LESSON 3
20. Answer the questions.
a) What does LASER stand for?
______ _______ by ________ of ___________
b) Study the diagrams below. What are the three main differences between ordinary light and laser
light? Use you active vocabulary.
wavelength spectrum
coherent
organised/disorganised
directional concentrated tight beam
a) What are the people doing in the
b) Do you have relatives or friends
operated with the use of laser
Tell about their experience. Were
satisfied with the results?
c) What do you know about the
and disadvantages of laser and
minimally invasive operations?
picture?
who were
technology?
they
advantages
other
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Reading and speaking activities
Words and expressions from the text
Payyourparticularattentiontothepronunciationoftheinternationalwordsmentionedbelow
myopia[maɪˈəʊ.pi.ə]
hyperopia[haɪ.pəʳʊ.pi.ə] astigmatism[əˈstɪg.mə.tɪ.zᵊm]
LASIKEYESURGERY
GlassesandcontactshavebecomeanuisanceofthepastduetotheimmediatesuccessesofLASIKeye
surgery.LASIK,orlaser-assistedinsitukeratomileusis,waslargelymadepossibleduetoColumbiabasedSpanishophthalmologistJoseBarraquerin1950.Barraquerdevelopedthekeratomeknifefor
thepurposeofwhathecalledkerotomileusis,cuttingaflapofthecorneaandalteringtheshapeto
improvevision.ThenextmajorstepcamewhenresearcherR.Srinivasan,workingatIBM,concluded
that an ultraviolet excimer laser could be used on living tissue with precision and without thermal
damagingin1980.Theyearssincethen,theLASIKeyesurgeryhastransformedintowhatitistoday,a
trend for the age. The basic principles of physics called upon by LASIK include optics and quantum
physics.
InordertounderstandLASIKsurgery,onemustunderstandthe
anatomyandphysiologyoftheeye.Lightentersthroughthe
theouterliningoftheeye,intotheaqueoushumorfluid.Light
travelthroughthepupil,theopeningofthecolorediris,tothe
crystallinelens.Unlikeacameralens,thislenshasciliary
whichcontractandrelaxinorderforlighttobecorrectlyoriented
ontoanimageontheretina.Theretinaoftheeyehasrodsand
whichdetermineintensityandfrequencyoflightandtransfer
informationtotheopticnervetothebrain.Essentiallywesee
brain,notoureyes.
basic
cornea,
next
muscles
tofocus
cones
the
withour
Theeyeisheavilyreliantonthemajortopicsofthe
subjectsofoptics.Thefirstwouldbetheraymodelof
lightandhowthemodelrelatestolenses.Thesecond
isrefraction.Refractionisthechangeindirectionof
awaveduetoachangeinspeed,oritisthebending
oflightasittravelsthroughdifferentmaterials.
LASIKisusedtotreatthreetypesofreflectiveerrors:
myopia(nearsightedness),hyperopia(farsightedness)andastigmatism(blurredvision).
During eye surgery the special types of lasers called excimer lasers are used. Excimer is short for
‘exciteddimer’.ThefirstexcimerlaserwasbuiltbyN.Basov,V.A.DanilychevandYu.M.Popovatthe
Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow in 1970. The excimer laser almost exclusively operates in the
ultravioletspectrum.
The reason these excimer lasers are so important for laser eye surgery is because they are in the
ultraviolet.Ratherthanburntheeye,thelaserdisruptsthebondsbetweenatomsthatcomposethe
surface tissue. The bonds break and the layer soon disintegrate without changing the surrounding
material at all. This process is called photo-ablation or ablation, NOT BURNING! All excimer lasers
mustbeapprovedbytheFDA1
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Food and Drug Administration. Управлениепоконтролюкачествапищевыхпродуктовилекарственныхсредств)—
агентствоМинистерстваздравоохраненияисоциальныхслужбСША).
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21. Discussthefollowingquestions.Usethephrasesbelowtoexpressyouropinion.
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
As far as I’m concerned….
Personally, I think….
I’d like to point out that….
What I mean is….
It is generally accepted that….
It goes without saying that….
However,…
That's not entirely true.
On the contrary…
That's not the same thing at all.
I'm not so sure about that.
It's unjustifiable to say that...
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
What is the function of the keratome knife?
Why can an excimer laser be used on living tissue?
What other trends for the age do you know?
Why do we see with our brain?
What is refraction?
What three types of reflective errors is LASIK used to?
