AN
AN G L O
S AX O N
G R AM M AR ,
-
D E R IV AT IV E S
XV IT H
PR O O FS O F THE C ELTIC DIAL EC TS
’
BEIN G O F
E AS TER N O R IGIN ;
AN D
AN AN ALY S IS
C HAUC ER
,
L
A
G
S
U
,
DO
BY
R O FE S S O R
O F
P
O F TH E
S
U N IV ER ITY
ONDO N
BR O W N
O N G MAN R E E S O R M E
,
,
,
E D IN B U R G H
C L IS G O ‘V
:
z
-
R HET O R IC
.
:
N
G RE E
W I L L I A 1\ I
.
AT K IN S O N
.
,
M O R AL PH ILO S O PHY , L O G IC , AN D
L
,
AND S PEN SER
WI LLI AM HUN TER
AN DER S O N ’S
L
S TY L E
,
T
6
: CO
AN D
AI T
.
L
.
O N GM AN
.
,
D Pren ti cs
.
e
Pri n t rs, C h ron i cle
Offie
c
.
IN TR O D U C TIO N o
THOS E
wh o h ave st udi e d
En gli sh C om posi ti on
a vi ew to
with
,
h ave gen erally foun d t h at t h e E tym on s
cati on ex
ie
t
s of E n glish Particles were n ot traced n or t h ei r si gn i fi
{ 1pl ai n ed , i n an y e asi l y accessi b l e work
To supply t h is defect by i n vestig ati n g t h e Ety m ol ogy expl ai n
v
acq ui re S i mpli ci t
y of S tyle,
,
‘
.
l
,
s
1
.
L
4
A
D
t
h
e
i
n ifi
a
n d exe m pl ifyi n g t h e use of t h ese P arti cles
S
cati on
g
g
i n t h e wri ti n gs of our e ar l i er aut h ors i s on e of t h e obje cts of t h is
in
,
,
Tract
In t h is p art of t h e work m uc h l ig h t h as b ee n derived fro m t h at
i n ge n i o us P h ilol ogist H orn e Tooke ; b ut m an y words are h ere
added wh i c h h e h as n ot n oti ced an d expl an ati o n s offered d i ffer
.
,
,
,
t h ose wh i c h h e h as give n wh e n i t app e ared t h at h is
opi n i o n was n ot s upported by s uffi
ci e n t reaso n s
T h us t h ere seem s good re aso n to i n fer t h at h e i s m istake n i n
t h e deri v ati o n of t h e words odd
do wn
fort h etc etc
i n h i s acco un t of t h e deri v a
ti ve or fut ure i n fi
n iti ve ter m i n ati n g
i n n n e an d always preceded by to ; an d so m e s ubst an tive s i n th
i n g fro m
,
.
”
”
,
,
”
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
H is vie ws of abstr acti o n are gen erally b ut n ot al ways eit h er
cl ear or j ust W h e n h e s ays stri ctl y sp e aki n g t h ere is n ot h i n g
h e expresses wh at i s tr ul y ph i losoph i
arb i trary j n l an g uage
c al for h e evide n tl y ad m it s t h at
we are str uck wit h a si m i l ar
,
“
.
’
”
,
,
N
I TR
ODU CTION
.
cert ai n respe cts before we i n ve n t a co m m o n appell ati ve
to express t h e obj ec ts t h at agree i n exciti n g th e s am e rel ati ve
feeli n g
b ut t h i s ad m issi o n li ke expressi o n s on t h e s am e s ubj ect
“
w
a
n
arises
i
a
as
t h at are fo un d n sever l p h i l osop h i c l r i ti gs
i ty
in
”
,
,
,
ble M etap h ysi ci
observes ,
fro m t h e i n co n siste n cy of
error an d n ot frm n t h e wri ters h avi n g arri ved at t h e t r ut h
For how can i t be re co n ci led wi t h s uc h expressi o n s as t h ese ?
Th e busi n ess of t h e m i n d ; as tur n s i t co n ce r n s l an g uage ex
a
an
“
an
’
’
.
,
,
.
t h an to receive i mpression s t h at i s to h ave sen
W h at are c alled t h e oper ati o n s of th e
sation s or feel i n gs
L an g uage i s
m i n d are m er el y t h e op erati on s o
f lan guage
If we exp el fro m t h e m i n d wh at
t h e i n strumen t of t h o ug h t
te n ds
{
n o - i i rth er
,
,
.
.
,
a
.
B aco n ter m s Id ol a Fori ( Idols of th e m ar ket pl ace t h at is
prej ud i ces ar isi n g fro m we r e wo r ds an d ter m s i n our co m m o n
we s h al l fi
n d t h at all abstr act tr ut h
i n terco urs e wi t h
—
u
n
A per cepti on or co n cepti o n of two
rests
po
l st
m
a
l
ulti
tt
ay
Afeeli n g of t h ei r si m i l ar i t y i n cert ai n
or m ore obj e cts
r espec ts and Bill y T h e i n ve n ti o n of a co m m o n appell ative to
express t h e obj e cts t h at agree i n exciti n g th e sam e rel ative fee l
“
’
-
,
,
,
“
,
,
,
,
,
,
i n g;
Besides ,
Tooke so m eti m es sli des
t
h
e
g
wo r ds o r i n
i
u
sh i n
g
,
in
to fall acy b y
,
n ot
d is ti n
E ty m ol ogi c al
f r o m th e c usto m ary m e an i n g of
n ot reg ar di n g so m e words i n
t h ei r S y n tacti cal
,
t h ei r origi n al c h ar acte r ; an d i n S o far as h is wo r k
i s to b e co n si der ed a s co n t ai n i n g a p h i losop h i cal arg um e n t
b ut i n
po n abstr act n oti o n s t h e force of i t as h as bee n ob served
d epe n ds upon H obbes s pre m ises
T ruth co n si stet h i n t h e
our af
firm ati o n s
r ig h t orderi n g of n am es i n
lV ords gi ve to
n er al i ty
e
I
t
i
s
cert
a
i
t
h
t
i
h
our co n cl usi o n s all t h ei r
n
a
w
t
g
out
n i n g m ust b e i m pe r fec t ; b ut t h e ve r y
en cral ter m s
a
re
so
g
n guag e an d sti ll m ore th e co n d uct of t h e un i n
i n ve n ti o n of la
str ucted de af an d d um b s uffi
ci e n tl y prove t h at m an ca n r easo n
wi t h o ut l an g uage of ar y ki n d
u
,
,
,
’
»
.
