SOLUTIONS
Diagnosis Test: AQA Additional - Structure and bonding
1.
(15 marks)
A compound could be best described as? (Circle the correct answer)
A.
B.
C.
D.
A collection of some different elements
A mixture of two or more atoms
Two or more atoms of different elements chemically combined.
Two or more atoms of the same element chemically combined
(1 mark)
2. Use the words below to fill in the missing words.
nucleus
shells
noble gas
electrons
metal
protons
Chemical bonding involves either transferring or sharing …… electrons …. in the highest occupied energy
levels, or … shells ……. of atoms in order to achieve the electronic structure of a … noble gas …. .
(3 marks)
3. Explain what happens to a metal atom, like sodium for example, when it forms an ion. Write down the formula
of a sodium ion.
The outermost electron (s) are lost / electron(s) on the outer shell are lost. (1)
This leaves the atom / ion with a positive charge / charges. (1)
Na+ (1)
(3 marks)
4.
Show, using a labelled diagram, how a hydrogen atom forms a covalent bond with another hydrogen atom in
hydrogen gas, H 2 (g)
Two electrons shown between hydrogen atoms (circles not necessary) (1)
Indication that electrons have come from different atoms (dot / cross notation) (1)
(2 marks)
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
SOLUTIONS
QWC:
The quality of written communication will be assessed in your answer to this question.
5. When sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas solid sodium chloride is formed. Sodium chloride has a very high
melting point. Describe how the bonding in sodium chloride can explain the very high melting point. You may
wish to include a diagram to help your explanation.
QWC Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks)
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the
standard of the scientific response. Teachers should apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant
content.
Level 1 (1-2 marks)
Level 2 (3-4 marks)
Level 3 (5-6 marks)
Reference to ionic boding or
charges on ions mentioned.
The spelling, punctuation
and grammar are very
weak.
Clear discussion of how ions are
formed.
There is reasonable accuracy in
spelling, punctuation and grammar,
although there may still be some
errors
Detailed description of how ions are
formed and the forces of attraction.
The answer shows almost faultless
spelling, punctuation and grammar.
Indication of ionic bonding / + and – ions indicated on drawing. (1)
Sodium ions have positive charge. (1)
Chloride ions negative. (1)
Ions attracted to each other. (1)
Attraction happening in all directions / lattice structure (2d on a diagram sufficient) (1)
Ionic attraction is strong giving rise to high melting point. (1)
(6 marks)
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
Student name:
DTT Booster
AQA ADDITIONAL Science
Diagnosis Test –Structure and bonding
Question
Topic
Total Marks
1
Compounds
1
2
Forming bonds
3
3
Forming ions
3
4
Covalent bonds
2
5 - QWC
Bond strength
6
My Mark
R
A
G
15
Areas to improve:
Commissioned by The PiXL Club Ltd. February 2016
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
This resource is strictly for the use of member schools for as long as they remain members of The PiXL
Club. It may not be copied, sold nor transferred to a third party or used by the school after membership
ceases. Until such time it may be freely used within the member school.
All opinions and contributions are those of the authors. The contents of this resource are not connected with
nor endorsed by any other company, organisation or institution.
www.pixl.org.uk
www.pixl.org.uk
The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number 07321607
The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number 07321607
Diagnosis Test: AQA Additional Science - Structure and bonding (15 marks)
1.
A compound could be best described as? (Circle the correct answer)
A.
B.
C.
D.
A collection of some different elements.
A mixture of two or more atoms.
Two or more atoms of different elements chemically combined.
Two or more atoms of the same element chemically combined.
(1 mark)
2. Use the words below to fill in the missing words.
nucleus
shells
noble gas
electrons
metal
protons
Chemical bonding involves either transferring or sharing ………………………. in the highest occupied energy
levels, or ………………………. of atoms in order to achieve the electronic structure of a ………………………. .
(3 marks)
3. Explain what happens to a metal atom, like sodium for example, when it forms an ion. Write down the formula
of a sodium ion.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(3 marks)
4.