What did the Russian scientists do in 1970?
What are the advantages of an excimer laser?
22. Matchthedefinitions:
immediate
determine
include
transfer
reliant
disrupt
depending on something
move from one place to another
Interrupt
decide something
done without delay
make something part of the group
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Grammar
FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE IN THE SENTENCE
1. Subject.
In Russian it can be rendered by an
infinitive, a noun, a clause.
To do the right thing isn`t easy.
To learn a new language is helpful.
To be recognized gave her great joy.
Subject IT (not translated into Russian).
2. To express the purpose
(as an adverbial modifier of purpose –
«чтобы»)
Compare:
It`s not easy to do the right thing.
To understand the rule better I read it several
times.
Asubject
Anadverbialmodifierofpurpose
The Infinitive+
Predicate
e.g. To read
a
lot
is to know
much.
The Infinitive+Subject+Predicate
e.g. To read an article, I went to the
Washington Post website.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=197ylt8XhpI&t=64s
bbc English. Infinitives of purpose.
23.Watchthevideo.Belowyouwillfindthenotes.Fillinthenoteswiththeexamplesfromthevideo.What
arethemainobjectivestousetheInfinitivesofpurpose?
a) TO EXPLAIN WHY WE ARE DOING SOMETHING.
e.g. You are watching this video to get better in speaking English.
(clause+action that I want to explain)
For+smb to explain that we are doing an action on behalf of (в пользу) someone else.
Example: _______________________________________
Example: _____________________________________________
b) TO BE MORE FORMAL
In order to/so as to
Example: _____________________________________________
Example: _____________________________________________
c) NEGATIVES
So as not to/in order not to
Example: _____________________________________________
Example: _____________________________________________
d) CONTRAST
Example: I went to bed to avoid watching TV.
NB: A contrast with “but”!
Example: _____________________________________________
e) AFTER NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
Noun/pronoun/indefinite pronoun+ the Infinitive
to explain what we need it for
Example: __________________________________________
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What we intend to do with it
Example: Do you have any more food to cook?
To qualify an indefinite pronoun.
Example: __________________________________________
Example: __________________________________________
24.Completethesentencesusingtheexpressionsfromthelistbelow.
to forget the past
to be humming a tune
(мурлыкатьпесенку)
to say such a thing to a child
to have gone out on that rainy day to know the map well
a) … means to be able to show any country or town on it.
b) … would have been the death for me.
c) …is a usual thing for her.
d) …would be delicious.
e) … was impossible.
in order to qualify
so as not to forget
so as to be
so as not to disturb
so as not to be punished
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
I`ll write down your telephone number….
…. for the award, you should be under twenty-five.
I got up early …. ready for the interview.
He opened the door quietly …. the baby.
She didn`t say anything ….
25.TranslatethesentencesintoEnglish.Useoneofthemodels:
Model1:todosmthisnecessary/important/impossible/impolite/difficult/silly
e.g.Toknoweverythingmeanstoknownothing.
Model2:Itisimportanttodo/bedone/bedoingsmth
e.g.Itwasnecessarytoexplaineverythingtoher.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Подумать так было просто смешно.
Сказать «да» было невозможно, сказать «нет» было бы невежливо.
Объяснить ему, что это значило, было самым трудным.
Помогать ему – значит делать все самому.
Рассердиться было бы глупо.
Так странно, когда с тобой так разговаривают.
Было очень трудно делать вид (to pretend), что ты все понимаешь.
Правда, хорошо сидеть здесь и пить кофе?
Вовсе не нужно все это учить наизусть.
Она ничего не сказала, чтобы ее не наказали.
3. An adverbial modifier of result with
too (слишком) and enough (достаточно)
too+adjective/adverb+to-Infinitive
Adjective/adverb+enough+full Infinitive
He is strong enough to lift it.
He didn`t run fast enough to win the race.
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26.Fill in ‘too’ or ‘enough’ with the adjectives from the list. Add an object where necessary.
small tall warm early busy strong difficult tired
e.g. The exercise is too difficult for me to do.
a) The shoes are …. (to wear).
b) We didn`t go to the beach last weekend because it wasn`t … (to swim).
c) She isn`t … (to lift) the weights.
d) I`m … (to do) the ironing now.
e) We weren`t … (to get) good seats for the concert.
f) She can`t make dinner tonight. She`s … with office work… (to make) dinner tonight.
g) He isn`t … (to be) in the basketball team.
