AP HuG Exam Review Guide Semester 1
Use With Review Images #s 1, 2 & 3
Name_________________________
Unit 1 - Intro to Human Geography
1. What is globalization, what are the forces accelerating it, and how has it made the study of geography increasingly
important?
2. Geographers look at the world through a spatial perspective. What are the three key questions that geographers ask?
1.
2.
3.
3. Our world is constantly in motion. Explain the 3 factors that determine how much spatial interaction there will be between
two given locations:
1. Distance:
2. Accessibility:
3. Connectivity:
The Friction of Distance
4. UC-Berkeley professor Carl Sauer coined the term “cultural landscape”. What are cultural landscapes?
The map is the most important tool of the geographer. Be familiar with different types of maps: reference, thematic,
choropleth, dot density, cartogram, graduated symbol, etc. A map maker is termed a cartographer.
5. What is the difference between absolute and relative location?
6. Why are our mental maps of our activity spaces most well developed? Why then is travel such an important component
of geographic knowledge?
7. What is the difference between GPS and GIS and how do geographers use these technologies for spatial analysis?
a. GPS:
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b. GIS:
8. Explain what remotely sensed data is.
Geotechnologies is a term used to refer to GPS, GIS and remote sensing. The growth in the use of these technologies has
exploded and is referred to as the “geospatial revolution”.
9. What is the difference between map scale and scale and why are both important to the geographer?
10. What is the difference between site and situation?
11. Geographers refer to 3 different types of regions. Define and provide your own example of the 3 types:
1. Formal:
2. Functional:
3. Perceptual (also called vernacular):
12. Cultural traits spread through geographic space (diffuse) from a cultural hearth in a variety of ways. Explain and provide
your own example of the following types of diffusion:
1. Relocation diffusion:
2. Expansion diffusion:
a. Contagious diffusion:
b. Hierarchical diffusion:
c.
Stimulus diffusion:
13. Explain the difference between time-distance decay and time-space compression.
14. Explain the difference between determinism and possibilism and identify which philosophy is more widely embraced by
today’s geographers.
a. Determinism:
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b. Possibilism:
Map and Globe Basics
Know all cardinal and intermediate directions on a compass rose, continents, major oceans, and hemispheres.
1. What is map scale (not scale)?
2. What is a map projection, and why do geographers use a variety of map projections?
3. “All maps lie flat and all flat maps lie.” Interpretation?
4. All maps are simplified versions of reality consisting of 3 basic types of symbols. What are the 3 types of symbols?
5. What is the difference between latitude and longitude?
a. Latitude:
b. Longitude:
6. How is latitude and longitude used to express absolute location?
Be able to use latitude and longitude to pinpoint locations on a map.
7. What is the difference between the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line?
8. Why do we have time zones and not one universal time?
9. How is the time zone system organized?
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Be able to use a time zone map to identify times in different locations.
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Unit 2 - Population Geography
1. What is demography?
2. Explain the difference between arithmetic and physiologic population density. Which one is more useful, and why?
a. Arithmetic density:
b. Physiologic density:
3. Where are the world’s 4 major population clusters located?
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. How do “The 4 Toos” help explain global population distribution?
5. Where are the major population clusters in the U.S. located? What is the name for the East Coast cluster?
6. How have the general spatial patterns of U.S. population changed in the last century? How are they predicted to change
in the future?
7. Explain Malthus’ theory about population and food supply. Has it become reality?
Why or why not?
8. How is birth rate, death rate and net migration used to calculate population change?
Population Change = __________ - __________ +/-__________
9. Explain how world population has grown over time.
10. Which world regions are currently experiencing the fastest rates of population growth?
The slowest rates?
Know what the following demographic statistics measure: Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), Rate of Natural
Increase (RNI), Net Migration, Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Dependency Ratio, Child Mortality Rate
(CMR), Life Expectancy, Literacy Rate.
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11. Explain the general demographic differences between More Developed Countries (MDCs) and Less Developed
Countries (LDCs).
12. What is happening with each of the following indicators in the various stages of the Demographic Transition (DT)?
Why?
Stage 1: CBR, CDR, RNI:
Stage 2: CBR, CDR, RNI:
Stage 3: CBR, CDR, RNI:
Stage 4: CBR, CDR, RNI:
13. How do stages of the Demographic Transition correspond to economic development?
14. Name several factors that contribute to a decrease in death rates.
15. Name several factors that contribute to a decrease in birth rates.
16. At which stage of the DT do we see a “population explosion”?
17. What do population pyramids illustrate about a population?
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21. What does the population pyramid of a country in Stage __ of the Demographic Transition typically look like? Why?
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Stage 3:
Stage 4:
22. In addition to death rate, how does a high rate of HIV/AIDS impact populations?
23. Which world region is currently most impacted by HIV/AIDS?
24. The types of diseases impacting MDCs are generally different from those impacting LDCs. Explain.
a. Infectious diseases:
b. Chronic diseases:
25. Explain what happens during the epidemiological transition.
26. What was the purpose of China’s restrictive One Child Policy? Was it effective? How did it affect the Chinese population
in unforeseen ways? What is the status of the policy today?
27. Why are some countries concerned about negative population growth, and what strategies have they adopted to
address it?
