?
WhatwasthepurposeoftheHumanGenomeProject?
State2potentialbenefitsoftheHGP.
Whatisaplasmid?
Whatdowemeanbygeneticengineering?
WhatareusedtocuttheDNAandstickitintothegenomeoftheneworganism?
CompletethetablebelowtogiveoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofGeneticEngineeringforeach
example:
BetacaroteneinGoldenRice
Producinginsulin
Productionofherbicide
2
Advantage
Disadvantage
resistantcrops
18. Completethistabletocomparemitosisandmeiosis
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
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46.
3
Mitosis
Meiosis
Numberofdaughtercells
formed
Arethedaughtercellsidentical totheparentcell?
Dothedaughtercellshave
haploidordiploidnuclei?
Usedfor…
Definefertilisation.
Definecloning.
Writeoutthestagesofcloningamammalin5bulletpoints.
Whatisthemainsourceofstemcellsinresearch?Whatethicalissueisassociatedwiththissource?
Completethetablebelowtogiveoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofeachmethod:
Advantage
Disadvantage
Cloning
Embryonicstemcellresearch
Whatprovidesthecodeforthestructureofaprotein?
Writeoutthestagesinproteinsynthesisin5bulletpoints.
Whatisamutation?
Whataretheunitsthatmakeupproteins?
Proteinsarespecific.Whatdoesthismean?
Whatisanenzyme?
Howdoestemperatureaffectenzymeactivity?
HowdoespHaffectenzymeactivity?
Whereintheenzymedoesthereactiontakeplace?
Ifanenzymeisdenatured,whatdoesthismean?
Describeoneuseofenzymesoutsideofthebody?
State2processesinsidethebodythatuseenzymes.
Definerespirationandwritetheequationforaerobicrespiration.Foreachsubstanceintheequation,state
whereitdiffusesfromandto.
Definediffusion
Explaintheeffectexercisehasonbreathingrateandheartrate?
Anathletehasastrokevolumeof76cm3andaheartrateof60bpm.Calculatetheircardiacoutput.
Whenandwhymaycellsstarttorespireanaerobically?
Writeawordequationforanaerobicrespiration.
WhatdoesEPOCstandforandwhathappensduringit?
Describethreeadaptationsofaleafforphotosynthesis.
Writethewordequationforphotosynthesis.
Statethethreelimitingfactorsforphotosynthesis.
DescribewhathappenstotherateofphotosynthesisastheconcentrationofCarbonDioxideincreases.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
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55.
56.
Definetranspiration.
Describehowmineralionsareabsorbedintotheroot.
Describehowwaterenterstherootandthenmovesthroughtheplant.
Whatisthefunctionofthephloem?
DefineOsmosis.
Howareroothaircellsadaptedtotheirfunction?
Statethreereasonswhytherearegapsinthefossilrecord.
Describehowthepentadactyllimbprovidesevidenceforevolution.
Whatthreethingsmustacelldoforanorganismtogrow?
Completethistabletodescribethefunctionofthedifferentpartsoftheblood:
Component
Function
RedBloodCell
WhiteBloodCell
Plasma
Platelets
57. Completethetablebyputtingeachofthesepartsoftheheartundertheappropriateheading–Pulmonary
artery,pulmonaryvein,aorta,venacava,leftventricle,leftatrium,rightventricle,rightatrium,
Carriesoxygenatedblood
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
4
Carriesdeoxygenatedblood
Howisbackflowofbloodpreventedintheheart?
Howisthestructureoftheleftventricledifferentfromtherightventricle?
Describethefunctionofthefollowingvessels–artery,vein,capillary.
Describethefunctionofeachofthefollowingpartsofthedigestivesystem:
Organ
Function
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Smallintestine
Largeintestine
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Howdoesthemuscularwallinthealimentarycanalaidmovementoffood?Nametheprocess.
Completethistableaboutdigestiveenzymes:
EnzymeGroup
Example
Amylase
Lipase
63. Statethetwofunctionsofbile.
64. Howandwhyisthevilliadapted?
5
Function
Breaksproteinintoaminoacids
B2KnowledgeTest-Answers
1. Labelthesediagramsofcells:
Chloroplast
Cellmembrane
Nucleus
Nucleus
Cellwall
Cellmembrane
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
2. Completethistabletogivethefunctionofthefollowingorganelles:
Organelle
Function
Cell
Controlsmovementofsubstancesinandoutofthecell.
