The future of human-computer interaction:
overview of input devices
Fabrizio Fornari
School of Computer Science
Háskólinn ı́ Reykjavı́k - Reykjavı́k University
Reykjavı́k, Iceland
November, 2012
Abstract
We are in 2012 and we are still using the mouse and the keyboard to interact
with a computer.
We have seen a lot of changes in the world of Computer Science, relating
to: performance, design and the way we interact with the computer. Different input devices have been developed around the computer, starting from
the most recent touchscreens, continuing with webcams, microphones, and
arriving to the oldest mice and keyboards. The aim of this research is to
let the reader imagine a new way to interact with the computer. To reach
our purpose, we introduce advanced technologies such as: Speech and Voice
Recognition, Electronic Perception, Eye Tracking and Brain Computer Interfaces. We propose examples of the cited technologies that may change
the paradigm that saw, until now, keyboard and mouse as leaders of the
input devices.
1
1
Introduction
From the computer’s birth1 , we saw a lot of changes in the world of Computer Science. Changes relating to: performance, design and human-computer
interaction [49]. A few years ago, the words “input device” evoked in our
mind only two specific objects: the keyboard and the mouse - the main
instruments used to provide data to a personal computer. Keyboard and
mouse are, in fact, two of the first input devices in the history of computer.
Nowadays, with the evolution of computers, we have a large set of input devices that changed the way we interact with the computer. For example we
have: touch-screens, that allow users to interact with a computer using only
their hands; webcams and microphones, used together to make video-calls
and many others. Although we introduced other input devices we are still
using mouse and keyboard, why?
We want to provide an overview of input devices to let the reader imagine a world without mice and keyboards. We start with the definition of
input device and the histories of mouse and keyboard to continue introducing instruments and technologies that may replace the usage of mouse and
keyboard such as: the Electronic Perception Technology [70] - the ability
of electronic components to form a 3-D map of their surroundings and see
what their users are doing. We also refer to Eye Tracking [47] - the ability of a computer to keep track of eye movements of users for developing
tasks like the movement of the pointer on a screen or the scroll of a page
at the same time that the user reads. We describe a new technology called
“Tobii Gaze” [38] - an example of Eye Tracking compatible with the new
release of Windows 8 [69]. Other technologies that we discuss are Speech
and Voice Recognition [58, 59], the abilities that allow a computer to understand speech and to recognize who is the speaker. We introduce one of
the most popular software package for Speech and Voice recognition called
1
With the term computer, we refer to a Personal Computer (desktop, laptop, etc.)
2
Dragon NaturallySpeaking [32] and we focus on pros and cons of using our
own voice to communicate with a computer.
At the end we analyze a different approach to improve the humancomputer interaction called Brain Computer Interface (BCI) [35]. The BCI
consist in a collaboration between a brain and a device that enables signals
from the brain to direct some external activities, such as the control of a
cursor. We describe the different types of BCI: Invasive, Partially invasive
and Non-invasive focusing on an example of Non-invasive Brain Computer
Interface called Emotiv EPOC [14] (winner of the 2012 Advance Global
Australian Award for Information and Communication Technologies [11]).
For each cited technology, we provide a definition and an example that may
bring the reader to discover new ways to interact with the computer.
3
2
Background
In this section we provide the definition of input device and describe the
history of the keyboard and the mouse to give the reader the opportunity
to learn more about these 2 devices.
2.1
Input Device
From Wikipedia: “An input device is any peripheral - piece of computer
hardware equipment - that we use to provide data and control signals to
an information processing system such as a computer or other information
appliance.” [50]
In our case we refer to an input device as a device that converts the user’s
actions and analog data (sound, graphics, pictures) into digital electronic
signals that can be processed by a computer. Are the input devices that
let a user to control a computer, to interact with it and to take advantage
of the calculation power for which the computer is well-known; a computer
without input devices would not allow the interaction with an user.
2.2
Keyboard and Mouse
Since the birth of the computer, the input devices have increasingly evolved;
nowadays we are used to different types of input devices. Despite of the
variety of available input devices, the most used ones until now are the
keyboard and the mouse.
