TERMS AND NAMES
Scientific Revolution NewwaY of
thinking about the natural world
based on cBreful observation and
willingness to question
The Scientiftc
B,evolution
Nicolaus CoPernicus Astronomer
who said the earth revolved around
thr run
BETORE YOU'READ
-
political
ln the last chapter, you learned about wars and
changes in EuroPe'
.ln this section, you will read how the Enlightenment transformed Europe and helped lead to the American
Revolution:
a
heliocentric theory Theory that the
sun is atthe center ofthe universe
I
Johannes Kepler Mathematician who
prorled the accuracy of Copernicus's
theory
Galileo Galilei Scientistwho was
fsrced by the Calholic Church to take
back scientific ideas that disagreed
with the church's view
scientific method Logical procedure
for gathering and testing ideas
Francis Bacon Writer who helPed
advance the scientific method
Ren6 Desca(es Mathematician who
-'
}IS YOU READ
web diagram below to record importan't events
that occurred during the'scientific Revolution'
Use the
helped promote the, scientific method
lsaac Newton Scientist who
discovered laws of motion and
gravity
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The Roots of Modern Science
(pages 1 65-i 66)
Ilor
t
dtd"
modern science begtn?
During the Middle Ages, few- scholars questioned
based
U"U"fJtirut had been'iong held"Elropeans
Romans
&eir ideas on what ancient Greeks and
that
believed or on the Bible' People still thought
They
the earth was the, center of tlie universe'
and
believed that the sun, moon, other pianets'
stars
- moved around
observathe natural world' It was based on careful
and the wiilingness to question old beliefs'
tlon
to bring
European voyages of exploration lelpei
obori the Scientific Revqlution' When Europeans
arpf"*a new lands, they saw plants and animals
discovthat ancient writers had never seen' These
universities
eries led. to new courses of study in the
- of Europe
t
"
What was the Scientific Revolution?
it'
ln the mid-1500s,
attitudes began
to change'
siarted what is cailed the Scientiffc
thinking about
Revolution' It was a new way of
S"h";;
Cnarrnn
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ENLIGHTTNMENT aup RBvorurroru
63
A Revolutionary Model
Of thg UniVerc€ {pages 166-167)
Hsw Cd new lCeas change .
accePtted thinkng in astronomy?
The first challenge to accepted thinhlC in science
Nicolaus
came in astronoW.In the early,1500s,
Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, studied the stars
theorJ"
anf,planets. He developed a heliocentric
earth'
tlrat
It
said
Heliicentrlc meant sun-centered'
like a1l the other planets, revolved around the sun'
the earth'
,And the mooL revolved aroun-d until just
I Copr.oi"rs did not publish his findings
befir" his dea&' He had been afraid that his ideas
would be attacked. T'hey'went against the accepted
'b"li"f that the earth was at &e center of the uni
u.rr". In the early 1600s, Johannes Kepler used
m"them"tics to prore &at Copernicust basic'idea
was
correct
.
An Italian scientist-ialilgo Galilei-made
ideas'
several discoveries'that also unddrcut ancient
it to
used
and
He made one of the first telescopes
moons'
the pianets. He found that Jupiter had
stucly
th" ,rrn had spots, and Eartht moon was rough'
and the
Some of his idlas about the earth; the sun'
Catholic
;fr"". *ent against the teaching,ol
!|r" to take
.Lhor"t.
Churcir authorities forced Galileo
back his statements^ Still, his ideas spread'
,2.
What old heliel about the universe
did the new discoveries destroY?
The Scientific Metihod
Why was the scientific method
in tmportant develoPment?
(pus"
167-168)
the sciInterest in science led to a new approach'
ask a
scientists
errUlic method' With this method,
the
in
question based on something they have seen
or an'
rrhvsical world. They form a hypothesis'
the
test
they
X,,l-p, to answer the question' Then
frypotir"tit by rnaking- experiments or checking
if
offi*, f**tr. Finally,'they change the hypothesis
needed.