Membrane
CellWall
Supportsthecell.
Chloroplast
AbsorbsLIGHT.Wherephotosynthesistakesplace
Mitochondria Whererespirationoccurs.
Vacuole
Helpssupporttheplantbykeepingthecellrigid
3. ElectronMicroscope
4. Bacterialcellhasplasmids,animalcelldoesnot,bacterialcellhasaflagellum,animalcelldoesnot,bacterial
cellhasacellwall,animalcelldoesnot,bacterialcellhasacircularloopofDNA,animalcellhasDNAin
chromosomes,animalcellhasanucleus,bacterialcelldoesnot.
5. AsectionofDNAwhichcodesforaspecificprotein.
6. Doublehelix–twostrandsheldtogetherbyhydrogenbondsbetweencomplementarybases
7. A=T,G=C
8. ApairswithUinsteadofT.TisreplacedbyUinthemRNA.
9. Salt,water,washingupliquid,(protease)
10. WatsonandCrick
11. TookRosalindFranklinsxrayphotograph
12. Tosequenceallofthebasesinthehumangenome.
13. Improvedgenetictestingfordisorders;Newwaysoffindingnewgenesthatmayincreaseriskofcertain
diseases;Newtreatmentsandcuresfordiseases;Newwaysoflookingatchangesinthegenomeovertime;
Personalisedmedicinesthatworkwithaparticulargenotype.
14. AcircularloopofDNA.
15. AlteringtheDNAofanorganismbyinsertingDNAfromanotherorganismintoitsgenome.
16. Enzymes
17. CompletethetablebelowtogiveoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofGeneticEngineeringforeach
example:
6
18. Advantage
BetacaroteneinGoldenRiceUsedtomakevitaminA
VitaminAwillreducedeathand
blindness.
Disadvantage
Couldcrossbreedwithwildriceand
contaminatewildriceDNA
LevelsofbetacaroteneinGolden
Ricemightnotbehighenoughto
makeadifference
Canbeexpensivetobuy
Producessterileseedssofarmers
havetobuythemeveryyear
Canbeusedbyvegans
Bacteriaproduceinsulinslightly
Supplynotaffectedbyanimal
differentlysomaynotworkforsome
diseases
people
Supplynotaffectedbydemandfor
meat
Canbemadeinvastquantities
Cheaper
Reducesamountofcropspraying Herbicideresistantweedscan
develop
Crosspollinationwithwildplants
Potentiallossofbiodiversity
Producinginsulin
Productionofherbicide
resistantcrops
19. Completethistabletocomparemitosisandmeiosis
20.
21.
22.
23.
7
Mitosis
Meiosis
Numberofdaughtercells
2
4
formed
Arethedaughtercellsidentical yes
No
totheparentcell?
Dothedaughtercellshave
diploid
Haploid
haploidordiploidnuclei?
Usedfor…
Growthandrepair
Makinggametes
Haploidgametesjointoformadiploidzygote
Theproductionofageneticallyidenticalindividual.Anexampleofasexualreproduction.
Removeadiploidnucleusfromabodycell;Enucleateaneggcell;Insertdiploidnucleusintoenucleatedegg
cell;Stimulatethediploidnucleustodividebymitosis;Implantintosurrogatemother.
Discardedembryosfromfertilitytreatment.Embryodestroyedintheprocess
24. .
Cloning
25.
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8
Advantage
Disadvantage
Canmakeageneticallyidenticalcopy
Clonedanimalsoftendieyoung.
ofananimalwithdesirable
Clonedanimalsoftenagemore
characteristics.
quickly.
CanbeusedtomakecopiesofGMComplicatedprocess.
animalstoguaranteealloffspring
havethetrait.
Embryonicstemcellresearch
Embryonicstemcellscandevelop Embryonicstemcellscancomefrom
intoalmosteverytypeofhumancell.
leftoverembryosfromfertility
Bonemarrowstemcellscanbeused
treatments.
totreatleukaemia.
Riskofrejectionifnotfromapatients
Adultstemcellsmaybeusedin ownstemcells.
futureinsteadofembryonicstem Couldleadtotumoursforming.
cells.