4. The Infinitive as an attribute.
In English it modifies abstract and class
nouns, pronouns, ordinal numbers and
adjectives.
v after such pronouns as something,
anyone, nothing and others usually to
show that smth is necessary or possible
v after certain nouns
v after be+the first/second/last/next/best
I have nobody to say a kind word to me.
Уменянетникого,ктобысказалмнедоброе
слово.
He gave her a knife to cut the bread with.
He was the first to come.
The Infinitive used as an attribute often has a
modal meaning (можно,нужно,следует)
or implies a future action.
The question will be discussed at the conference
shortly to open in Moscow.
(которая вскоре откроется в Москве)
The houses to be built here will be of the same
type.
Дома, которые должны быть/будут построены
здесь, будут иметь такую же конструкцию.
It`s a book to read and remember.
Такую книгу надо прочесть и запомнить.
5. The Infinitive as an object:
The most common verbs followed by the
Infinitive:
afford, attempt, agree, arrange, decide,
demand, expect, fail, forget, hesitate, hope,
mean (intend), manage, offer, plan, prepare,
pretend, promise, propose, refuse, tend, want
After adjectives:
v Describe feelings or emotions (happy, glad)
v Express willingness/unwillingness (eager,
anxious, reluctant, willing, annoyed)
v Refer to person`s character (mean, clever)
v With the adjectives lucky, fortunate
They decided to send him an e-mail.
Passing by a shop he suddenly
remembered to buy dog food for his
puppy.
He is reluctant (не желает) to help.
She was lucky to have met this man.
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27.ExpressitinEnglish.
a) Он подыскивал слова, чтобы точнее выразить мысль.
b) Он терпеть не может, когда над ним шутят.
c) Мы притворились, что не заметили его ошибок.
d) Я рад, что рассказал вам эту историю.
e) Я рад, что мне рассказали эту историю.
f) Я хочу, чтобы меня познакомили с ним.
g) Я хочу познакомить вас с ним.
h) Я рад, что дал вам нужные сведения.
28.WritethesentencesintoRussianusingthemodelssuggestedbelow.
Model 1: To obtain a steel of the desired quality is the main subject of the experiments carried out in the
research laboratory of the plant.
Получение стали желаемого качества является основной целью опытов, проводимых
экспериментальной лабораторией завода.
Model 2: To obtain a steel of the desired quality the research laboratory of the plant carried out a lot of
experiments.
Для тогo чтобы получить сталь желаемого качества, экспериментальная лаборатория
завода провела много опытов.
a) To develop a new method of cutting metals was necessary. To develop a new method of cutting
metals the engineers made some risky experiments.
b) To make good casting it is necessary to use large and properly placed risers to feed heavy sections.
To make good casting is impossible without using large and properly placed risers to feed heavy
sections.
c) To discover the stresses occurring requires careful figuring. To discover the stresses occurring, we
require careful figuring.
d) To use an aluminium paint spray was the only really promising mold-treatment developed in the test
work. To use an aluminium paint spray the engineers developed the only really promising moldtreatment during the test work.
e) To design new machine-tools is the task of a mechanical engineer. To design new machine-tools a
mechanical engineer must study a lot.
f) To be an ideal engineer means to have knowledge, to improve one`s ability to analyze, synthesize
and develop insight into one`s field. To by an ideal engineer one is to have knowledge, to improve
one`s ability to analyze, synthesize and develop insight into one`s field.
29.Translatethesentencesturningyourparticularattentiontotheinfinitivesinthepositionofanattribute.
e.g. A casting to be made in a metal mold must be comparatively short.
Отливка, которая будет изготовляться в металлической форме, должна быть сравнительно
небольшой/короткой (значение будущности или долженствования).
1.
Engineers must know the best and most
4.
There are few written instructions to help a
economical materials to use, understand the
melter in determining alloying additions to be
properties of these materials and how they can be
made to a heat of steel melted in an induction
worked.
furnace.
2.
Another factor for the industrial engineer
5.
Heating temperatures, methods of
to consider is whether each manufacturing
quenching and shape of the art to be treated are
process can be automated in whole or in part.
the factors which particularly affect the amounts
3.
Industrial robots to be built now perform
of distortion.
certain tasks even better than a human being.
6.
The tube to be drawn is mounted on the
rollers on the turn-table bed-piece, and the lefthand end of the tube is brought in contact with
the stripper plate incorporated in the head.
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