64 Cnerrnn 0
Sncuorq
1
The English writer Francis Bacon helped create,this n"I, npprorch to knowledgg' He sdid scientists should base their thinking on what they can
observe and test' The French mathematician Ren6
Descartes aiso influencep the use of &e scientiffc
method. His thinhngwas based on iogic and mathematics.
3.
What thinkers helped advance the use
ol the scientific method?
Newton ExPlains the law
of GravitY; The, scientif ic
Revolution'spleads (pese' 68-170)
1
What scientrfic discoveries
were made?
mid-1600s, the English scientist Isaac
Newton described thelaw of graui'ty' Using mathruled
ematics, Newton showed that the same force
of
bodies
both the motion of planets and the action
In the
on the earth.
Other scientists made new tools
to study
the
world around.t}em' One invented a microscope'
Others invented tools for understan&ng weather'
Doctors also made advances' One made drawings that showed the &fferent partl of *re human
ithe h,1{
fumPe{
body. another learned how
Ulooa through the body. In the late-1700s, Edward
process called oaccination Lo
Jenner first used the
pr"uent disease. By grving a Person 1fe g3r1s from
i cattle di'sease called cowpox, he helped that person avoid getting &e more. serious'human disease
of smallpox
Scienusts made progress in chemistry as we.ll'
One questioned the
otaia", that
thi^ngs were made
of oriy four elements*earth, air, fire, and water'
He and other scientists were able to separate oxygen from air.
4-
Hsw did the science'of medicine change?
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Date
Name
TERMS AND NAMES
Enlightenment Age of Beason
social contract According to Thomas
Hobb'es, an agreement PeoPle make
with government
John Locke PhilosoPher who wrote
The Enlightenment
in Europe
about government
naturaltights Rights that John Locke
BETO.RE YOU READ
said peopie were born with: life,
liberty, and ProPertY
philosophe Social critics in France
ln the last section, you read how the scientiflc Revolution
began in EuroPe.
ln this section, you will learn how the Enlightenment
began in [uroPe.
',
AS YOU
Voltaire Writer who foughtfor
l
tolerance, reason, freedom of
. religious belief, and freedom of
speech
REIII'
Montesquieu French writer
concerned with government
Use the chart below to take notes on important
Enlightenment ideas.
and
politicallibefi
separation of powers Montesquieu's
idea that power should be divided
between different branches o{
gbvernment
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Enlightenment thin ker who
championed freedom
Mary Wollstonecraft Author
wrote about women's rights
who
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Two Views on Government
o
(pages 171-172)
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English writers-Thomas -Hobbes and .John
LoJke-*e.e important to this, movement' They
came to very different conclusions-about government and human nature'
Hobbes wrote that there would be a war of
"every man against eyery man" if there were no
What were the vtews of
['lobbes and Locke?
,The Entightenment was an intellectual.movement. Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply rea'son
and thJ scientific method to laws that shaped
human actions. They hoped to build a society
Two
founded on ideas of the Scientific Revolution'
'
govqrnment. To avoid this war, Hobbes said, people formed a social contract. It was an agreaemelt
L"t*e"n people and'their government' People
gave up tt eii .igt tt to the goverriment so they
Cgerrnn
6
ENncn:TENMENT aNo RsvorurroN
55
could live in a safe and orderly way. The best government, he said, is t-hat of a strong hng who can
force all people to obeY.
]ohn-Locke believed that people have three
,*tl"d righis. They are life, liberty, and properly'
The purpose of goverrrment is to protect these
rights, When it tails to do so, he said, people have
a right to overthrow the government,
L.
Hsw were Hobbes's and Locke's views different?
society
in which all people were equal.
Beccaria was an Italian philosphe.
2.
Cesare
He spoke out
Name the types ol freedoms thal Enlightenment
thinkers chamPioned.
W6men and the Enlightenlnent
lmpact of the Enlightenment
(pages 175-176)
The PhitrosoPhes Advocate
Rgason (pases 172-175)
Who were the PhilosoPhes?