4
2.2.1
The Keyboard
One of the first developed input devices for computer is the keyboard. A
keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to input letters or numbers into a computer device [43]. The
first keyboards were really different from the idea of keyboard that we have
nowadays. It derives largely from two devices: teleprinters [62] and keypunches [51]. It was from such devices that modern computer keyboards
inherited their layouts. From the 1940s until the late 1960s, typewriters
were the main means of data entry for computing, becoming integrated
into what were known as computer terminals [44]. The keyboard remained
the primary, most integrated computer peripheral well into the era of personal computing until the introduction of the mouse as a consumer device
in 1984. However, keyboards remain central to human-computer interaction to the present day. Indeed even mobile personal computing devices
such as smartphones [57] and tablets [60] adopt the keyboard as an optional
virtual, touchscreen-based [63], means of data entry. Nowadays we can see
different kind of physical keyboards: Standard, Laptop-size, Thumb-sized,
Software-Keyboard, Foldable-Keyboard and Optical Keyboard [43].
Studies such as the one presented in [33] have demonstrated that a keyboard is a place where bacteria tend to accumulate. An article by the
BBC [31] underlines the danger of using a keyboard. From the sanitary
point of view, in a hospital a keyboard can be custodian of very dangerous
bacteria because different people touch the same keyboard, even people that
have been in touch with dangerous bacteria. This can be a good motivation
for trying to find a replacement for the keyboard.
5
2.2.2
The Mouse
We introduce the definition and history of mouse taken from Wikipedia [54].
In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically,
a mouse consists of an object held under one of the user’s hands, with one
or more buttons. The mouse sometimes features other elements, such as
“wheels”, which allow the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or features that can add more control or dimensional
input. The mouse’s motion typically translates into the motion of a pointer
on a display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User Interface
(GUI) [48].
The computer mouse has been invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Center in 1964 and was originally called “X-Y Position Indicator” for a display system. Made of wood and featuring a bright red push
button, the mouse was more like a matchbox than computer device. Still,
the “mouse” (so named because the cord looked like a tail) took off, and new
versions popped up in Research and Development labs and in stores as the
PC and computing itself became more mainstream. Whereas today’s mice
are sleek and curved, early models were blocky and bulky. Many companies, including Microsoft, Apple, Hewlett-Packard, and Logitech, produced
innovative models from the 1980s until now and the mouse has become even
more efficient and comfortable. The types of mice vary by technology as
much as color: mechanical mice, gyroscopic mice, 3D mice, optical mice,
tactile mice, and most recently, wireless mice and touch mice.
During the years, as the mouse evolved, studies have been done to find
mouse-related health problems [4, 12, 18, 20, 25]. The results obtained from
the studies show how the use of mouse can cause traumas such as Carpal
Tunnel Syndrome [22], Tendonitis [1] or Bursitis [2]. If the computer mouse
can cause this kind of problems, why do we still use it?
6
3
The Alternatives
We want to enlighten the reader on the world of input devices, focusing on
devices that we think are the most quoted to replace the use of mouse and
keyboard. We start from well-known devices such as touchscreens, microphones and webcams to continue with new technologies such as: Electronic
Perception Technology and Brain Computer Interface.
3.1
Touchscreen
A touchscreen [63] is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence
and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to
touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. Touchscreens can
also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus. Touchscreens are common
in devices such as game consoles, all-in-one computers, tablet computers,
and smartphones.
Fig.1 Example of touchscreen tablet with virtual keyboard
To the recent diffusion of tablets and smartphones corresponds the diffusion of touchscreens. Tablets and smartphones adopt this technology that
combined with virtual keyboards, let touchscreens being the main competitors of physical mouse and keyboard. However, until now we haven’t seen
a complete replacement of mouse and keyboard. People that use the computer to work, generally prefer to use a physical keyboard or a physical
mouse instead of moving their hands and arms across the screen, specially if
7
it is located vertically, like Forlines C. points out in [10]. Furthermore, it is
difficult, using a touchscreen, to accurately point at objects that are smaller
than one’s finger.
3.2
Microphone
A microphone [53] is an acoustic-to-electric transducer [64] or sensor [56]
that converts sound into an electrical signal. We refer to a microphone
that we can attach to a computer and can be used for applications such as:
teleconferencing [61] , video conferencing [65], digital dictation [46] , in-game
chat and music recording [9].
The microphone plays a fundamental role in the Speech and Voice Recognitions - the abilities that allow a computer to understand the speech and
to recognize who is the speaker. It allows to transform the voice in a digital
format that a computer can process.
We want to introduce, as example, one of the most popular software package
for speech recognition: Dragon NaturallySpeaking [32].
• Dragon NaturallySpeaking is a software package developed by the
Nuance company that allows an user to “talk” to a computer for providing action such as the execution of vocal commands or the translation of the speech in digital format. Moreover it implements a text-to
speech function that allows the user to review the words by listening
them spoken by the computer.