Show, using a labelled diagram, how a hydrogen atom forms a covalent bond with another hydrogen atom in
hydrogen gas, H 2 (g)
(2 marks)
1
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
5. QWC:
The quality of written communication will be assessed in your answer to this question.
When sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas solid sodium chloride is formed. Sodium chloride has a very high
melting point. Describe how the bonding in sodium chloride can explain the very high melting point. You may
wish to include a diagram to help your explanation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(6 marks)
2
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
SOLUTIONS
Final Test: AQA ADDITIONAL Science - Structure and bonding (15 marks)
1. Which of the following is not a compound? (circle the correct answer)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Water
Oxygen
Sodium chloride
Methane
(1 mark)
2. When fluorine, atomic number 9, reacts it forms a fluoride ion. Draw the structure of a fluoride ion and show
the charge on it.
1 mark for electron arrangement (full outer shell, ignore dots/ crosses).
1 mark for negative charge shown (with or without brackets).
(2 marks)
3.
Ammonia is a compound made from nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonia is a gas at room temperature. State
the type of bonding present in ammonia and draw a diagram to show the bonding.
Bonding in ammonia: ………(simple) Covalent……. (1 mark)
1 mark for 3 hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen
1 mark for indication of shared electrons
1 mark for correct number of electrons on nitrogen outer shell
(4 marks)
4. Use some of the words in the box to fill in the gaps.
When elements react together they form new chemical …… bonds ………. These form when the elements
share or exchange ……… electrons …….
nucleus
shells
noble gas
electrons
bonds
protons
(2 marks)
1
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
SOLUTIONS
5. QWC: Here is some information about the oxides of two elements in the same group of the periodic table.
Carbon dioxide
Silicon oxide
Melting point: -78oC
Boiling point: -57oC
Does not conduct electricity
Melting point: 1710oC
Boiling point: 2230oC
Does not conduct electricity
Use the information in the table and your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain the similarities and
the differences between the properties of carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide.
(6 marks)
QWC Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks)
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the
standard of the scientific response. Teachers should and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.
0
marks
No
relevant
content.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Level 1 (1-2 marks)
Level 2 (3-4 marks)
Level 3 (5-6 marks)
One similarity or difference
discussed.
The spelling, punctuation and
grammar are very weak.
One similarity and difference discussed.
There is reasonable accuracy in spelling,
punctuation and grammar, although
there may still be some errors
Similarities and differences fully
discussed and explained.
The answer shows almost
faultless spelling, punctuation
and grammar.
Covalent bonding between atoms (in both) .
No electrons or ions available to conduct electricity (in either).
Carbon dioxide has a simple structure / carbon dioxide molecule or is molecular.
Contains a small number of atoms / is a small molecule.
Silicon dioxide has a giant (covalent)structure / structure of silicon dioxide contains many atoms bonded together / 3D /
lattice.
All atoms in silicon dioxide held together by strong bonds.
Bonds require large amounts of energy/heat to break .
Weak forces between molecules in carbon dioxide / forces do not require large amounts of energy/heat to break.
Carbon dioxide has double bonds.
Silicon dioxide had only single bonds.
Each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms in silicon dioxide / is a tetrahedral structure.
Each carbon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms in carbon dioxide.
(6 marks)
2
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
Student name:
DTT Booster
AQA ADDITIONAL Science
Final Test – Structure and bonding
Question
Topic
Total Marks
1
Compounds
1
2
Ions
2
3
Forming bonds
4
4
Bonding
2
5 -QWC
Comparing
bonds
6
My Mark
R
A
G
15
Areas to improve:
Commissioned by The PiXL Club Ltd. February 2016
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
This resource is strictly for the use of member schools for as long as they remain members of The PiXL
Club. It may not be copied, sold nor transferred to a third party or used by the school after membership
ceases. Until such time it may be freely used within the member school.