ThesequenceofbasesontheDNA
DNAdoublehelixunzips;ThecomplementarymRNAstrandismadeinthenucleusandpassesoutthrougha
pore;mRNAattachestotheribosome;AtripletofbasesonthemRNA(codon)codeforaspecificaminoacid;
tRNAtransfersaminoacidstotheribosome.
AchangeinthesequenceofbasesintheDNA
AminoAcids
Theyhaveaspecificshape,theyhaveaspecificsequenceofAminoAcids
Abiologicalcatalyst
Itspeedsupitsactivityupto40oCafterwhichitdenaturesandstopsworking.
EnzymesonlyworkataspecificpH.Eithersideoftheoptimum,itwillnotworkaswell.
Activesite
Theshapeoftheactivesitehaschanged
Digestion–Manyenzymesbreaklargermoleculesdownintosmalleronesindigestion.Thishappensoutside
ofthebody.Staindigestingenzymesinwashingpowdersbreakdownstaininclothes.Microorganisms
excreteenzymesontofoodtobreakthemdownoutsidethebodyandthenabsorbtheproducts.
DNAreplication,proteinsynthesis
Aprocesswherealllivingorganismsreleaseenergyfromtheirfood.Glucose+oxygenàCarbonDioxideand
Water.Oxygendiffusesfromairintobloodandbloodintocells.Glucosediffusesfromgutintobloodand
bloodintocells.Carbondioxidediffusesfromcellstobloodandbloodtoair,waterdiffusesfromcellto
blood.
Themovementofasubstancefromhightolowconcentration/downaconcentrationgradient.Itisapassive
process.
Itincreasesitbecausethebodyhasagreaterdemandforoxygenandglucose,andproducesmorewaste
carbondioxidetoberemoved.Thebloodcirculatesthesesubstancestoandfromthecells.
4560cm3
Whenthereisnotenoughoxygenavailableforaerobicrespiration.Afteraperiodofrapidexercise.After
death.
GlucoseàLacticAcid
Excesspost-exerciseoxygenconsumption.Requiredmoreoxygentobepaidbackafteraperiodofanaerobic
respiration.
Largesurfacearea,containschlorophylltoabsorblight,stomataforgasexchange.
Water+Carbondioxideàglucose+oxygen
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58.
Lightintensity,CO2concentration,temperature.
Itincreasesuptoapointwhereanotherfactorwillbecomelimiting.
Themovementofwaterthroughaplant.
Byactivetransportusingenergyfromthesoiltothecellsoftheroot
Byosmosisfromthesoiltothecellsoftherootthenupthexylem.
Totransportglucoseupanddowntheplant.
Themovementofwaterfromhighwaterconcentrationtolowwaterconcentrationacrossasemipermeable
membrane..
Largesurfaceareatoincreasewaterabsorption.
Becausefossilsdonotalwaysform,becausesofttissuedecays,becausemanyfossilsarestilltobefound.
Suggestsallvertebratesevolvedfromonecommonancestorastherearesimilaritiesbetweenbone
structure.
Divide,elongate,differentiate
.
Component
Function
RedBloodCell
Transportoxygen
WhiteBloodCell
Fightinfection
Plasma
TransportCO2,hormones,glucose
Platelets
Bloodclotting
.
Carriesoxygenatedblood
pulmonaryvein,aorta,
leftventricle,leftatrium
Carriesdeoxygenatedblood
Pulmonaryartery,venacava
rightventricle,rightatrium,
59. Valves
60. Thickerwall
61. Artery–carriesbloodawayfromtheheart,vein–carriesbloodtotheheart,capillary–exchangeof
substancesbetweentissues.