.
.
,
'
,
,
,
.
.
T h e i n ge n i o us an d learn ed lyrwlnittsec m s to be i n error wh e n
h e s ays t h at t h e ter m i n ati o n i n IN G s upe r seded t h e P arti ci pl e i n
"
‘
E , for t h e verb al s ubstan tive i tl
END
'
l-NG,
'
exi sted before t h e
N or
UC TIO N
INTR O D
.
n d i t appe a
co n q uest ; a
rs t h at th i s verb al s ub stan ti ve i n
IN G wi t h t h e defi n i te arti cl e— th c— befor e i t
h as n ot as L i n d
l ey M urr ay i m agi n es beco m e a Su bstan ti ve b ut th at th e S ub
stan ti ve i s used as a Prese n t P arti ci ple ; an d t h at our an ci e n t
P ar ti ci pl e i n E N DE h as bee n displ aced an d s upersed ed by th e
V erb al S ubst an ti ves i n IX G
All spe c ul ati o n s fo un d ed on t h e
supposed deriv ati o n of ve r b als i n IN G fro m t h e Prese n t P arti ci
pl es rese mb le (as th e i n ge n i o us R i c h ard T ayl or Ed itor of a n ew
erves ) h istori c al disq ui si
Ed iti o n of t h e Di versi o n s of P u r l ey ob s
ti o n s i n wh i c h facts an d d ates n ot bei n g co n si dered of an y i m
port an ce i t s h o uld be i n ge n i o usl y ar g ued a p r ior i t h at He n gist
an d Hors a were so n s of Q ue en An n e an d “Ji lli am t h e C o n q ueror
An ot h er obje ct co n te m pl ated i n t h is Tract i s to i n d uce th e S tu
riv ati ves an d t h e
den t b y a c areful Ex am i n ati o n of th e S axo n De
sty l e of C h aucer Do ugl as an d S pe n s er to tr ace t h e Ori gi n
m an
,
,
,
'
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
H istory an d Progress of t h e L an g uage ; an d h e n ce to acqui re an
acc ur ate n oti o n of t h e m e an i n g an d t h e p roper e m p l oy m e n t of
th e words wh i c h co m pose i t
An d i n order to c arry on an d co m pl ete our ulti m ate obj ect an
,
,
.
,
,
gl is h Gram m ar co n tai n i n g v ari o us ex am ples of t h e vi ol ati o n
of P uri ty an d Perspi c uity , wi l l soo n b e p ublis h ed In En gl is h
t h ere are upo n G ram m ati c al pri n ci ples o n ly on e V oi ce on e M ood
T h e Gr am m ar of a l an g uage i s on e th i n g
an d two Te n ses
i ts c ap acity of expressi o n i s an ot h er ;
An d i f t h e pub li c sh ould approve t h is atte m pt to faci li t ate an d
pro m ote t h e stud y of En gl is h L i ter at ure a seri es of s m all tr acts
wi l l fol lo w com pri si n g an an al ysi s of t h e co n stit ue n ts an d an
fro m t h e
cati on of t h e e m pl oy m e n t of v ari o us styles
exem pli fi
En
,
.
,
,
,
.
'
,
.
,
,
,
d ays of Spen ser ti l l our own ti m es Th e plan so m eti m es r ec om
m e n ded eve n to perso n s m ore adv an ced of st udyi n g t h e Bug
l is h L an g uage det ac h ed a md di sti n guish ed f r o m t h e st udy of
En gli s h L iter at ure i s n ot o n l y futi le b ut abs urd ; for i t i s o h
vi ously an error to i m agi n e t h at Gr am m ati c al i n for m ati o n c an
b e att ai n ed b y a m ere m ec h an i cal proc ess o n l y—b y t h e exer
ti o n of th e m e m o r y ap art fro m th e exe r ci se of ot h er po wers of
th e m i n d
i n th e opi n i on of the c el ebr ate d aut h or of t h e I bi l
.
,
‘
,
,
‘
~
.
U
INTR O D C TIO N
.
sop h y of R h etori c
Gr am mar i n i ts ge n eral pri n ci p l e , h as a
c l ose co n n exi o n wit h t h e un d erst an d i n g
T h e stud y of t h e Saxo n p art of t h e En gl i s h L an g uage h asb ee n
reco m m en ded by t h e m ost e m i n e n t L i ter ary m en yet m an y per
so n s see m re l uctan t to un dergo t h e l abo ur of acq ui ri n g a correct
k n owl edge of t h e st r ucture of t h i s i m portan t p art of t h e Lan
g uage
T h e n egl ect of t h i s o n l y p rope r m ode of stud yi n g the E n glish
o
,
.
,
.
s o m e wh o h av e un dertaken to te ac h
t h e m i n d isti n g uis h ed sit uati o n s m ay req ui re t h at t h e disappro
b ati on h ere expressed s h o uld be s up ported by t h e aut h ority of
L an guage an d L i terature b y
,
very e m i n en t aut h ors
S wi ft a wri ter ofp ure
.
,
E n glish ,
p referred
{k ri llfro m
t h e S axo n
verb thr i llian to pen etrate fro m t h e L ati n verb pen etra e
D octor W h atel y Arc h bi s h op of D ub l i n , an d a d isti n g uis h ed
“
n
n
P h i l osop h i cal wri ter t h us expresse s th e s am e opi i o
To
t h ose wh o i s h to be un derstood an d to wri te wit h en ergy on e of
t h e bes t pri n ci p l es of selecti o n , i s ge n er all y to prefer te rm s of
r
,
.
,
w
S axon
origin
,
,
,
”
.