French thinkers called philosophes had five main
beiiefs: (t) thinkers can find t}e truth by using reason; (2) what is natural is goocl and reasonable, and
human actions are shaped by natural laws; (3) acting according to nature can bring happiness; (4) by
tailng zi scientific view, people and society can
(5)
mak""progress and advance to a better life; and
by using reason, people can gain freedom'
The most brilliant of the philosphes was the
writer Voltai*e. He fought for tolerance, reason,
freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech'
Baron de Montesquieu wrote about separation
of powers-dlviding power am:ng the separate
branches of government' The third great
philosophe was Jean jacques Rousseau' He
iote in foro. of hurnan freedom. He wanted a
What were Edightenment WEWS
about individuals?
Many Enlightenment thinkers held'_tradiuonal
views dbout-women's place in society. They wanted
equai rights for all men but paid no attentton to the
fact that women &d not have such rights' Some
women protested this unfair sihration. 'jlf all men
are born ffee," stated British writer Muty
Wollstonecraft, "how is it that all women are born
.slaves
f
Enlightenment ideas strongly influenced the
American and French Revolutions. Enlightenrnent
thinkers also helped spread the idea of progress' By,
'using reason, they said, it is possible to make society f,etter. Enlightenmen-t thinkers helped mike
!,*'--'.''lt
worldly
.They
individual'
also stressed the irnportance of the
the world
3,
less, religious"and more
Explain the inlluence ol Enlightenmenl ideas'
Skillbuilder
Use the chart t0 answer these questions.
]to
tul o.
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Natural rights-life,
:
liberty,
.
property
-.,','-,,.,,.,,.,.
'-
Separation of
Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of lndependence
Locke
thinkers inflenced the United
i riuniJ, tlritto states, Latin American nations use
i'"!:::ll:i :1 l:i:: il l:* :'TtlYli:::
I
i,,lontesqJieu
Powers
.
Freedbm of
and
thought
expression
:
i
Religious {reedom i
Voltaire
:
,
Guaranteed in U.S' Bill of Rights; torture outlawed or
reduced in nations of Europe and the Americas
..1...:........ . ...Guaranteed in U'S' Bill of Bights and French Declaration
morlarchs
of the Rights of Man and Citizen; Eqropean
:
i
redgce
1
:.',.'..',',',.'''..::
I
66 CrllPrrn 6
I
I
Wolistonecraft
SncrroN 2
':
Persecutign
North
Women't rights groupslorm in Europe and
America
o)
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s
*
,=
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1n
,=
oo
i....
... ......... ,t. . .... .. .
Abolishrnent of torture : Beccaria
:,,,',,,,'
States government?
. Guaranteed in U.S Bill of Bights and French
: Declaiation 0f1he Bights of Man and Citizen; European
. monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship
v.n.itl
..
Women's equalitY
1- Which Enlightenment
o
2- Which Enlightenment ideas
'
arb in the United State5 Bill
of Rights?
Date
Name
TEBMS AND NAMES
salon Social gathering for discussing
ideas or eniorTing art
The
baroque Grand, ornate stYle
neoclassical Simple stYle that
borrowed ideas from classical Greek
Enli g[lenment ldeas
dnd Rome
'enlightened
desPot Ruler who
supported Enlightenment ideas but
did not give up Power
BETORE YOU READ
ln the last section, you read how Enlightenment
ideas began.. ln this seciion, you will'learn about the spread
of these ideas.
Catherine the Great Russian ruler
who took steps to reform and
modernize Russia
}IS YOU READ
the chart below to take notes on how
Enlightenment ideas were sPread.
Use
Enlightenment ldeas SPread
general
knowledge
art and
architecture
literature
the €na1c/ o p en i a. 7at her s
all 'kiwtn knwledqe.
q)
funds, Denis Diderot and other thinkers wrote and
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A WOrld of ldeas (pases 178-i7e)
IIow did ideas sPread from
individual to indiuidUal?
