Kelimelerin Kökeni
Saturday, March 2, 2013
22:24
Demokrasi
~ Fr démo- / İng demo- halk (sadece bileşik isimlerde) ~ EYun dēmos δημος 1. ilçe, memleket, ülke, 2.
taşra halkı, memleketli, 3. halk, ahali < EYun daíō δαίω bölmek, pay etmek, kısımlara ayırmak << HAvr
*dā- bölmek, kısımlara ayırmak
~ Fr -cratie / İng -cracy iktidar (sadece bileşik isimlerde) ~ EYun -krateía -κρατεία a.a. < EYun -kratēs κρατης güçlü, iktidar sahibi → +krat
the Late Greek word demos, δῆμος (the public (as bound together socially))
Polis
"ancient Greek city-state," 1894; see policy (n.1).
Politic (adj.)
early 15c., from Middle French politique (14c.) "political," from Latin politicus "of citizens or the state,
civil, civic," from Greek politikos "of citizens or the state," from polites "citizen," from polis "city" (see
policy (n.1)). Replaced in most adjectival senses by political.
Politics (n.)
1520s, "science of government," from politic (adj.), modeled on Aristotle's ta politika "affairs of state,"
the name of his book on governing and governments, which was in English mid-15c. as "Polettiques."
Also see -ics.
Politicks is the science of good sense, applied to public affairs, and, as those are forever changing, what
is wisdom to-day would be folly and perhaps, ruin to-morrow. Politicks is not a science so properly as a
business. It cannot have fixed principles, from which a wise man would never swerve, unless the
inconstancy of men's view of interest and the capriciousness of the tempers could be fixed. [Fisher Ames
(1758-1808)]
Meaning "a person's political allegiances or opinions" is from 1769.
People
late 13c., "humans, persons in general," from Anglo-French people, Old French peupel "people,
population, crowd; mankind, humanity," from Latin populus "a people, nation; body of citizens; a
multitude, crowd, throng," of unknown origin, possibly from Etruscan. The Latin word also is the source
of Spanish pueblo, Italian popolo. In English, it displaced native folk.
Meaning "body of persons comprising a community" first recorded late 13c. in Anglo-French; meaning
"common people, masses" (as distinguished from the nobility) first recorded c.1300 in Anglo-French.
Meaning "one's own tribe, group, etc." is from late 14c. The word was adopted after c.1920 by
Communist totalitarian states to give a spurious sense of populism to their governments. Legal phrase
The People vs., in U.S. cases of prosecution under certain laws, dates from 1801. People of the Book
"those whose religion entails adherence to a book of divine revelation (1834) translates Arabic Ahl alKitab.
Public
mid-15c., "pertaining to the people," from Old French public (c.1300), from Latin publicus, altered (by
influence of Latin pubes "adult population, adult") from Old Latin poplicus "pertaining to the people,"
from populus "people" (see people (n.)). Meaning "open to all in the community" is from 1540s. An Old
English adjective in this sense was folclic.
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Republic
c.1600, "state in which supreme power rests in the people," from French république, from Latin
respublica (ablative republica), literally res publica "public interest, the state," from res "affair, matter,
thing" + publica, fem. of publicus "public" (see public).
Empire
early 14c., from Old French empire "rule, authority, kingdom, imperial rule," from Latin imperium "rule,
command," from imperare "to command," from im- "in" (see in- (2)) + parare "to order, prepare" (see
pare).
Not etymologically restricted to "territory ruled by an emperor," but used that way. The Empire,
meaning "the British Empire," first recorded 1772 (it officially devolved into "The Commonwealth" in
1931); before that it meant the Holy Roman Empire (1670s). Empire style (especially in reference to a
style of dresses with high waistlines) is 1869, from the Second Empire "rule of Napoleon III of France"
(1852-70). New York has been called the Empire State since 1834.
Emperor
early 13c., from Old French empereor (accusative; nominative emperere; Modern French empereur),
from Latin imperiatorem (nominative imperiator) "commander, emperor," from pp. stem of imperare
"to command" (see empire).