T h e l ate R obert H all wh os e st yl e c o m bi n es t h e e n ergy of
J o h n so n wi t h t h e si m pli ci ty an d t h e e l egan ce of Addiso n , er ased
t h e word pen etrate an d s ubstit uted pierce fro m t h e S axo n verb
,
,
.
p
erc i an
.
After s ays Dr Gregory R ober t Hall h ad wri tten
h i s ce l ebrated
stri ki n g ap ostrop h e wh i c h o cc urs i n
.
,
do wn
,
the
er m o n
s
on
Eter
I n fi deli ty at abo ut p age 76 of m o st of t h e edi ti o n s
n al G od on
wh at are t h i n e e n e m i es i n te n t ! wh at are t h ose
,
terpri ses of g ui l t an d h orro r t h at , for t h e s afety of t h ei r per
form ers requi re to b e e n vel op ed i n a d ark n ess wh i c h t h e eye of
H eave n m ust n ot pen etrate ! h e asked “ D i d I say pen etrate,
en
,
,
”
S i r,
wh e n I pre ac h e d i t
?
Y es
”
Do you t h i n k S i r I m ay
ve n ture to al ter i t ? for n o m an wh o c o n sidered th e force of th e
En gli s h l an g uage wo ul d use a word of t h ree syll ab l es t h ere b ut
fro m abso l ute n e cessi ty
Y ou are do ubtless , at l iberty to
”
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
lter i t i f you wi ll
T h e n h e s o good Si r , to t ake yo ur pen
ci l an d for pen etrate putpierce ; pierce is t h e word, Si r , an d t h e
a
,
,
.
.
,
UCTIO N
INTR O D
.
I h ave n ow t h e evid e n ce of t h is
word to b e used t h ere
before m e i n t h e e n ti re m an uscri pt wh i c h I c arefull y preserve
am o n g m y r i c h est l i ter ary tre as ures
T h e ac ute an d e n ergeti c aut h or Dr C ro m bi e wh o h as do n e
m ore to si m plify t h e st r uct ure of t h e En gli s h L an g uage t h an an y
"
Of all l an g uages
writer l ivi n g or de ad t h us express es h i m sel f
to wh i c h t h e atte n ti o n of t h e st uden t can be di rected tkut i s fi r st
e n ti tled to co n sider ati o n wh i c h wi l l be called i n to m ost frequen t
exerc ise i n act
ive life an d of h is profici e n cy i n wh i c h al m ost
en
”
ly
.
,
,
.
“
.
,
,
,
,
,
every i n d ivid ual wit h wh o m h e m ay i n fut ure c h an ce to be as
soc i ated wi l l b e co m pete n t to fo r m an op i n i o n
I t i s an egregi o us e r ror to i m agi n e t h at a perfect k n o wl edge
of G reek an d L ati n precl udes t h e n ecessi ty of st udyi n g t h e pri n
,
”
.
,
,
ci
of
n
E
l
e
s
p
glis h Gram m ar
T h e str uct ure o f t h e
.
t h at of t h e m oder n l an g uages are very dissi m il ar
l
n g uage
h
ow l ike soever
a
c uli ar idi o m s of an
y
an
y ot h er
ti ve perusal of tbc
u
t
t
i
on
a
p
,
m ust
be le ar n ed by st ud y
best wri ters i n
that lan guage
.
fii
z ul to t
be m ore r cp roac/
b c p rq
/
c en
ti n
an
d
t h e pe
i ts ge n e r al
in
,
N or
‘
ci e n t
N ay
.
,
p r i n ci ples to
an
an d an atten
c an
an
m
i
y
C lassical L i terature,
t h an wit h a cri ti cal k n o wledge of G reek an d L ati n wh i c h are
n ow de ad l an g uages to be s up e r fici all y acquai n ted wit h h i s n ati ve
to n g ue i n wh i c h h e m ust thi n k an d Speak an d write
,
,
,
,
.
,
wh o h as go n e on wi t h a series of
An d i n t h e words of h i m
i n tel lectual ac h i evem e n ts so b rilli an t an d so r api d t h at t h ere i s
,
,
co n te m por ary an al ogy to be fo un d for t h e m except i n t h e
m i li t ary co n quests of h i m wh o sleeps at St H ele n a
T h e En gl is h writers wh o re al l y un lo ck t h e ri c h so urces of
t h e l an g uage are t h ose—wh o used a good S axo n di alect wit h
n o
.
,
e ase correct n ess an d perspi c ui ty l e ar n ed i n t h e an ci e n t cl as
si cs b ut o n l y e n ri c h i n g t h ei r m ot h er to n g ue wh ere t h e Atti c
co ul d s uppl y its defects
T h ose gre at wits h ad n o fore
k n o wl edge of s uc h ti m es as s ucceeded t h ei r bri lli an t age wh en
wi t h a n eedless profusi o n of an cie n t
styles s h o ul d arise
wo r ds an d fl exi on to di splace those of our own S axon i n ste ad
of tem per atel y s upplyi n g i ts defe cts L e ast of all co uld t h ose
l i g h ts of En gl i s h eloq ue n ce h a-e i m agi n e d th at m en sh o uld ap
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
s
,
,
.
‘ ’
UC TIO N
IN TR O D
.
pe ar am o n gst us professi n g to te ac h co m posi ti o n an d i g n or an t of
t h e wh o l e of its r ul es an d i n c ap ab l e of rel i s h i n g t h e beauti es or
i n deed ap pre h e n di n g t h e very ge n i us of t h e l an g uage s h o ul d
tre at i ts pec uli ar ter m s of ex pr essi o n an d fl exi on as so m an y i n
acc uraci es an d p racti se t h e i r p upi ls i n correcti n g t h e faulty
E n gli s h of Addiso n an d tr ai n i n g d o wn to the m ech an i c al r h yt h m
of Jo h n so n th e li vel y an d i n i mi t ab l e m eas ures of Bo l i n gb roke
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
,
.
C O N T ENT S
s ax ox D
.
E R I V AT I V E S
.