62. Describethefunctionofeachofthefollowingpartsofthedigestivesystem:
Organ
Function
Mouth
Foodbrokenupintosmallerpieces,mixedwith
saliva,starchdigestion
Oesophagus
Movesfoodtostomachbyperistalsis
Stomach
Mixesfoodwithenzymesandacid
Smallintestine
Absorptionoffood
Largeintestine
Absorptionofwater
Pancreas
Makesenzymes
Liver
Makesbile,breaksdownsomesubstances
Gallbladder
Storesbile
63. Pushesfoodalongthedigestivesystembymuscularcontraction.Peristalsis
9
64. Completethistableaboutdigestiveenzymes:
EnzymeGroup
Example
Carbohydrases
Amylase
Proteases
Pepsin
Lipase
Function
Breaksstarchintoglucose
Breaksproteinintoaminoacids
Digestsfatintoglyceroland
fattyacid
65. Emulsifyingfats,neutralisingstomachacid.
66. Largesurfacearea,goodbloodsupply,onelayerofcellsthickforefficientabsorption
10
C2KnowledgeTest
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11
WhydidMendeleevleavegapsinhisversionofthePeriodicTable?
Whichsideoftheperiodictablearethemetalson?
HowdidMendeleevdecideontheorderoftheelementsintheperiodictable?
Namethethreeparticlesfoundinanatomandthechargeoneachofthese.
Completethesentence‘Allatomsofonetypeofelementhavethesamenumberof….’
Whatcanyousayaboutthenumberofprotonsandelectronsinanatom?
Whatdoestheatomicnumbertellusabouttheparticlesinanatom?
Whatdoestheatomicmasstellusabouttheparticlesinanatom?
Howisanisotopedifferentfromanatom?
Whatnamedowegivetotherowsandcolumnsinaperiodictable?
Drawtheelectronicconfigurationforelementnumber6andelementnumber17.
Howdoesthegroupnumberontheperiodictablerelatetothenumberofelectronsinanatom?
Howmanyelectronscanfitintoshellnumber1andshellnumber2?
Definecompound.
Defineion,cationandanion.
Howisanionicbondformed?
Howisasodiumionformedfromasodiumatom?
HowisaChlorideionformedfromachlorineatom?
Inwhatratiowillgroup1andgroup7elementscombine?
Inwhatratiowillgroup2andgroup7elementscombine?
Ifacompoundendsin‘ide’whatdoesthismean?
Ifacompoundendsin‘ate’whatdoesthismean?
Whatistheformulaofthefollowingcompounds–coppersulphate,sodiumchloride,sodiumhydroxide,
potassiumbromide,magnesiumnitrate.
Describethestructureofanioniccompound(lattice).
Describe3propertiesofionicsubstances.
Howdothepropertiesofsilverandleadchloridedifferfromallotherchlorides?
Writeawordandsymbolequation(withstatesymbols)forthereactionbetweenSilvernitrateandsodium
chloride.
Givetworeasonswhybariumsulphateisgivenasabariummeal.
Whatcolourflamewillthefollowingionsburnwith;K+,Na+,Ca2+,Cu2+
Whichtwoelementswerediscoveredusingspectroscopy?
Howisacovalentbondformed?
Drawthestructureofthefollowingmolecules:hydrogen,hydrogenchloride,carbondioxide,methane.
Givethreepropertiesofcovalentmolecules.
Givetwoexamplesofgiantcovalentmolecules.
Statewhatdiamondandgraphiteareusedfor.
Describehowyouwouldseparatetwoimmiscibleliquids.
Whattechniquewouldyouusetoseparatetwomiscibleliquids?
Whattechniquewouldyouusetoseparateamixtureofcoloureddyes.
WhatisanRfvalueandhowdoyoucalculateit?
Describethestructureofmetals.
Givetwopropertiesofmosttransitionmetals.
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12
Givetwopropertiesofthegp.1metals.
Writeawordandsymbolequationforthereactionofagroup1metalwithwater.
Howwouldyouexpectthereactivityofrubidiumtocomparewithlithium.Explainyourreason.
Givethecolourandstateofeachofthegp.7elementsatroomtemperature.
Writeawordandsymbolequationforagroup7elementwithagroup1element.
Whattypeofsubstancewillbeformedwhenahalogenreactswithhydrogen?
Howdoesreactivitychangewithinthehalogengroup?
Whyarethenoblegaseschemicallyinert?
State2noblegasesandgive1useofeach.
Define‘exothermicchange’and‘endothermicchange’.
Describewhathappenstobondsinexothermicandendothermicreactions.
Statethreefactorsthatwillincreasetherateofreactionbetweenhydrochloricacidandmarblechips.
Whymightparticlescollidebutnotreact?
Define‘catalyst’.