All opinions and contributions are those of the authors. The contents of this resource are not connected with
nor endorsed by any other company, organisation or institution.
www.pixl.org.uk
www.pixl.org.uk
The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number 07321607
The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number 07321607
Final test: AQA Additional Science - Structure and bonding (15 marks)
1. Which of the following is not a compound? (Circle the correct answer)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Water
Oxygen
Sodium chloride
Methane
(1 mark)
2. When fluorine, atomic number 9, reacts it forms a fluoride ion. Draw the structure of a fluoride ion and show
the charge on it.
(2 marks)
3.
Ammonia is a compound made from nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonia is a gas at room temperature. State
the type of bonding present in ammonia and draw a diagram to show the bonding.
Bonding in ammonia: ………………………………………………………………………………
(4 marks)
4. Complete the sentences with the words in the box below; the words may be used once, more than once or
not at all.
nucleus
shells
noble gas
electrons
bonds
protons
When elements react together they form new chemical ………………………. These form when the elements
share or exchange ……………………………….
(2 marks)
1
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
5. QWC:
The quality of written communication will be assessed in your answer to this question.
Here is some information about the oxides of two elements in the same group of the periodic table.
Carbon dioxide
Silicon oxide
Melting point: -78oC
Boiling point: -57oC
Does not conduct electricity
Melting point: 1710oC
Boiling point: 2230oC
Does not conduct electricity
Use the information in the table and your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain the similarities and
the differences between the properties of carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(6 marks)
2
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
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DTT Booster
AQA Additional Science
THERAPY – Structure and bonding
Commissioned by The PiXL Club Ltd. February 2016
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
How to deliver the DTT Booster
• Administer the short diagnosis test.
• Mark the test (peer assess)
• Work through the therapy slides
completing the model questions and
answers.
• Complete the question slides for
students to self assess.
• Administer the final test (peer assess)
AQA Structure and bonding
A chemical compound is formed when two
or more different elements combine
together chemically.
Iron and sulfur can be mixed together but
they are not joined chemically, you can still
take out the iron with a magnet.
If we heat iron and sulfur together they
react to form a new compound iron
sulfide, FeS. A magnet cannot separate the
iron from this compound.
mix
Iron + sulfur  iron + sulfur
Fe(s) + S(s)  Fe(s) + S(s)
react
Iron + sulfur  iron sulfide
Fe(s) + S(s)  FeS(s)
The slight
change in
name tells
you that a
reaction
has
occurred.
Compounds are usually very different from
the elements that they were made from.
Salt – sodium chloride
Sodium
Chlorine
Model Question
If hydrogen and oxygen are reacted
together, which compound is formed? How
do you know it is now a compound?
CLICK to reveal
MODEL ANSWER
Model Answer
Water is formed, H2O(l). Water is a
colourless liquid, hydrogen and oxygen are
colourless gases.
AQA Structure and bonding
When atoms react together they are
transferring or sharing electrons.
By transferring (losing or gaining) or
sharing electrons the atom is trying to fill
or empty its outer electron shell.
This atom has 1 electron on its
outer shell, it wants to empty its
outer shell by losing one electron.
This atom has 7 electrons on its
outer shell, it wants to fill its outer
shell by gaining one electron.
Electrons are negatively charged.
If an atom loses an electron what remains
is a particle that has a positive charge. This
is a positive ion.
An atom that gains an electron becomes a
negative ion.
Model Question
Draw the electron arrangement for a
magnesium atom (it has 12 electrons). What
does magnesium want to do when it reacts?
Model Answer
Magnesium wants to lose two electrons.
CLICK to reveal Mg
MODEL ANSWER
2+
Na
F
+
Na +
-
F-
AQA Structure and bonding
If ions are formed when two atoms meet
the bonding is called ionic bonding.
When a positive ion and a negative ion are
close to each other there is a very strong
attraction between them, it is called an
electrostatic attraction.
The attraction does not happen in just one
direction, but in all directions. Remember
the ion is a sphere not a circle.