Adve r bs
Te r ms P ar ti ci ples or Adj ecti v es gen e r al ly co n sid ered as
ei th er Arti cl es or S ubst an tives or Pro n o un s or C on
.
,
,
,
,
,
P ar ti ci pi al te r m i n ati o n (I c h an ged to t
P ar ti ci pi al ter m i n ati o n d ed an d en affi
xed to t h e
.
,
,
Ed,
cn
,
an d
,
,
en
d of
y Adj ecti ve
,
I n stan ces of
P ast P ar ti ci ple for m ed by addi n g ed or en ei t h e r to th e
I n di c ati ve m ood of t h e V e r b or to t h e Past
P ast Te n se e m pl oyed as a Par ti ci
Past Te n se for m ed by a c h an ge o f t h e c h aracte r i sti c
l etter of t h e V e r b
I n stan ces of th e us age 0 1 th e P as t
I n st an ces of th e P ast Te n se or P ast
P ast Te n se of V e r bs wh os e c h ar cte r isti c l ette r was i o r
y wr itten eit h er wit h 0 or a b road or on o r u or
1 s h ort
Parti ci pl es for m ed b y a c h an ge of t h e c h aracterist i c let
,
.
a
,
,
,
,
,
S ubst an ti ves i n th asse r ti n g a P assive Se n se are fo r m ed
gen er all y f r o m Adj ectives b ut an Active Se n se f r o m
th e t h i r d p erson si n g ul ar of V e r bs
“lords wh i c h h ave tot all y c ast off all t h e letters of t h e
d isc r i m i n at i n g ter m i n ati o n
—F ut ure Te n se Adj ective
Adj ective —Forei g n
F ut ur e I n fi n i ti ve i n
P art i ci ple i n i n g an d e n de
,
,
,
,
.
.
23
24
C O NTEN TS
.
Th e
P ast Te n se used for th e P ast
Pote n ti al Act ive an d Passi ve
O ffi
ci al P ass i ve
Ex am pl es for pr act i ce
G reek L ati n an d F re n c h
L ati n an d S axo n Preposi ti o n s used i n
C reek Prep ositi o n s to wh i c h refere n ce is
Exalllples for
An alysi s O f C llaucel s
,
,
~'
xalll ples t0 1
la
.
~
’
Defln i ti O lls all d
An al ysis
O
Exaln ples
O
O O O O C O O O O O l Q O O O C O O
f Dollglas s
’
for
ractl c eo o o e o o o o o o o
p
an d R efere n
o o o oo o oo o ooo oo o oo o oo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Defi n i ti o n s
ces
An alysi s of Spe n cer s styl e
Ex am ples for
D efi
S axo n
n iti o n s of, an d R efere n ces to
’
,
G R AEEM AR
’
O F T HE
AN
GLO
-
S
AX
TO N GU E
O N
.
AR TI C LE
Arti cl es were i n ve n ted to d e n ote t h e c l ass , an d to poi n t out t h e
i n divid ual obj ect referred to
0
S e seo t h at (
e to ) t h e t h at i s of t h ree Gen ders an d de
eli n ed as fol lo ws
S ING
T HE
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
M asc
Fcm
'
Nom
len
.
N eat
.
.
Se
Seo
T h aas Th zere
T h am Th mre
T h o n e Th a
.
,
,
.
,
Dat
.
,
,
,
T h at
N om
.
T h is
T h ai n
T h at
.
Gen
D at
.
.
.
.
Ac e
Ace
V oc
Voc
Ab
Ab
T h am Thaere T h am
T h am
fro m t h e
For Se so m eti m es i s us ed Seo t h o n e tli zen e
T h at n e uter i s so m eti m es prefixed for t h e s ake of greater
e m p h asi s to M asc ul i n e an d Fe m i n i n e n o un s
b ee S axon D er i vati ves page 21 —
A aly si s o
f the S ty le o
f Ch aucer page 62
an d my E n glish G r am m ar
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
11
,
,
,
.
S U BST AN TI V E
N o un i s t h at p art of s pee c h wh i c h expresses t h e s ubj e ct of d is
co urse as s un u a son
T h e first D ecl e n si o n m akes t h e G e n i ti ve i n es t h e seco n d i n an
t h e t h i rd i n n e the fo urt h i n a See the ter m i n ati o n of th e ot h er
c ases
N O UN
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
AN GL O
-
X
SA ON
F IR S T D ECL ENS IO N
S m it h faber ri —a work m an
.
,
N
Sm i t h
.
,
wo r k m an
a
.
,
Pl ur
.
N S m i th asor S m i th es, workm e n
G S m i th a, of
.
.
.
G S m i th es of a
D S m i th e to a
D S m i t h um to
Ace S m i th a
Ac e S m i th as
V Eal a th u S m i t h 0 t h o u
V Eal a ye S m i th as o y e
Ab S m i t h e fro m a
Ab S m i t h um fro m
An dyi t se n s us un d erst an di n g m akes i ts N o m i n ati ve Acc us a
ti v e an d V o c ati ve si n gular an d pl ur al i n n
T h e N o m i n ative
Acc us ati ve an d V ocati ve Si n g ul ar an d Pl ur al of \V erd a word
et c are al i ke
'
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
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,
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,
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
.
,
,
,
.
S ECO N D DE CLENS IO N
VV i tega proph eta a v ates i s a p ro p h et
S ING
P LU R
’
N Wi tega a
p r op h et N NV i tegan
p rop h ets
W i tegan of
G Wi teyen a of
D lV i tegan or en
D VV i tegum to
to
Aec W i tegan a
Ac e Wi tegan o r as
V Eal a ye Wi tegan 0
V Eal a th u VV i tega 0
Ah W i tegan fro m
Ab Wi tegum f r o m
.
c
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
'
.
.
,
,
S ee S axon D er
.
page 18
.
T h e D ati ve S i n g ul ar of de m a a j udge i s dzem en or deem an
th e Ge n i ti v e Pl ur al dmm an a o r dam en a, of j ud es ; an d t h e
g
Acc us ati ve Pl ur al daem en as or dzem an as j udges
,
,
a
i
.