Describethekeyfeaturesofacatalyticconverterinacar.
CalculatetheRFMofMagnesiumSulfateandCalciumChloride.Showyourworking.
Calculatetheempiricalformulaoflithiumcarbonateifasamplecontains2.8goflithium,2.4gofcarbonand
9.6gofoxygen.
CalculatethepercentageofoxygeninPotassiumNitrate.
WriteabalancedequationforthereactionbetweenSodiumHydroxideandHydrochloricAcid.
Whatdowemeanbyyield?
Whyisthetheoreticalyieldoftendifferentfromtheactualyield?
Manyreactionsproducewasteproducts.Whyisthisaproblem?
Chemistsinindustryareconstantlylookingfornewwaysto….(3reasons)
Ironisextractedfromironorebyreductionwithcarbonmonoxide.Writeanequationforthisprocess.
C2KnowledgeTest
1. Hebelievedtheelementhadn’tbeendiscoveredyetbasedonthepropertiesoftheelementsinthesame
group.
2. Left
3. Basedontheirpropertiesandatomicmass.
4. Protonpositive,neutronneutral,electronnegative.
5. Allatomsofonetypeofelementhavethesamenumberofprotons
6. Equal
7. Numberofprotons
8. Protons+neutrons
9. Differentnumberofneutrons
10. Rows–period,column-group
11.
12.
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13
Chlorine
Carbon
Groupnumbercorrespondstothenumberofelectronsintheoutershell
2,8
Apuresubstanceformedwhentwoormorechemicalelementsarechemicallyjoinedtogether.
Ion–anatomthathasbecomeelectricallycharged/lostorgainedelectrons.Anion–anegativeion.Cation–
apositiveion.
Throughthetransferofelectronsfromoneatomtoanother.
Loses1electron
Gains1electon
1:1
2:1
Nooxygenpresent
Oxygenpresent
CuSO4,NaCl,NaOH,KBr,Mg(NO3)2
Aregulararrangementofions,heldtogetherbyelectrostaticforcesbetweenoppositelychargedions.
ConductelectricitywhenMOLTEN(melted)andinanAQUEOUSSOLUTION(dissolvedinwater)
DONOTconductelectricityasaSOLID
HavehighMELTINGandBOILINGpoints
UsuallySOLIDatROOMTEMPERATURE
Theyareinsolubleinwaterwhereasmostotherchloridesaresoluble.
silvernitrate(aq)+sodiumchloride(aq)→silverchloride(s)+sodiumnitrate(aq)
AgNO3+NaClàAgCl+NaNO3
Opaquetox-rays
Safetouse
Insolublesodoesn’tentertheblood
Whatcolourflamewillthefollowingionsburnwith;K+-Lilac,Na+-Yellow,Ca2+-Red,Cu2+-Blue/Green
RubidiumCaesiumHelium
31. Throughthesharingofelectronsbetweentwoatoms.
32.
33. Lowmeltingpoint
Lowboilingpoint
Poorconductorofelectricity
34. Highmeltingpoint
Highboilingpoint
35. Diamond-Usedtomakecuttingtools.Graphite-Usedtomakeelectrodesandlubricant.
36. Useaseparatingfunnel.
Openthetapandletthelowerliquidflowoutandcollectinabeaker.
Closethetapbeforetheupperliquidstartstorunout.
Changethebeakerandthenlettheotherliquidflowout.
37. Fractionaldistillation
38. Chromatography
39. Theratioofthedistancemovedbythesoluteonachromatogramtothedistancemovedbythesolvent
underthesameconditions.Rf=distancemovedbythecompound÷distancemovedbythesolvent
40. Aregulararrangementofpositiveionssurroundedbyaseaofdelocalisedelectrons.
41. Highmeltingpointsandproducecolouredcompounds.
42. Softwithrelativelylowmeltingpoints.
43. Lithium+wateràLithiumHydroxide+Hydrogen
2Li(S)+2H2O(l)à2LiOH(aq)+H2(g) 44. RbmorereactivethanLibecauseRbhasmoreelectronshellssothesingleelectronintheoutershellis
furtherfromthenucleussoeasierfortheatomtolose.
