AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
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Plant Form
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Wayne Huang, PhD
Andrew Graham, PhD
Elizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD
Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhD
Jessica Barnes, PhD
Rapid Learning Center
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Learning Objectives
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
„ Types of plant cell
structure and function.
„ Types of plant tissues.
„ Plant anatomy,
structure and function.
„ Reproductive organs of
flowers.
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Plant Form Concept Map
Plant
Root
Dermal Tissue
Epidermal cell
Trichomes
Stem
Ground Tissue
Parenchyma cells
Leave
Vascular Bundle
Phloem
Xylem
Collenchyma cells
Tracheids
Guard cell
Sieve tube members
Sieve-tube
Sclerenchyma cells
Vessel Elements
Sieve cells
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Plant Cells and
Tissues
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Plant Cell Structure
Standard plant
cell structure.
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Cell Wall
The cell wall provides
protection and with the
vacuole is used for
skeletal support.
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Secondary cell wall of
sclerenchyma, collenchyma and
xylem. These are secondary
deposits of lignified cellulose.
Primary cell wall is made up
of cellulose, hemicellulose,
pectin. They are all
polysaccharides.
Pits, are holes on the cell wall
to allow cell to cell
communication.
Plant Tissues
There are three types of plant
tissues: vascular, ground and
dermal.
Vascular tissue is conducting
tissue and responsible for
transporting water, food and
solutes. There are two groups:
xylem and phloem
Dermal Tissues
include the outer
layer tissue and is
used for protection
and interaction with
the environment.
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Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Ground Tissue
surrounds the
vascular tissue and
is important for
storage and
photosynthesis
kinds.
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Tissues and Cells
Each type of plant tissue
has distinct cells. Much
like a human liver would
have specific
p
cells
“hepatocytes”.
Dermal Tissue
Epidermal cells
Guard cells, trichomes,
and root hairs
Phloem is the
principal foodconducting tissue in
vascular plants.
Sieve cells
Sieve-tube members
Ground Tissue
Parenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma cells.
Vascular Tissue
Xylem is the main waterconducting tissue.
vessel elements
tracheids
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Cells in Ground Tissue
The structure of the cell
and composition of the
cell wall determines its
function.
Parenchyma cells are the most
abundant and have a thin
primary wall. They are
used in food storage,
photosynthesis
p
y
and aerobic
respiration.
Collenchyma cells
have thick primary
wall and provide
support for young
tissue.
Sclerenchyma cells have
rigid secondary walls
and are dead when
mature. They are used
for plant support.
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Cells in Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem is the main water conducting tissue. It
contains vessel elements and tracheids. Both
cell types have rigid lignin-containing secondary
cell walls.
2 The xylem forms long tubes for moving water.
2.
water
Both types, vessel elements and tracheids are
dead when mature.
This is a cross section of celery.
It shows the vascular bundles
including both phloem and xylem
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1 Phl
1.
Phloem is
i the
th principal
i i l food
f d
conducting tissue n vascular
plants. It contains sieve cells and
sieve-tube members.
2. Sieve tube members have thin
primary wall and no secondary
wall. These cells form tubes to
conduct food.
Cells in Dermal Tissue
Epidermal cells are a single
layer of cells that cover plants.
It secrets a layer of cuticular
wax for protection.
Guard cells are specialized
cells on the undersurface of
leaves. A hole exists between
a pair of guard cells which is
regulated in order to control
gas exchange and water loss.
Root hairs of many
vascular plants are tubular
outgrowths of trichoblasts,
which are the hair forming
cells on the epidermis of
the plant root. They are
used for protection and
absorbing nutrients.
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Question
How do plant tissues
make up a plant
body?
A plant body is made up of three major
parts: leaf, stem and root. Each of
these parts contain the three major
tissues:epidermal, ground and vascular
tissue.
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Organization of
Plant Body
Root and Stem
Meristem, Leaf, and Flower
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Plant Body
Roots are used to anchor the
plant and for absorption of
nutrients from the soil.
Shoots are the major site of
photosynthesis hold flowers,
fruits and seeds.
Shoot
Stem
Leaf
Root
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Plant Body is Made Up of Tissues
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Dermal Tissue
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Root Structure
1. Epidermis is the surface cells.
2. Cortex tissue made up of parenchyma
cells.
ll
3. Endodermis is the most inner layer of
cortex.
4. Vascular bundle: inner circle of cells.
Endodermis
Cortex
Epidermis
Vascular bundle
Root Cross section
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Root
Root Structure: Longitudinal View
„ Root Cap – protects
delicate tissues as the roots
elongate, and helps perceive
gravity
Zone of Maturation
Zone of Elongation
„ The Zone of Cell Division
– Cells multiply
„ The Zone of Cell
Elongation – Cells become
Zone of Division
several times longer than
wide
„ The Zone of Maturation –
cells differentiate into specific
cell types
Root Cap
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
5 Major Root Types
Aerial roots anchor climbing
stems to vertical surfaces.
Prop roots come
out from the
lower part of
stems.
Storage roots are used
for food storage e.g.
horseradish.
Tap roots: main root
growing
i downward;
d
d the
th
primary root grows
much larger than the
secondary roots.
Fibrous roots: branching and
rebranching.