,
S ee S ax
.
D er
.
page 4 3
.
Proper n am es Adj ecti ves Pro n o un s an d Par ti ci pl es wi t h t h os e
en di n g i n a h avi n g a pre fi
x are decli n ed i n t h i s m an n er
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
TH IR D D ECLENS IO N
an ci ll a 20 a m ai dserv an t
PLU R
.
n
,
,
.
,
N
VV i ln a,
.
G
.
I)
Wi l n a
.
VV i ln a
Eal a ye V‘ Li n a
.
.
.
.
.
FO U R TH
,
.
.
Ab
S un u
n o, n u
.
Ac c
V
n e,
.
D ECLENS IO N
li us i i a so n
fi
.
'
,
,
N
.
.
S un a
.
PLU R
.
G R AMMAB
S un a
D S un a n u
Ac e S un a n u
V Eal a th u S un a
Ab S un u
l
.
.
.
,
G S un a
D S un um
Ac c S un a
V Eal a y e S un a
Ab S un um
.
.
.
.
.
.
u
.
,
.
,
‘
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
An alysis Qf th e st
f
Ch auce
o
r
page 62
,
.
T h ere are m an y Hetero cl i tes e der fat h er i s i n t h e si n g u
Iar n um ber a M o n optote
b ut i n t h e pl ur al follo wst h e fo r m of
(Eg an egg m akes (
t h e fi r st Decl e n si o n
E gru i n t h e pl ural
An glo —
S axon n o un s to be d e cli n ed —S ce S ax ler page 2 0 to
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
1
.
.
i
.
T h e m ost co m m o n ter m i n ati o n s of Masc ul i n e N o un s are
er o r ere wer or were
as san yER E a si n ger
a
of pri m iti ve n o un s
as se n am A t h e n am e
ln
as fl eoM fl ig h t
as r a
els
edELs a riddl e
sc ype—d e n oti n g c are ofli c e etc as freon d S C IP E fri e n ds h i p
i n g belon gin g to p at r o n yIn Its as R leS IN G th eson of Eli z a
l i n g— de n oti n g t h e state of a
p e r so n or t h i n g
as deorL IN G a d arli n g
dom —de n oti n g ri g h t or j udg
m en t,
as gyn i n gDO M a ki n gdo m
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
fi
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
CO M
M O ST
M
O N TER MIN ATIO N S O F FE M IN IN E N O U NS
estre i stre ystre
e —seo eorth E th e e art h
,
,
an
g
,
an
i n g, (n ot
ge,
m i c , ) on
ge
g
, a s ayi n g
un
,
,
,
,
p atro n y
,
tem ptati o n
an d b yrth EN a b u r t h e n
as soth fa
estn yS S E tr ut h
as stren gTH
S ax Der
as costn U N Y E,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
—saeyen
li es
n esse n i s i ss
e
s
s
y
u o uth an d so m e i n th
h ad si g n i fyi n g st ate , co n diti o n
or qual i ty
en
as san yISr R E , a so n gstress
an d h eortE, t h e h e art
'
,
,
.
.
,
,
as gi l d -
,
h ad,
c h i l d h ood
.
ws
M O S T C O MMO N TE R M IN ATIO NS or N EU TE R N e
wN o un s wit h t h is e n di n g are N e n ter ) asth e t
as th zet dom eru t h e co urt of J ustlce
ern
ed as t h eet wered t h e m ul titude
et set]
as t h e
t h e se at
I
e,
(a fe
“
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
E t h e ear
ear
,
.
ANGL O -S AX O N
ADJ EC TIV ES
An Adj ecti ve expresses t h e q ual ity of a t h i n g
.
in
con crete .
E n gli sh Gaam m ar , page 3 4
.
God, b o n
gode b o n a ; god bo n um good
PLUR
us;
,
S ING
.
M as
Fem
.
N
God, da
G ode
.
.
G G od es dan
D Godum dan
.
.
,
.
Ac e Godn e, dan
.
V
God a
.
G od re
G od re
G o de
G od e
.
,
.
.
God
Godes dan
G od am an
G od
God
G od am dan
.
dan
.
.
All Adj ecti ves
— 5\ve i
i n i g an
m
in
are
in
d ecli n ed
.
,
page 2 3
—s
.
.
.
.
Ch aucer , page 63
11
.
‘
as l an
d reary
.
g -S UM, l o n eso m e
.
-
,
l ean or t h i n
TY M E fr uitful
as h efi
g
as woh FULL woeful
as n am e LE AS n am eless
as th i n
,
S ax
l i ce—l i ke , expressi ve of si m i l i
.
,
-
.
D er
.
.
.
,
-
,
h e or
n UL ,
-
,
i n
.
.
,
in
in
in
.
ADJ E C TIV ES , AR E
ter m i n ati o n y , as dreorxs,
—
.
t h i s m an n e r
t
o
t
h
e
g
sum so m e
expressi n g h abi t or d is
p ositi o n ,
o ] ul al s o expressi n g h ab i t or di s
p ositi o n
b eer an d tym e—d en oti n g ferti l ity ,
ful l —de n oti n g pl e n ty
l e as—de n oti n g pri vati o n
,
.
.
.
TER MINA
TIO NS O F
r n
.
.
.
,
S ee S ax D er
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Godre
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
rs
G od an
G ode n a
G od e
G G od ra
D Godum
Ace G ode G od an
V G ode
G od an
Ab G od am G od an
N
.
.
.
Ab Godum
.
.
.
Of all Gen de
N uet
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
page 7
.
god l ike
an d Ch auce r page 65
S ax D er page l S—
en —
exp ressi n g m ateri al ity etc
as b llc EN b eec h e n
—
l
i
sh Gr am m ar page 3 6
S ax D er
a
a
n
e
Q
S
a
z
E
g
g
p
eun d
si gn ifyi n g n at ure or ki n d
as eorth C UND e art h l y
ise, i s h si gn i fyi n g n ati o n o r co un try , as en gllsc e n gl is h
de ,
as god - Li e,
tu
.
In
.
,
.
.