Originally a title conferred by vote of the Roman army on a successful general, later by the Senate on
Julius and Augustus Caesar and adopted by their successors except Tiberius and Claudius. In the Middle
Ages, applied to rulers of China, Japan, etc.; only non-historical European application in English was to
the Holy Roman Emperors (who in German documents are called kaiser), from late 13c., until in 1804
Napoleon took the title "Emperor of the French."
Imperial (adj.)
late 14c., "having a commanding quality," from Old French imperial (12c.), from Latin imperialis "of the
empire or emperor," from imperium (see empire). Meaning "pertaining to an empire" (especially the
Roman) is from late 14c. Imperial presidency in a U.S. context traces to Arthur Schlesinger Jr.'s book on
the Nixon administration (1974). Related: Imperially.
Imperialism (n.)
1826, "advocacy of empire," originally in a Napoleonic context, also of Rome and of British foreign
policy, from imperial + -ism. At times in British usage (and briefly in U.S.) with a neutral or positive sense
relating to national interests or the spread of the benefits of Western civilization, but from the
beginning usually more or less a term of reproach. General sense of "one country's rule over another,"
first recorded 1878. Picked up disparagingly in Communist jargon by 1918.
It is the old story of 1798, when French republicanism sick of its own folly and misdeeds, became
metamorphosed into imperialism, and consoled itself for its incapacity to found domestic freedom by
putting an iron yoke upon Europe, and covering it with blood and battle-fields. [Francis Lloyd, "St.
James's Magazine," January 1842]
State
"political organization of a country, supreme civil power, government," 1530s, from state (n.1); this
sense grew out of the meaning "condition of a country" with regard to government, prosperity, etc. (late
13c.), from Latin phrases such as status rei publicæ "condition of the republic." Often in phrase church
and state, which is attested from 1580s.
The sense of "semi-independent political entity under a federal authority" (as in the United States of
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The sense of "semi-independent political entity under a federal authority" (as in the United States of
America) is from 1856; the British North American colonies occasionally were called states as far back as
1630s. The states has been short for "the United States of America" since 1777; hence stateside (1944),
World War II U.S. military slang. State rights in U.S. political sense is attested from 1798; form states
rights is first recorded 1858.
Cumhuriyet
▽ 1876 seçilmiş başkanla yönetim biçimi
< Ar cumhūr
[#cmhr] yığın, kalabalık, halk topluluğu → cumhur
● Masdara eklenen +iyyet eki Türkçeye özgüdür. İsviçre ve Holanda gibi ülkelerin yönetim biçimine
Osmanlı kullanımında önceleri cumhūr adı verilirken, 19. yy'da cumhūriyyet sözcüğü tercih edildi.
Cumhur
▼ 1451 kalabalık, halk
▽ 1680 1. çoğunluk, çokluk, yığın, 2. (kullanımda) halk idaresi, respublica
~ Ar cumhūr
[#cmhr msd.] 1. birikme, 2. yığın, birikinti, kalabalık → cem
Cem
~ Ar camˁ
[#cmˁ msd.] 1. toplama, aritmetikte toplam, 2. toplanma, topluluk < Ar camaˁa
topladı, bir araya getirdi
● Ar #cmm, #cmˁ, #cmhr kökleri “toplama, bir araya getirme” anlamını taşır. ● Erkek adı olan Cem
Farsça olup bununla ilgili değildir.
Devlet
▽ <1300 baht, talih
~ Ar dawla ͭ
[#dwl mr.] 1. iktidar, kudret, siyasi egemenlik, 2. (mec.) zenginlik, mülk, baht ~ Aram
dawlā
iktidar, egemenlik = Akad dālu/dualu 1. dönmek, deveran etmek, 2. teftiş etmek,
denetlemek, idari görevle dolaşmak
● Arapça sözcük anlam bakımından Ar #dwl (dönme, deveran etme, sırayla birbirini izleme) kökünden
türetilemez.
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