Advantages of using Dragon NaturallySpeaking are: the possibility to
work without physically being in front of a computer, the avoidance of traumas provided by a long use of keyboard and mouse and also the possibility to
control the computer while you are doing other things. Studies [27] demonstrated that professional typists can type, with Dragon NaturallySpeaking,
more words per minute then using a keyboard.
8
Disadvantages of using Dragon NaturallySpeaking are: the difficulty
and the long required time, for a new user, to practice with Dragon NaturallySpeaking to reach the same performance that the user has with the combination keyboard-mouse; the user requires an environment without other
speakers and without noise that may disturb the dictation; the software
is not 100% accurate. We can find a brief review of the latest version of
Dragon NaturallySpeaking on TopTen Reviews [41] - a website specialized
in software reviews.
3.3
Webcam
A webcam [66] is a video camera that feeds its images in real time to a computer or computer network, often via USB , ethernet, or Wi-Fi. Webcams
are used to establish video links permitting computers to act as videophones
or videoconference stations. The webcam took its name from its common
use as a video camera for the World Wide Web. Other popular uses include security surveillance, computer vision [45], video broadcasting and
the recording of social videos.
We know that the webcam is strictly linked with Computer Vision Technology. An important task within computer vision is object tracking - the
ability of a computer to recognize predetermined objects (i.e. this techinque is used in automation to identify defective products) or human parts
to provide tasks. This technology is largely used to provide software that
allows disabled people to interact with a computer. The most popular free
software tools allow the user to control the movement of the pointer on a
screen by using the movements of their head; an example is Enable Viacam
(eViacam) [29].
9
• Enable Viacam is an open source software for head tracking. It allows to move the pointer on a screen as the user moves his head. It
works on standard PCs and it requires only a webcam. It won the
Second prize in “VI Premio Vodafone a la Innovación en Telecomunicaciones (2012)” [17].
Companies are also developing software and hardware that allow users
to control the movements of a pointer by using the movement of their own
eyes. This technique is called Eye Tracking. We can see an example of Eye
Tracking with a new technology called Tobii Gaze.
• Tobii Gaze is an interface, produced by the Tobii company [37], that
makes it possible for users to use their eyes to point to the screen and
interact with a standard computer. It was demonstrated on a Windows 8 computer and it won a 2012 Microsoft Award.
For using Tobii Gaze, a computer requires two additional hardware
components: a Tobii IS20 Eye Tracker [40] and a Tobii Gaze Interaction Device [39].
In this subsection, we introduced Enable Viacam and Tobii Gaze, two
ways to interact with a computer using the object tracking technique. They
let an user to move a pointer on the screen in a relative easy way. Relative,
because for a normal user is easier to use a common mouse instead of moving
the head all the time to move a pointer on the screen (with a reduced
accuracy); for a user with disabilities (i.e. a user that can’t move his own
hands) it can be a useful way to interact with a computer. In particular the
use of a virtual keyboard combined with head or eye tracking is a good way
for people with disabilities to communicate with others, while for common
users it is a more tricky way then using a physical keyboard.
10
3.4
Electronic Perception Technology
A good definition of EPT is provided by the wisegeek website [70]: “The
Electronic Perception Technology (EPT) is a low-cost, single-chip imagining
technology that enables electronic components to form a 3-D map of their
surroundings and see what their users are doing. One of the first applications
is a “virtual keyboard”, a system that projects a laser keyboard onto a table
and detects which keys the user is pressing by watching their hands and
sensing which spots on the table their fingers are touching. EPT systems
can determine depth by sending out pulses of light and timing how long
it takes for the reflection to return to the sensor. This is rather different
from the way the human brain determines depth, but still effective. EPT
systems can accurately determine brightness and distinguish objects from
one another”. Two example of electronic perception technology are the
evoMouse [5] and the Magic Cube [6] two products made by a company
called Celluon [8].
• The evoMouse wants to be the evolution of the computer mouse.
The evoMouse allows a user to use his fingers like a mouse to interact
with a computer device, without actually using a physical one. The
evoMouse works on nearly any flat surface and requires little space.
It tracks the user’s finger movements to move a pointer on the screen
and provides actions like the zooming and the scrolling of pages. The
evoMouse aims to reduce Carpal Tunnel Syndrome that is one of the
traumas, which a user can suffer with a traditional mouse.
11
Fig.2 Example of evoMouse.
• The Magic Cube provides a projection keyboard and multi-touch
mouse. It connects to any Bluetooth HID devices [19], including the
latest iPhone, iPad and Android devices. A user can also plug-andplay the Magic Cube with Windows and Mac OS devices via USB
connection. The Magic Cube connects wirelessly with a mobile device
and it has small dimensions. It can be a solution for the usage of
keyboards in hospitals where keyboards may accumulate dangerous
bacteria. It is for this purpose that the Celluon developed a mini
version of the Magic Cube dedicated for its usage in hospitals called
Medical Keyboard [7].