In
,
,
-
.
.
.
,
z
,
,
-
-
in
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
S ax D er
.
C O MPAR IS O N O F ADJ E C TIV ES
.
.
,
page 11
.
.
T h e co m p ar ati ve d egree i s for m ed b y addi n g ar aer e r , ere
i r or ur an d yr (ere , before ) an t h e S up erl ati ve b y addi n g
xi n g ti r
ast z est est i st, ost , ust yst (erst fi
rst ) an d by prefi
i
n
u
n S ubst an ti ve ,
a
n d fe
N
st
by
t
h
i
s
ord
to
o
e
n
d
w
fi
x
a
a
o
s
e
d
t
,
g
p
T h us ,
Posi ti ve
S uper lative
C om par ati ve
R igh twi se ri g h teo us
R i ghtwi sest, m ost
R i gh twisere m ore
Hadig h ap py ti r—eadig h ap pi est —fast co n st an t gi n fz est
m ost co n st an t—wuldor gl ory wuldor fzest m ost g l ori o us
E gli sh G r am mar page 3 8 an d An al
C
h
u
sis
t
o
a
cer page 4 5
l
e
e
t
h
S
f
qf
y
y
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
n
.
.
,
,
m
.
,
,
GR AN M \ R
.
l X C EPT IO N S
Posi ti ve
N i cel,
r
more
C om pa a! i ce
.
g re at or
,
m uc h
In zc re,
.
'
S uper /atIve
.
.
S ax
G od
good
L ytel s m all
h eter o o r selre b ette r
l esse less
.
,
,
.
,
Der
.
D er
wyrs, worse
l, b ad
.
.
13
solost,
,
‘
.
page
,
l zest l e ast
S aa
c
.
h ctst,
.
.
,
m ost
IllIOS t,
.
.
.
best
.
page 1 0
,
,
wyrrcst wyrst worst
.
,
S li l
‘
.
D er
.
,
page 2 3
.
P R O N O UN S
Pro n o un sare e m p l oyed to preve n t t h e ti r eso m e r epeti ti o n of
.
n am es
.
r am m ar page 2 3
lo ego I h as
E n gli sh G
T h e Pri miti ve Pro n o un of t h e fi
rst p erso n
Dual an d i s de cl i n ed as foll o ws
S IN GUL AR or ALL GENDE RS
DU AL N0 1 o
N om Wi t we two
N om lo I ego
U n c er of us two
Gen
Gen
M i n of m e o r m i n e
Dat U n c un ye , un cr um to
Dat M e to m e
,
,
,
.
,
a
,
'
.
,
I
,
.
'
.
,
.
,
,
.
Ac c M e m e
Abl M e fro m
.
,
,
.
,
,
two,
,
us
Ac c W i t us two
Abl Un c un y e , un crum fro m
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
me
.
.
,
,
us two
,
,
.
PLUR AL
N
or ALL
We
.
.
Cogn ate L an guages, page 4
.
U r e,
to
Us ,
to
Us,
U s , fro m
.
.
.
-a7ld
us
.
us.
us
.
us
.
An alysi s of
Th u, tu, th ou
S IN G
Th u t h ou tu
T h i n of th e e
T h e to t h ee
T h e t h ee
Eal a th u o t h o u
T h e, fro m t h ee
.
N om
Gen
.
Dat
.
Acc
.
V oc
Ab l
.
.
.
N om
.
,
,
.
.
,
Ac c
Vo c
Abl
.
,
.
Gen
Dat
.
.
Ac c
.
.
.
S PHO I, SPHO
,
ye two
In cer of you two
In c i n crum to you two
Gyt,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
Eal a
.
y e,
.
.
Y e you vos
Bo wer of you
Bow to you
Bow, you
.
,
Ch aucer , page 63
In c, you two
Eal a i n c, 0 you two
In c, i n cr um , fro m you two
,
.
V oc
Ab b
.
D UAL
,
.
N om
th e sty le o
f
,
.
.
,
.
Gen
Dat
.
,
.
us
,
G
D
Ac
Ab
‘
G EN DER S
.
o
e
y
.
Bow, fro m you
An al
f Ch aucer ,
y si s qf th e sty le o
.
.
page 63
.
AN GLO —
S AX O N
H e h eo h i t h e
,
,
,
M
N om
l
(i
en
.
.
Dat
.
Ac e
.
"
l bl
.
,
it
sh e,
.
F
He h e ille
H eo sh e i l l a
H i t i t i llud
H is of lni m
H i r e of h e r
H i s of i t
Hi m to h i m
H i re to h er
H i m to i t
Hi n e h i m
H i h er
Hit it
Hi m fro m h i m
H i re fro m h er H i t fro m i t
PLU R or ALL G ENDE R S
N on i H i
t h e y i lli ze a
Gen
H i r a of t h e m or t h ei r h eor a fem
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
Dat
.
Ac e
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
Hi m ,
Hi ,
,
An alysis of
.
,
Ch aucer , page 63
ative , an d acc usati ve
th e st
y le of
.
H i g i s so m eti m es used for h i i n t h e n o m i n
pl ur al ; an d h eo m for h i acc us ati ve pl ur al Fro m h i r a
h eora co m es t h e old E n gli s h word h er for t h ei r
an d
.
,
.
,
C h aucer , page 63
S IN G
.
.
T h i s th i s
F
T h is
t h eos
N om
.
.
Ac e
Abl
.
.
h oe
N
.
,
.
thi s
th i ssere,
Th i ses,
Th i sum ,
Th i sn e,
Th i sum ,
h are
.
,
,
Dat
h i e,
,
,
.
th i ses,
.
th i ssere,
thi sum ,
th as,
th i s
th i sser e,
PLUR
t h is
of th i s
to t h i s
th i s
fro m t h is
,
.
.
,
th i sum ,
.
ALL
G ENDER
t h ese h i h ee h az e
N om Th as
Th i ssera
of t h ese
Gen
Dat Th i sum
to t h ese
Ace Th as
t h ese
Ab l Th i sum
fro m th ese
et are used i n ste ad of t h is etc
Th a
es t h es th zes t h at th a
—
a
e
1
1
S axon D e
1
2
0
2
A9 alysis of th e style of Ch aucer page 63
g
p
E gli sh G r am m ar
.