45. Halogen
Colour
Stateatroomtemperature
Fluorine
PaleYellow
Gas
Chlorine
Green/yellow
Gas
Bromine
Brown
Liquid
Iodine
Grey
Solid
46. Potassium+BromineàPotassiumBromide
2K(s)+Br2(l)à2KBr2(S)
47. Hydrogenhalideswhichwilldissolveinwatertomakeacidicsolutions.Howdoesreactivitychangewithin
thehalogengroup?
48. Theyhaveafulloutershellofelectronssoarenotabletogain/lose/shareelectrons.
14
49. UsesofNobleGases
XenonandArgoninsidefilamentlamps
ArgonandHeliumusedinwelding
Argonusedinfireextinguishing
systems
Heliumusedtofillballoonsandair
ships
Neoninfluorescentlamps
50.
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15
Reason
Tostopthehotfilamentreactingwithoxygenand
burningaway
Toformablanketoverthehotmetaltostopitreacting
withoxygenintheair
Itisnonflammableandcanbeusedtofillacomputer
serverroom(forexample)ifafirebreaksout.
Ithaslowdensity
Producesaredlightwhenelectriccurrentispassed
throughitunderlowpressure
Exothermicchange-Areactionthatgivesoutheatenergyincreasingthetemperatureofthemixtureandits
surroundings.
Endothermicchange–Areactionthattakesinheatenergydecreasingthetemperatureofthemixtureand
itssurroundings.
Exothermic–lessenergyneededtobreakbondsthanisreleasedwhentheyarebrokensoheatenergygiven
out.
Endothermic-lessenergyreleasedwhenmakingbondsthanistakeninwhentheyarebrokensoheat
energytakenin.
Increasingtemperature,increasingsurfaceareaofmarblechips,increasingconcentrationofacid.
Notenoughenergyinthecollision.
Asubstancethatspeedsupareactionbutdoesnottakepartinthereaction.
Highsurfaceareatoincreasetherateofreaction.Worksbestathightemperatures.
MgSO424+32+(4x16)=120CaCl240+(35.5x2)=111
Li2.8÷7=0.4C2.4÷12=0.2O9.6÷16=0.6Li2CO3
KNO339+14+(3x16)=1013x(16÷101)=47.5%
NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)àNaCl(aq)+H2O(l)
Theamountofusefulproductobtainedfromareaction.
Reactionmaybeincomplete
Someproductislost
Otherunwantedreactionsmayoccurmakingadifferentproduct.
Notuseful
Mustbedisposedoffollowingstrictlaws
Expensivetodispose
Cancauseenvironmentalproblems
Cancausesocialproblems(housepricesdroporunpleasantsmells)
Highinpercentageyield
Allproductsareusefulsotherearenowasteproducts(orusesfoundforwasteproducts–economically
viable)
Reactionsarefast(quicktomakelotsofproduct)
IronOxide+CarbonMonoxideàIron+CarbonDioxide
Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)àFe(s)+3CO2(g)
P2KnowledgeTest–HigherTier
1. Describehowaninsulatorbecomecharged?
2. Whatwouldhappeniftwopositivelychargedobjectswerebroughtnexttoeachother?
3. Describe(intermsofelectronsandcharges)whathappenswhenachargedballoonisbroughtclosetoa
wall.
