*INDUSTRIALIZATION
*IMMIGRATION
• OLD IMMIGRANTS
– White Anglo-Saxon Protestants *(W.A.S.P.)
– White protestant Christians from England &
Germany
• NEW IMMIGRANTS
• S.E.E.
– Southern and Eastern Europe—think of The
Jungle
– From 1870-1920 about 20 MILLION
Europeans Came to America
Ellis Island
Housing Patterns
• Similar People live
together:
–Immigrant neighborhoods
(ethnic enclaves)
• Religion
– Catholics
– Jews
– Eastern Orthodox
• Chinese
– Fewer numbers—From 1851-1883 about
300,000
– Came for the Gold Rush of 1849
– Came to West Coast
• Angel Island
– Many worked on Railroads
– Religion
• Non-Judeo-Christian
• Stopped Coming in 1882
–CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
• Banned Chinese Immigration for
10 years
• 1892 It was extended for another
10 years
• 1902 It was extended indefinitely
• Not repealed until 1943!
American Responses to
Immigration
• *Nativism—Favoritism of Native Born
Americans (not Indians)
• Protectionism
• Why?
– $$$$$$$$$$
– JOBS
• Immigrants have always been willing to work for
less than native-born Americans
– Racism
Causes of Industrialization
1.Wealth of natural resources
o Oil
• For making kerosene (fuel)
• Later gasoline (which was thrown away as a
byproduct until the car)
o Coal
• to fuel furnaces in iron for steel making & to
heat homes
• Iron
• For making Steel
Causes
2. Prevailing Ideologies (Worldviews: Ways
of Seeing Things)
– *Social Darwinism
• Survival of the Fittest
• “while the law of competition may be sometimes
hard for the individual, it is best for the race,
because it ensures the survival of the fittest in
every department.”—Andrew Carnegie
Causes
–Manifest Destiny
• America is Destined to do Great
Things
–*Laissez Faire Economics
• Let the Market do What it Wants—
NO Government Interference or
Regulation
• *Capitalism
Causes
3. New Technologies
– Electricity/Electric Lighting Allowed:
• Companies to Operate 24 hours a day
• Machines to make things that people used to
make by hand
– Telegraph/Telephone
• Increased Communication Nation Wide
– *Assembly Line
• Perfected on a Large Scale by Henry Ford
• Made Production Faster & More Efficient
• Works through *specialization
Assembly lines
• Specialization leads to *interdependence
BIG BUSINESSES
• *Corporation—A company that is legally
recognized as a separate entity from its
owners
– investors by “stock” or “shares” (A piece or
ownership) of the Company
– it’s owned by lots of people
Big Businesses
1. RAILROADS
– The Biggest Business
Finished 1869
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Cornelius’ House
Big Businesses
2. STEEL
– Stronger more rust resistant than plain iron
– U.S. Steel was the biggest steel company— It
was run by Andrew Carnegie
Andrew’s House
• Who used steel?
– Early user was JOHN DEERE—invented
the steel plow 1830s
– Railroads
• Largest consumer
New Uses
Steel enabled taller buildings & bigger bridges.
New Uses
Home Insurance Building
Chicago 1885--1st
Skyscraper
3. OIL
–Standard Oil was the biggest
oil company—run by John D.
Rockefeller
John’s House
*Monopolies/Trusts
Types of Monopolies
• *Vertical Integration
– Controlling every part of the process from raw materials
to distribution
– Example: Brown’s & Durham’s Meats (the Jungle)
―There was scarcely a thing needed in the business that Durham and Company
did not make for themselves. There was a great steam power plant and an
electricity plant. There was a barrel factory, and a boiler-repair shop. There
was a building to which the grease was piped, and made into soap and lard;
and then there was a factory for making lard cans, and another for making
soap boxes. There was a building in which the bristles were cleaned and
dried, for the making of hair cushions and such things; there was a building
where the skins were dried and tanned, there was another where heads and
feet were made into glue, and another where bones were made into
fertilizer… When there was nothing else to be done with a thing, they first
put it into a tank and got out of it all the tallow and grease, and then they
made it into fertilizer. All these industries were gathered into buildings near
by, connected by galleries and railroads with the main establishment…‖
• EX. Andrew Carnegie—U.S. Steel
Types of Monopolies
• *Horizontal Integration
– Buying up all of your competition
– Example: John D. Rockefeller—Standard Oil
Controlled 90% of the World’s Oil Refinery
Business
Monopolies
• Sherman Antitrust Act
–Antitrust *legislation
–1890—Made it illegal to form a
trust that interfered with free
trade between states or with
other countries
–Used mainly against *Labor
Unions NOT Companies
Why is this guy
Sleeping on
Barrels?
How Many People in this
room?
Cornelius’ House
Andrew’s House
LABOR UNIONS
• Response to low wages, long hours, &
*unregulated working conditions (The
Jungle Chp. 7 & 8)
• Workers organize to increase bargaining
power with the company
• Early Unions
–Knights of Labor—
• “an injury to one is the concern of all.”
• Open to ALL Workers regardless of
Race, Gender, or Skill (why?)
• Called for Equal Pay for Men and
Women (why?)
–The Jungle Chp. 29 “no man could get
more than the lowest man would consent
to work for.”
• Saw Strikes as a Last Resort—Thought
They Should Negotiate Instead
• CRAFT UNION—A Group of Skilled laborers
From One or More Trades
– American Federation of Labor (AFL)
– Samuel Gompers President
– Used Strikes as a MAJOR Tactic (unlike the Knights)
• INDUSTRIAL UNIONISM—all workers (Skilled &
Unskilled) from a Particular Industry Band
Together
– EXAMPLES: The American Railway Union; United
Autoworkers; Brotherhood of Electrical Workers;
Screen Actors Guild; National Education Association
• SOCIALISM/COMMUNISM
– Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
– Believed in Government Control of Business
– This is the type of Union Jurgis Joins in the end
• Strikes Sometimes Turned
Violent
–Haymarket Affair—Chicago
1886
• Rally to protest Police Brutality
• A bomb was tossed into the
Police Line
• Led to a decline in Union
Membership (for a while)
Haymarket Riot
– Homestead Strike—Pennsylvania 1892
• Carnegie Steel Workers Strike
• Still Mill Sends in Armed Guards
called “Pinkertons” to Protect the
Plant so they could hire
strikebreakers (scabs)
• A Pitched Battle Ensued Between
Union Members and the Pinkertons
• National Guard Called in to quell
(stop) violence
• Led to break up of Steel Workers
Unions for 45 years
Labor Union Membership