.
or
,
,
.
,
.
.
r.,
,
n
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
1
,
,
.
,
.
T h e wh o q ui q uae q uod
T h e—fol l o wi n gan y of t h e p erso n al pro n o un s si g n i fies wh o as
S e t h e i s so m eti m es altered to T h e t h e—as T h e
lo t h e I wh o
th e on m e b elyfth H e wh o beli evet h i n m e etc
T h e prefixed to t h e sever al c ases of h e i s to be tran sl ated
wh o wh ose wh o m ; T h e th urgh h i s wi llan T h ro ug h wh ose wi ll
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
Gen
.
xi v , 8
.
,
,
.
S axon Der
l
.
,
—an d Ahalysi s qf lhe S tyle of
page i l
C/m accr , page 63
.
ANGL O
-
XO N
SA
U re , our
PLU R AL
N
.
G
D
Ac
V
Ab
.
.
.
.
.
U re ,
U r es ,
U r um ,
U rn e ,
U r e,
U r um ,
U rre
U rre
Ure
U re
U rre
or
ALL Gaxon n s
.
.
.
.
.
.
U ser
i s us ed i n ste ad of ure
U n ecr U n cres (n oi teros ) be l o n gi n g to us two an d i n cer
n gi n g t o
u
w
bel
o
o
o
a
re i n fl e cted as Urc
s
h
i
r
o
t
o
t
e
s
)
(p
y
A aly si s of th e S t
y le of Ch aucer page 63
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
n
,
.
OF N U MBER S
T h e C ardi n al N um bers are an on e ; twa two ; fi
f five ; tyn
etc
ten ; ctc
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
S ax Der
.
.
,
page 3 2
.
Fro m fo ur to a h un d re d t h e n um b ers are of all ge n de r s
T h e S axo n s used t h e wo r d h ealf to i n cre ase th e n um be r to
wh ic h i t was j oi n ed as wel l as to h al ve i t ; as ot h e r h ealf on e
S um , sig n i fies so m e
fi
fte h eal t; fo ur an d a h alf
an d a h alf
m ore o r l ess abo ut as s um e ten abo ut ten
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
O R DIN AL N UM BE R S
first ; so ot h er seco n d , etc , etc
.
Se for m a
,
.
,
.
S ax D er
.
Th e fi n al
teogoth a to
t we n tiet h
.
,
page 7 , 2 0
.
syll abl e tig i n th e c ardi n al i s c h an ged to tigoth a or
for m t h e Ord i n al , as twen ti g t we n ty twen teogoth a
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
Sax D er
.
.
,
page 4 3 ,
4
V ER B S U BST AN TI V E
A V e rb p red i c ates so m e acti o n p assi o n or s tate of i ts s ubj ect
E n glish G r am m a r
.
,
,
.
.
M oon
lND IC AT IV E
.
Prese n t Te n se
or Wesan to b e esse
.
Beo n
,
,
.
PLUR
Of all Pers o n s
.
Perso n
1, Eom , c am , am , om , b eom ,
b oo, ar , sy, si , sum , I am
.
2 , Bar t ,
r h bis t; es si es
a t
,
,
,
,
si e n t si n d si n t si n si e n S ee n
si e syn don si n d un a r o n bit h
on
h eath sum us esti s S un t
W e are you are t h ey are
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
T h o u art
bit h si est
3 V s i s byt h
He i s
O n ly on e, t h e first of th efor m s to b e co m m i tted to
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
m e m ory
.
,
~
,
GR A
R.
MM A
P ast Ten se
.
.
PLU R
O f all Perso n s
.
Perso n
.
T
(
ui , f n eram , I
“he ro n , wresun , eram us, era
was, h ave , h ad b ee n
tis , eran t, fui m us, ete , fueram
e re, e r as , fn i sti , fue r as , us, etc ,
e we re , h ave , h ad
1, “ hes,
c ram ,
w
.
2,
.
T h o u wast h a t h adst bee n
“ fas wa
fi l er
es erat fui t
at He was h as had b ee n
s
,
3,
-
,
,
,
,
,
bee n
.
,
etc
,
.
etc.
.
,
,
.
F ut ure Te n se
Pe r so n
1 , Bee, b oo m , b i o m , em ,
sh al l b e
2 , Bys t, c r is , T h o u s h al t b e
.
PLU R
.
Of all Pe r so n s
Booth , b i th on
I
e
.
We s hall
mn t,
.
eri m us, eri ti s,
,
be,
etc
.
etc
.
.
3,
Byt h , wres,
H e s h all
er i t,
be
S o m eti m es th e F ut ure is expressed by t h e I n fi
n iti ve with seeal
s h all , prefixed as 10 sceal beo n
I s h al l be , to b e
.
,
.
.
,
Chauc er , page 64
I MP ER ATIVE Moon
Pers o n
2 , Be et h ,
‘
vel sig th u
W es si s es to b e th o u
Byt h h e sy h e s i h e S i g
h e si e n d e h e sit esto be
h e or l et h i m be
,
3,
si
th u,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
PLU R
Perso n
1 , Beo n
,
.
h
0t ,
,
.
we, si m us,
si n
ve l
l et us be
2 Beo n ot h b eo ye ve l si n ye
wese ye wosas ye si ti s be
ye
3 Beo u hi vel si n h i si e n h i
sun to let t h e m b e
A aly si s of the S tyle of Ch auc er page 73
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
n
.
,
P O T ENT IAL M0 0 1)
P r ese n t Te n se
.
.
PLUR
Perso n
1
Beo, si , sy,
si m ,
l m ay
or
.