1700s; Paris rcas the cultural ienter of
Europe. People came there from other countries
In the
to hear the new ideas of the
Enlightenment'
Writers and artists held social gatherings called
salons. A woman named Marie-Th6rbse Geoffrin
became famous for hosting these discussions' Geoffrin also supplied the money for one of the
major projects of the Enlightenment' With her
published
a huge set of books called the
b,ncyclopedl.a. Their aim was to gather all that was
krown about the world' The French government
and officials in the Catholic Church &d not like
many of the ideas that were published in the
Encyclopedia. They banned the books at first'
t ater, however, they changed their minds'
The ideas of the Enlightenrnent wele spread
throughout Europe by works like the Encyclopedia
and tf,ro,rgh *"Lting, in ,homes' The ideas also
class' This group was
'spread to the growing middle
b""o*irrg *""ltt y but had less social status than
Cnerrnn
6
ENr,rcurENtr{ENT aNo Rsvor,rruroN
67
nobles. They'also had very little political power'
Ideas about equality sounded good to'them'
1.
'Why were salons imPortant?
Entightenment and Monarthy
{pages 181'182)
Who were he enJightened
despats?
Sorne Enlightenmeri t thinkers believed that the
best form o1 gorr"rn*ent was a rnonarchy' In -it' a
ruler respectld people's rights. These thinkers
tried to iiflr"n"e^*lers to rule fairly' Rulers w'ho'
Art and Literature in the Age
Of ReaSOll ipases 17e-18])
How did art and literature
chanEeT
literThe arts-painting, architechture, music' and
1700s'
ature-mo-ved in new directions'in the'late
reason'
They used Errlightenment ideasof order and
grand
very
been
had
i*h"t truilpean painting
decorated' It was a sryle knornm as
and highly
tNow
styles began to change' A new simbrroq.f*
pl.r, rlt elegant, style of painting and arcl-ritecture
h",r"iop"d. ir,it ttyt" boirowed ideas and themes
reafrom ilassical Greece and Rome' That is the
son it was calied neoclassical
In music, ihe style of the peri'od is called classiwere
cal. Three important composers of th-e tirye
Mozart'
FranzJoseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus
music
composed
They
ana f.udwig von Beethoven'
that was ei-egant and original' New musical forms
were developed, including the sonata and tlle sym-
tphony.
I; hterature,
...
the novei'became popular' This
new form presented long storiet, *th ry*ing
of charpiots. It expfored the thoughts and feelings
including
acters. A iurlber of European authors'
were
books
These
novels'
women, began writing
enterpopular wltli the middle-class' They iiked
i*"i"g stories in everyday language'
2.
in
What new styles and lorms appeared
art, music, and literature?
followed Enlightenment ideas in part but were
unwilling to give up much Polver were called
enlightened desPots'
-Creat
of Prussia was aR enlightF"rederick the
ened despot. He gave his people religious fr3edom
and improved schooling, He also rcJormed the ltss'
tice syitem, However, he didrothing t: end serf-'
dnm,'which made peasants'slaves to the wealthy
landownei's. Josephll of Austria &d end serfdom'
oncb lie diei, though, the nobies who owned the
lands r,vere able to undo this reform'
Catherine the Great of Russia was ano*rer of
,t'," *t",, influenced by Enlightenment ideas' She
tried to reform Russia's laws but met resistance'
if,"lra fr"p"a to end serfdom' But a bloody peasants'-revoli persuaded'her to change her mind'
Iustead, she gave the nobles even'more Power
9v^er
for
serfs. CatheJne &d manage to gain new land
Russia. Russia, Prussia, and Austria agreed to
,divlde Poland among themselves' As a result'
almost
Poland disappeared as a separate nation for
lbU years.
3.
of an
ln wfrat way wa$ Frederick the Great typical
enlightened desPot?
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CHaPrun
6
Secrroni 3