+
The positive
ion will attract
negative ions
from all sides.
Model Question
What is the rule about ions and attraction?
Model Answer
CLICK to reveal
Opposites attract,
positive
attracts negative.
MODEL
ANSWER
As well as at the front, there will
be an ion at the back.
- - -
AQA Structure and bonding
Our positive and negative ions will form a
large 3-d structure with oppositely charged
ions top and bottom as well as side to
side. This is called a lattice.
Model Question
What is the name of the force that hold ions
together?
CLICK to reveal
MODEL ANSWER
Model Answer
Electrostatic attraction.
When enough ions join together in the lattice we
can see the whole lattice as a salt crystal.
Because the forces in the lattice are so strong it is very
difficult to break them, the have high melting points.
AQA Structure and bonding
Some atoms do not lose electrons but
share them in order to fill their outer shell.
This mostly happens between non-metals.
It is called covalent bonding.
Model Question
Draw a diagram to show the covalent bond
between two hydrogen atoms?
Model Answer
CLICK to reveal
MODEL ANSWER
Hydrogen can covalently bond to chlorine
A hydrogen
A chlorine
atom
atom
A covalent bond.
Hydrogen has 2 electrons and its outer
shell is full
Chlorine now has
8 electrons and
its outer shell is
full
AQA Structure and bonding
Most covalent substances form molecules
of a few different atoms covalently
bonded together.
Hydrogen H2, Hydrogen chloride HCl,
water H2O, ammonia NH3 and methane
CH4 are all examples of simple covalently
bonded molecules.
Model Question
Draw the electron arrangement for a carbon
atom (it has 6 electrons). How many
electrons does carbon want to share?
Model Answer
Carbon would like to share 4 electrons
Carbon (as diamond) and silicon dioxide
(SiO2) both have different structures called
giant covalent structures.
This is silicon dioxide
(silicon blue, oxygen red)
They link together into a large 3-d lattice
structure – a giant covalent lattice.
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MODEL ANSWER
AQA Structure and bonding Questions
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9.
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
What two types of bonding can form in a compound?
What do we call an atom that has lost or gained an electron?
Name the force that exists between an atom that has lost an electron
and an atom that has gained one.
Draw the electron arrangement of a lithium atom (atomic number 3).
Explain what will happen to lithium's electron shell when it reacts.
Draw the electron arrangement for a fluorine atom (atomic number 9).
Explain what will happen to fluorine’s electron shell when it reacts.
Draw the structures of the two particles formed when lithium and
fluorine react.
Water, H2O, has bonds where electrons are shared, not gained or lost.
What name do we give to this type of bonding?
Show using a suitable diagram how oxygen bonds with two hydrogen
atoms in water.
AQA Structure and bonding - Answers
1. What is the difference between an element and a compound?
An element consists of only one type of atom, a compound contains more than one type.
2. What two types of bonding can form in a compound?
Covalent or ionic
3. What do we call an atom that has lost or gained an electron?
An ion
4. Name the force that exists between an atom that has lost an electron and an atom that has
gained one.
Electrostatic force
5. Draw the electron arrangement of a lithium atom (atomic number 3). Explain what will
happen to Lithium’s electron shell when it reacts.
It will lose one electron from the outer shell
AQA Structure and bonding - Answers
6. Draw the electron arrangement for a fluorine atom (atomic number 9). Explain what will
O
OO
O
O
O
It will gain 1 electron on its outer shell
O
OO
happen to fluorine’s electron shell when it reacts.
7. Draw the structures of the two particles formed when lithium and fluorine react
+
O
X
OO
O
O
OO
O
O
8. Water, H2O, has bonds where electrons are shared, not gained or lost. What name do we give
to this type of bonding?
Covalent bonding
9. Show using a suitable diagram how oxygen bonds with two hydrogen atoms in water.
Final test DTT Booster
• Students now complete the
final test.
• Compare this to what they
achieved in the diagnostic
test.