Fig.3 Example of a Magic Cube projecting a virtual keyboard.
12
The devices previously cited want to replace the physical use of mice
and keyboards with a projected keyboard and with the use of the user’s
hand like a mouse. From the health aspect they can prevent the human
contact with bacteria accumulated on physical mouse and keyboard. But
also the evoMouse and the Magic Cube remain conceptually linked with the
oldest input devices: keyboard and mouse. This may be seen like a not real
innovation but it has the pro factor of not changing drastically the humancomputer interaction. Moreover we think that this kind of product may
remain a valid option for people who will want to remain linked to mouse
and keyboard even when they will be replaced.
3.5
More Natural User Interfaces
In the last years we saw other types of devices, based on Electronic Perception, taking place in the market aiming to reach a better Natural User
Interface [55] - a concept of human-machine interface that see the user using
its own “natural” ways to communicate like speech or gestures. Two successful devices are: the Nintendo Wii [67] and the Microsoft’s Xbox Kinect [52].
Essentially, the Nintendo Wii allows the user to interact with the Wii console waving a Wii Remote [68] while the Microsoft’s Xbox Kinect allows the
user to interact with a Xbox without a controller. We don’t want to discuss
more about these devices but we want to introduce a device that has been
presented such as: “The Kinect-killer” [23] or in a more ambitious way “The
mouse killer” [26]. The device is called Leap [30].
13
Fig.4 Example of Leap used with a common laptop.
• Leap Motion technology use: camera sensors to map out a 3D
workspace, touch-free motion sensing and motion control software. As
reported on the Leap official website [30]: “The Leap senses your individual hand and finger movements independently, as well as items
like a pen. In fact, it’s 200x more sensitive than existing touch-free
products and technologies. It’s the difference between sensing an arm
swiping through the air and being able to create a precise digital signature with a fingertip or pen.”
The simplest thing the Leap can do is simulate a touch screen, so the user
can interact with any display as if they were touch-enabled. Developers will
be able to create any sort of application: some may improve remote surgery,
others may allow easier navigation through complex models and data, and
others might put the user in the middle of a first-person shooter. For now,
the possibilities appear to be limited only by the imagination.
As every new product it claims to be the best one. We need only to check
the first rows of the official website under section “about” to read: “Say
goodbye to your mouse and keyboard...it’s more accurate than a mouse, as
reliable as a keyboard and more sensitive than a touchscreen.”
However, because the Leap will ship in 2013 we don’t have enough information to properly judge it.
14
3.6
Brain Computer Interface
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) [34] is a direct interface between a brain
and a computer not requiring any motor output from the user. Neural
impulses in the brain are intercepted and used to control an electronic device. BCIs are often directed at assisting, augmenting, or repairing human
cognitive or sensory-motor functions [42]. There are three types of Brain
Computer Interface [34]:
• Invasive BCIs are implemented by implanting chips directly into the
grey matter of the brain during neurosurgery. As they rest in the
grey matter, invasive devices produce the highest quality signals of
BCI devices but are prone to scar-tissue build-up, causing the signal
to become weaker or even lost as the body reacts to a foreign object
in the brain.
• Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside the skull but rest
outside the brain rather than amidst the grey matter. They produce
better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue
of the cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a lower risk of
forming scar-tissue in the brain than fully-invasive BCIs.
• Non-invasive implants are easy to wear and produce poor signal resolution because the skull dampens signals, dispersing and blurring the
electromagnetic waves created by the neurons.
More details about Brain Computer Interfaces can be found in [24, 36]
Because of we aim to find an alternative to mouse and keyboard that
doesn’t require any kind of “surgical operation”, we focus on a recent noninvasive Brain Computer Interface that won the 2012 Advance Global Australian Award for Information and Communication Technologies: the Emotiv EPOC produced by the Emotiv company [16].
15
• The Emotiv EPOC [15] is based on the latest developments in neurotechnology. It is a high resolution neuro-signal acquisition and processing wireless neuroheadset. It uses a set of sensors to tune into electric
signals produced by the brain to detect user thoughts, feelings and
expressions and connects wirelessly to most PCs.