28. What is a census?
29. How often is the U.S. Census taken?
30. Why is the U.S. Census constitutionally mandated?
31. What key demographic changes have been reflected in recent U.S. censuses? How is our population changing? Which
groups are increasing? Decreasing?
32. What is the estimated population of the world? The U.S.?
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33. Why are remittances so important?
34. Explain the differences between cyclic movement, periodic movement and migration.
a. Cyclic:
b. Periodic:
c. Migration:
35. What is the difference between international and internal migration?
36. Explain the Atlantic Slave Trade as a forced migration.
37. List Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
38. Explain the Gravity Model.
39. Provide several examples of migration push factors. Which is strongest?
40. Provide several examples of migration pull factors. Which is strongest?
41. Explain the difference between step migration and chain migration.
a. Step:
b. Chain:
42. Which types of activities are located in islands of development and where are islands of development most common?
43. How is a guest worker different from an immigrant?
44. How is a refugee different from a migrant?
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45. How is an international refugee different from an Internally Displaced Person (IDP)?
46. What is asylum, and why might a person seek it?
47. What is a diaspora? Provide examples.
48. List several ways that countries try to control migration.
49. Explain how current U.S. immigration waves differ from waves of the past.
50. Identify and describe major historical international migration flows. Who migrated? Where? Why? (See textbook map
pp. 94-5.)
51. Identify and
contemporary
flows. Who’s
Why?
describe major
international migration
migrating? Where to?
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52. What is the relationship between population composition (such as that reflected in population pyramids) and migration?
53. Describe the spatial patterns of today’s major refugee source countries. Where are they located? Why?
54. Describe a typical refugee experience in terms of why they flee, where they go, what kind of living conditions they
endure, future prospects, etc.
55. Describe the spatial patterns of significant internal U.S. migrations:
a. Indian Removal:
b. Great Migration and Reverse Great Migration:
c.
Urban to Suburban:
d. Rust Belt to Sun Belt:
e. Reverse Migration: Suburban to Urban
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Unit 3 - Cultural Geography
1. Explain the difference between material culture and non-material culture.
2. Explain the difference between local (or folk) culture and popular culture.
3. Explain how local cultures sustain themselves (keep from dying out).
4. How do we see local cultures reflected in rural landscapes? Urban landscapes?
5. SEE INFO IN UNIT 1 ABOVE ON CULTURAL DIFFUSION.
6. Explain the Diffusion of Innovation Model.
7. What happens in the process of cultural assimilation?
8. Provide an example of neolocalism.
9. What does it mean for a cultural trait to become commodified?
10. Explain the reterritorialization of culture.
11. How are vibrant cultural landscapes and placelessness opposites?
12. How has globalization impacted cultural landscapes?
13. Why is religion such a key component of culture?
14. What is monotheism and what are the world’s 3 major monotheistic religions?
15. Which of the world’s 5 major religions are considered ethnic, and not universalizing? What does this mean?
16. Which world religion is most widely diffused? Growing at the fastest pace?
17. Be familiar with the cultural hearths of Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
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18. What are secularism, fundamentalism and extremism? Name some contemporary examples of these concepts in
action.
a. Secularism:
b. Fundamentalism:
c.
Extremism:
19. What were/are the goals of Zionists? How has this created inter-religious conflict in the Middle East?
20. What are the two major denominations within Islam? What is the root of their differences? Where is each more
prevalent?
21. What is the difference between inter-religious and intra-religious conflict? Name 2 locations where each is happening
today.
22. To which religions is Jerusalem a sacred site? How has this created inter-religious conflict?
23. What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
24. What are the major world religious regions? Where are you most likely to find Hindus? Buddhists? Muslims?
Christians? Jews?
25. What are the major religious regions with the U.S.? Where are you more likely to find Baptists? Catholics? Lutherans?
Mormons?
26. Why is language such a critical element of culture?
27. Provide an example of a U.S. dialect difference.
28. How are pidgin and Creole languages created?
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29. How do linguistic geographers classify languages?
30. Name two languages that are considered mutually intelligible.
31. Which language family covers the most geographic space and has the highest numbers of speakers?
32. Which individual language has the most speakers? Why?
33. Why do languages converge? Diverge?
34. What is lost when a language “dies”?
35. English is now considered a global lingua franca. What does this mean, and how do we see this reflected in everyday
activities?
36. Where in the world is English an official language, and how did this come to be?
37. After English, which language is most commonly spoken in the U.S.? What future trends are predicted in this area?
38. Why do countries establish official languages?
39. What is the difference between a monolingual and multilingual state?
40. What is the relationship between toponymy (place names) and culture?
41. What is gender? (not male and female)
42. Provide several examples of gender differences that are evident at the global scale. (Think back to I Am Malala and our
World’s Women and Girls Report Card activity.)
43. How does ethnicity differ from race?
44. Hispanic is classified by the
not a race. Explain.
U.S. Census Bureau as an ethnicity,
45. What is the largest racial
predicted to change in the
group in the U.S. today? How is this
future?
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46. What does it mean for neighborhoods and cities to be racially segregated?
47. Which U.S. city is considered most racially and ethnically diverse?
47. How do we see diversity reflected in cultural landscapes?
48. Where in the U.S. are the following groups most geographically concentrated: American Indians? African Americans?
Hispanics? Asians? Whites?
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