4. Describewhyisacombisabletopickupsmallpiecesofpaper.
5. Describehowlighteningisformed.
6. Whydoyousometimesgetanelectricshockwhenyoutoucheverydayitems
7. ExplainthepurposeofEarthinganappliance?
8. Givetwousesofelectrostaticchargesineverydaylife
9. Explainwhystaticelectricityisapotentialdangerwhenrefuellingaircraft?
10. Definean'electriccurrent'andstatewhatthisisinmetals.
11. Whattypeofchargetocellsandbatteriesprovide?
12. Howshouldyouputanammeterintoacircuitandwhatdoesitmeasure?Givetheunits
13. Whatwillhappentothecurrentifthepotentialdifferenceisincreased?
14. Howshouldyouputavoltmeterintoacircuitandwhatdoesitmeasure?Givetheunits
15. Definepotentialdifference
16. Explaintheeffectofincreasingresistanceoncurrent.
17. Whatp.d.isneededtomakea2Acurrentflowthrougha10ohmresistor?
18. Whathappenstotheresistanceofafilamentampafteritisturnedon?Howdoesthisaffectcurrent?
19. WhathappenstotheresistanceofaLDRaslightintensityincreases?Whateffectdoesthishaveoncurrent?
20. Explainwhathappenstoaresistorascurrentpassesthroughit?
21. Giveauseoftheheatingeffectofawire.
22. Whatisavectorquantity?Give4examples.
23. StatewhatishappeningateachpartofthisDistance/Timegraph
24. Whatisthespeedbetweenpointsaandb
25. StatewhatishappeningateachpartofthisVelocity/Timegraph
16
26. Whenistheobjecttravellingfastest?
27. Howfardoesthecartravelbetweenpointsdande?
28. Workouttheresultantforceineachoftheseexamples
29. Whentwobodiesinteract,whatcanyousayaboutthemagnitudeanddirectionoftheactionandreaction
force?
30. Whatwillhappentoanobjectsmotioniftheresultantforceiszero?
31. Whatwillhappentoanobjectsmotioniftheresultantforceisnotzero?
32. Statethetwofactorsthatwillaffecttheaccelerationofanobject.
33. Howdoallbodiesfallinavacuum?
34. DescribethethreephasesofwhathappenstotheairresistanceonanobjectasitfallstoEarth.
35. Whattwofactorsmakeuptheoverallstoppingdistanceofacar?
36. Statethreefactorsthatwillaffectthestoppingdistanceofacar.
37. Whatdoesconservationofmomentummean?
38. Explainhowallofthefollowingsafetyfeaturesacttoreduceinjury:airbag,crumplezone,seatbelt.
39. Definepower
40. WhatisoneWattequalto?
41. ExplainwhatthissymbolforCarbontellsus146C
42. Howisapositiveionformed?
43. Statewhatanalphaandabetaparticlearemadeupof.
44. Whichtypeofradiationis:mostionising?Mostpenetrating?
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45.
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48.
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65.
WhatisproducedduringthefissionofUranium235?
Describewhatismeantbya'controllednuclearchainreaction'.
Explainthedifferencebetweennuclearfissionandnuclearfusion.
Statethefunctionofcontrolrodsandmoderatorsinanuclearreactorcore.
Describetheprocesswherebytheenergyfromanuclearreactorcoreisconvertedintoelectricalenergyin5
steps.
Whatproblemisassociatedwiththeproductsofnuclearfission?
DefineNuclearfusion
Bywhatprocessdostarsobtaintheirenergy?
Whydoesnuclearfusiononlyhappenathightemperaturesandpressures?
Whyisnuclearfusionoftencostprohibitive?
Whatarethe2maindangersofionisingradiation?
Thoriumandradiumusedtobeputinfacecreamsbackinthe1900's.Whyisthisnolongerdone?
Howcannuclearwastebedisposedofandstoredinthelongterm?
Whatisthemainadvantageofnuclearpoweroverfossilfuelledpowerstations?
Whatisthedisadvantageofstoringnuclearwaste:inspace?Insea?
Sketcharadioactivedecaygraph
Whatistheunitfortheactivityofaradioactiveisotope?
Whatdowemeanbyanisotopes'halflife'?
Whatismeantbybackgroundradiationandwheredoesitoriginate?
Howisradiationusedtogaugethethicknessofpaper?
Howisradiationusedinsmokealarms?
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P2KnowledgeTestAnswers–HigherTier
1. Rubbing/frictiontransferselectrons
2. repel
3. Balloonisnegativelycharged,itrepelstheelectronsinthewall,itisattractedtothepositivechargeleftin
thewall.
4. Thecombbecomesnegativelycharged.Itrepelsthenegativechargesinthepapermeaningthepositive
chargeisattractedtothecombwhichiswhythepaperispickedup.
5. Asthecloudsmovepasteachother,chargebuildsup.Eventuallythechargegetssolargethatitdischarges
throughtheatmospheretoEarthwhichisthelightening.
6. Youhavebecomecharged.TheelectronsflowthroughyoutotheobjecttoEarth.
7. Electronscanpassdowntheearthingcablewhenchargebuildsupsothereisn’taspark.Ortheuserdoesn’t
receiveashock.