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Root Function
Root functions to
take water and
minerals up from the
ground.
d
Roots are also
important for anchoring
the plant.
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Stem
The functions of stems
Stem
include: support for
leaves and increasing
in diameter (girth) as
well as elongation,
elongation
transport of fluids
between the roots and
leaves.
A stem is the part of
a plant from which
shoots and buds
arise.
Terminal bud
Internode
Lateral bud
Node
(Where bud or
leaves attach)
This is the structure
of a stem.
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Modified Stems
Modified Stems have various Functions.
■ Tubers – Potato
■ Storage
g of Food
Tubers
■ Stolons – strawberry
■ Generating new plants
■ Bulbs – Tulips, Onions
■ Storage of Food
Bulbs
■ Corms – Taros
■ Storage
St
off Food
F d
Corms
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Stem: Cross Section
This is the structure of
a cross section of the
stem of a plant.
Epidermis
Collenchyma
Cortex
Parenchyma
Vascular Bundle
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Stem: Xylem and Phloem
Xylem
Phloem
■ Mostly composed of dead cells
■ Xylem transports water and
dissolved ions from the root
system to the stem.
■ The lignified thick-walled xylem
cells strengthen the stem.
■ Composed of living cells
■ Transports synthesized
organic food such as
carbohydrates from the leaves to
other parts of the plant.
Xylem
Phloem
monocots
Dicots
Xylem
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Meristem
Meristem is a kind of
embryonic tissue in plants
made up of unspecialized
meristematic cells located at
roots and shoots.
Apical Meristem
Lateral Meristem
Apical Meristem
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Lateral meristems
(axillary meristems) is
growth that thickens
stems and roots.
Apical meristems (terminal
meristems): Root and Shoot
apical meristems at the tips
of stems and roots where
growth causes an increase in
length of stems and roots.
Meristem
Lateral Meristem
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Bud
A bud is an undeveloped
shoot and normally
occurs in the axil of a leaf
or at the tip of the stem.
Bud
Flower
Leaf
Once the bud is
formed, it may
remain for some
time in a dormant
state or form a
shoot immediately.
A bud can
develop into a
flower or a leaf.
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Leaf Function
Photosynthesis
Carbohydrates
(Food)
Leaves are the major
sites for photosynthesis
which provide food for
almost all life forms.
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Leaf Structure
Petiole
(A leave stalk, attaches
leaf to plant)
Lamina
(leaf blade)
Midrib
Vein (vasular bundles, for transport)
Leaf apex (the outer end of a leaf)
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Leaf Cells
Cross Section
Upper Epidermis
Cuticle Wax Layer
Mesophyll Cells
Lower Epidermis
Vascular Bundle
Cuticle Wax Layer
Secreted by upper epidermal cells, for
protection
Vascular Bundle
Transportation
Mesophyll Cell
Photosynthesis
Epidermal Cells
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Protection, interaction with environment
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Specialized Leaf Cells
Trichome
Bundle Sheath Cells
Guard Cell
Guard Cell
stomata
„ Guard Cells:
„ located on lower epidermis
„ controlling gas exchange and
water loss.
„ occur in pairs and are shaped so
that stomata (a pore) exists
between them. They can change
shape with the result in pore
disappearing.
■ Trichome
Trichomes are specialized
epidermal cells present in
most plants.
■ Bundle sheath cells
Specialized cells in certain
plants for photosynthesis
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Flower’s Reproductive Organs
Flowers have these
specialized
reproductive organs.
Stamen= anther + filament
Carpel
Anther
Filament
Petal
Sepal
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Monocots and Dicots
The two classes of angiosperm plants
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Monocots and Dicots
Plant:
monocot and
dicot
taxonomy.
Kingdom
Plantae
Class
Angiospermae
(Angiosperms)
Gymnospermae
(Gymnosperms)
Plants without flowers
Plants with flowers
Subclass
Dicotyledonae
(Dicotyledons, Dicots)
Plants with two seed leaves
Monocotyledonae
(Monocotyledons, Monocots)
Plants with one seed leaf
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Structure Difference
Cotyledons:
seed leaves
Veins
in Leaves
Flowers
Vascular Bundle
Monocots
One
Parallel
In multiple of 3
Scattered
Two
Net-like
4 or 5 pedals
Arranged in a ring
Dicots
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Question
What are the
major
differences
between
monocots and
dicots?
Monocots have one cotyledon,
parallel leaf veins, flower number in
3 and scattered vascular bundles.
Dicots have two cotyledons,
y
net-like
leaf veins, flowers in 4 or 5 and
vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Question: Review
Vascular, ground,
dermal
Three types of plant tissues.
X ___________
_____ is the main water
conducting tissue.
Xylem
X ___________
Guard cells regulate and
control _____ and _____.
Gas and water
X ___________
M i t
Meristem
is
i located
l
t d where?
h ?
X ___________
Roots and shoots
A ____ is an undeveloped
shoot occurring in the axil of
a leaf or tip of the stem.
Bud
X ___________
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Learning Summary
Plant Tissues
Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Plant Cell Types
and their
Function
Monocots and
Dicots
Plant Body
Flower
Leaf
Stem
Root
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AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17
Congratulations
You have successfully completed the
core tutorial
Plant Forms
Rapid Learning Center
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Step 3: Recap – Super Review Cheat Sheet
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