Fig.5 Example of a Emotiv EPOC
We know about the community of researchers that is using the Emotiv
EPOC to develop software that may change the human-computer interaction
and not only that. An example is the project called “BrainDriver” [28] that
involves the AutoNOMOS Labs - a part of the Artificial Intelligence Group of
the Freie Universität Berlin. BrainDriver tests the possibility to maneuver
a particular research car, named “MadeInGermany”, with the use of the
brain-power.
16
Discussion
We want to provide a personal consideration on a psychological aspect of
the computer user mind: the “Fear of Change”. The Fear of Change can be
seen in a severe form in people who are scared about any kind of change:
from the simple change in a weekly schedule to massive life changes such as
a move to another place. As Joseph Burgo says in [3]: “There’s no guaranty
that change will be for the better; you don’t know for sure how you’re
going to feel when your world changes. For this reason, many people have
a strong fear of change; they cling to the familiar, even if it’s not especially
satisfying.”
We want to focus, not on the Fear of Change like a real pathology but, on
that kind of conservative status that may bring an user to make the choice
to not replace his commonly used tools until a truly better replacement is
provided (sometimes neither in that case). Let’s think about people who
spend 8 hours or more in front of a computer, we find it difficult to imagine
all this people changing their way to work. They don’t want to move their
hands all the time, nevertheless they don’t want to move their head to point
on a screen and moreover they don’t want to speak all the time to interact
with a computer. A common user, wants an input device that is easy to
install, easy to use, that requires less energy as possible to be used, with
high performance and with a low price. The mouse and the keyboard are
the right compromise to everyone of these aspects. Moreover, we are used
to interact with a computer using mouse and keyboard. The only way to
replace them is to develop an input device better in all the fields, cited
before, or so much better in only one or more of them to let the user chose
the new product; until now we didn’t see any device capable of such a thing.
However, we may find that solution not in a single device or software but in
a combination of them that may let a user to: speak with a computer, point
on a screen with his own eyes, manipulate virtual object with his own hands,
17
and maybe use a mouse or a keyboard for more specific tasks. We may also
see a brain computer interface that allows to completely control a computer,
only with the power of the mind. Nowadays this kind of technology is still
young: it has a high price (i.e. Emotiv EPOC $299.00) and it is not accurate
as mouse and keyboard, but we are sure that studies in this field will lead
to big changes in the human-computer interaction.
Related Work
Several studies have been made about Human-computer interaction.
Franck Dernoncourt in the article: “Replacing the computer mouse” [13]
provides a brief overview of input devices that may be used to replace the
mouse. He makes a distinction from devices that replace the movement of
a mouse cursor to devices that replace the click function of the mouse.
Also an interesting overview of input and output techniques is provided
by Thomas Hahn in [21]. The author focuses on multi-touch devices, video
recognition and voice recognition. He provides examples of these technologies introducing the concept of multi-modal interfaces - the combination of
several input methods to interact with the computer.
Acknowledgements
We want to thank the professor Luca Aceto from the University of Reykjavik
for his suggestions and his really interesting course in Research Methodology.
We thank also the professor Kristin Sainani from the University of Stanford
for her suggestions in the online course “Writing in the Science”. The integration of these two courses has allowed us to understand fundamental
concepts and rules to follow during the writing of a scientific paper.
Moreover we want to thank our colleague Paolo Rovelli with whom,
sharing opinions has been a pleasure.
18
Conclusion and Future Work
We focused our research to illustrate different ways to communicate with a
computer (instead of using a physical mouse and keyboard) to let the reader
imagine a future in which the human-computer interaction will not happen
with the use of an intermediate device that requires practice or particular
efforts.
However, for some of the technologies that we introduced, we can’t establish a priori if they may replace mouse and keyboard such as: the Leap
motion, which will ship in 2013, the Brain Computer Interface, which is
still in a developing phase, and the speech recognition that maintains lacks
for a general purpose use. The evoMouse and the virtual keyboard should
be compared with the physical mouse and keyboard to see which are more
productive and healthy.
At the end we are sure that all the introduced technologies will contribute
to change our computer-human interaction paradigm that until few years ago
showed mouse and keyboard leaders of the input devices. We think that the
physical mouse and keyboard, for common use, will tend to disappear even
more. They will remain only for specific purpose like: game playing (at
the beginning), interaction with other machines that don’t support the new
technologies or that require to much time or money to be upgraded with
new technologies and for people that want to use the oldest devices only for
the pleasure of using them or for the “Fear of change”.
Finally we hope to have the possibility to try at least some of the cited
devices such as: the Leap and the Emotiv EPOC, to verify ourself the state
of the art comparing their performance with those of mouse and keyboard.
We want to discover if they really may lead the human-computer interaction
to a higher level.
19
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(EPT)?