8. Paintspraying,insecticidespraying
9. Chargecanbuildupasthefuelflowsalongthepipe.ThiscouldpotentiallydischargeasasparktoEarth
settingthefuelonfire.
10. Theflowofcharge,theflowofelectrons
11. directcurrent
12. Inseries,current,Amps
13. Increase
14. Inparallel,voltageorp.d.,volts
15. theenergytransferredperunitcharge/1joulepercoulomb
16. Reducescurrentbecauseitismoredifficultfortheelectronstoflow.
17. 2x10=20V
18. Resistanceincreases,currentdecreases.
19. Resistancedecreases,currentincreases.
20. Heatsupbecausetherearecollisionsbetweenelectronsandtheionsinthelattice.
21. Heatingelementinkettle,fireetc.
22. Quantitiesthathavedirectionandsize.Displacement,velocity,acceleration,force
23. A-BConstantSpeed,B-CStationary,C-DAccelerating,D-EStationary,E-FConstantspeed
24. 2m/s
25. A-BAccelerating,B-CConstantSpeed,C-DAccelerating,D-EConstantSpeed,E-FDecelerating,F-GConstant
Speed,G-HAccelerating
26. C-D
27. 120m
28.
29. Equalandopposite
30. Stayatrest,orcontinueatasteadyspeed
31. Accelerateordecelerate
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32. sizeofresultantforce,massofobject
33. Atthesamerate/speed
34. 1-increasingspeedincreasesairresistance.2-Airresistanceincreasesuntilitisequaltotheweightofthe
fallingobject.3-Whenthetwoforcesarebalanced,accelerationiszeroandterminalvelocityreached.
35. Thinkingdistanceandbreakingdistance
36. mass,speed,reactiontime,stateofbreaks,stateoftyres/frictionbetweenroadandtyre,stateoftheroad
37. WhenamovingobjectcollideswithanotherobjectThemomentumbeforethecollisionwillbethesameas
themomentumafterthecollision.
38. Increasethetimetakenfortheobjecttostoptherebyreducingtherateofchangeofmomentum.
39. Rateofdoingwork
40. 1joulepersecond
41. Massnumber=14=protons+neutrons,Atomicnumber=6=protons
42. Lossofelectrons
43. alpha-heliumnucleus/2p+2nbeta-highspeedelectron
44. alpha,gamma
45. 2daughternucleiand2neutronsandlotsofenergyreleased
46. WhensomeoftheneutronsreleasedbythefissionofUranium235areabsorbedbyothermaterials,
meaningthatonlyoneofthetwoneutronsreleasedgoesontobeabsorbedbyanotherUranium235
nucleus,limitingtheamountofenergyreleased.
47. Nuclearfissionisthesplittingofalargenucleuswhereasfusionisthejoiningofsmallnuclei
48. Controlrods-absorbneutrons.Moderator-slowsdownneutrons.
49. Heatenergytransferredtoacoolantwhichisusuallywater.Thissuper-heatedwaterispumpedtoaheat
exchangerwhereitisusedtogeneratesteam.Thesteamturnsaturbine,whichturnsageneratorwhich
turnskineticenergyintoelectricalenergy.
50. They'reradioactive
51. thecreationoflargenucleifromsmallernucleiaccompaniedbythereleaseoflotsofenergy
52. Nuclearfusion
53. Itisneedtoovercometheelectrostaticrepulsionofprotons.
54. Becauseofthecostofmaintaininghightemperatureandhighpressuresmakeituneconomic.
55. tissuedamage,possiblemutationsinDNA
56. Scientistsbecameawareofthehazardsandrisks.
57. Storedinconcrete,steelandglasscontainers.
58. NoCO2released
59. Containercouldfallbacktoearth.Containercouldcorrodeandleak.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
Becquerel(Bq)
Thetimetakenforhalftheundecayednucleitodecay.
ThenaturalradiationlevelaroundusfromSpace,groundandrocks,radongas.
Adetectorcountstherateatwhichbetaparticlespassthroughthepaper.Ifitistoohighortoolowthe
paperisn’ttherightthickness.
65. AlphaparticlesfromAmericum-241ionisetheairtomakeionsandelectrons.Acurrentflowsbetweentwo
chargedplates.Whensmokegetsintheairgaps,thecurrentfallsandsoundsthealarm.
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