Perso n
1, Be et h , on , si n , syn , si m us,
W e m ay b e
2 , Beoth , on , si n , syn , b eoth ,
si ti s,
Y e m ay be
3 , Beoth , on , si n , syn , si n t ,
T h ey m ay be
be
T h o u m ayst
2 Byst si sis
or c an st be
3 Beo byt h S i si t , H e m ay
or can be
Fo r si an d si n si o seo sig si e se si o n seo n are ofte n used
In t h e Opt ati ve M ood t h e words Eal a gi f o h i f are p r efixed to
e ac h p erso n i n bo th n um bers as Eal a gi f i e beo, o h i f I were
can
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
AN GLo S AX O N
xvi i i
-
P ast Te n s e
.
S ING
O f all Perso n s
“he r e essem fn eri m fui ssem
etc [ m ig h t h e m ay
esses etc
h ave co uld h ave bee n etc et c
P LU R
Of all Perso n s
“H
an
ero n
en
n u wzere
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
sem us, esseti s,
.
M 0 0 1)
,
t,
ess en
fui ssem us, etc
b e, m ay h ave ,
IN FIN ITIV F
Been
,
,
,
es
,
fueri i n us,
W e m i gh t
co uld h ave bee n
etc
.
.
.
.
bi o u b i n by an J i e n wzeran ess e to be
7
“ 0 5 21 woss a wos an
To b eon n e to
wet h e wi e D S esse
b i on ue to wosan n e exi sten di exi sten do exi sten dur n of bei n g
to bei n g i n bei n g to b e
H yt i s ti m a to beon n e I t i s ti m e to be
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
'
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
Page 2 4
“
Us
is h ere to
We m ust be h ere
b eouue,
.
.
Page 2 4
‘
I NDIC AT Ivr M oon
Prese n t Te n se
’
Weorth an \ V yrth an to be co m e
-
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
S ax D er page 9
.
.
S ma
PLU R
’
.
Pe rso n
1 , lo weorth e, wart h e, wu r de ,
1
o, h am ,
sum , e ro , si m ,
am beco m e , etc
2 , T h u weorth est, wurth est,
wurdest , es , e r i s, sis, s,
fi
Perso n
1 , “lo
an
fies fi
as
T h o u art et c
H e weorth e wurth e we
wu r de est cri t
orth eth
sit fit h et fi
at
He is
,
,
3,
,
,
,
etc
,
52,
,
,
,
etc
,
-
,
.
.
fi
Hi weordon , weorth ou an
en , n u weorth ath , wurt h
3,
,
,
fi fi
,
,
,
\ V e are
Y e weordon , weorth e, we
orth eth , ath , esti s , eri ti s,
siti s,
ti s, eti s,
Ye
ati s,
.
,
.
,
weordon
weorth an
en
weorth ath wu r th
ath , sum us,
.
fi
,
.
,
,
,
,
ath ,
.
s uut etc
,
T h ey
.
are,
Past Te n s e
.
’
I LU R
S ING
.
Perso n
fi
1 , Ic wearth , i i , I h ave b eco m e
2 , Th u wearth est, wurdon ,
fuisti
H e h as
3 , H e wear th , fuit,
’
.
Perso n
1,
2,
bee n etc
,
.
Weweordon
,
fui m us
weordeth , fuis
an
,
en
,
.
Y e weordou
(i s
H i weordon fuerun t T h ey
h ave bee n etc
,
.
.
-
.
3,
,
,
,
.
GR A
MMAR .
S i xc
Pe r so n
2 W eorth a th u
I M P E R ATIVE M oon
PLU R
.
Pe r s o n
l W eorth on
be t h o u
wart h e h e ; si t
,
,
3,
.
esto,
’
.
,
.
an
,
,
en
n
,
u,
we,
si m us
.
.
2 , \ V eorth e ve. est ete
f
“
3.
eorth e h i , s un to ,
lN FlN l l lV E M oon
.
l et t h em
’ ‘
W eorth au
exi steudi d o
bee n ; d o n e
w
eorth au,
e
y
’
,
,
dum ,
,
wo r t h an
to weortli au
f
ct
w
rdeu
o
a
us ;
e
y
esse to
of bei n g etc ; worde n
D er i vatives, page 9 ,
J‘
be ;
,
,
.
,
,
—
.
S ax on
.
s an d J
lysh of
ua
,
,
th e S t
f
yle o
POSS ESS I VE V ER B
Ch aucer , page
.
C h aucer , page 64
.
T h e Poss essi ve V erb is t h us co n j ug ated
In fi
n
Pe r f
Haefod h ad
(h ab erc ) to h ave
.
Habb au,
.
,
,
I NDIC ATIVE Moon
Prese n t
P ast
ELL IP T IC AL FO R M or
.
.
lo h zeb be,
Thu h zeb b est,
He
We
Ye
Hi
h zeb b ath ,
g
Prese n t
.
h aafod,
h zefodest,
etod,
ha
"
s
g
;
h asb b e,
h zebb e,
llzeb b e,
h aab bon
5
g
4
b
5
”
,
h zeb b ou ,
ha
eb b on ,
I N FIN ITIV E Moon
.
S IN G
to h ave , h abere
THE
P ast
.
h zeb b ath ,
ha
ebb ath ,
h zebbath,
I MP E R ATIV E M oon
.
g
?
V ER B
.
h zefod,
h wfod,
lm fod,
;
g
g
:
h aa
fdon ,
ha
efdou,
ha
efdon
a
g
“
.
.
.
H afa th u h ave t h o u Hzebb au
.
,
,
PLU R
.
.
Hab bath y e , h ave ye Haebb en n e, ab out to h ave , h ab i turusesse , e tc
’
.
P AR TIC IPLES
Prese n t
P ast
.
Ha
ebbeude, h avi n g
.
.
.
Hzefed, h zefd, h ad
.
.
.
ANGLO
In
M agan
-
fi
n
SAX O N
Prese n t
.
.
p osse to b e able , M arg m ay
S cealan d ebere , to owe
S ec al
s h all
VVylle, wil l
Wyllau, ve ll e , to will
,
,
,
,
,
M ild ,
,
,
,
S c eold,
,
Wold wol de
-
,
M oon
INDICATIVE
,
S ING
S ecal, I sh all
S cealt, t h o u sh al t
S ceal, h e s h all
me
sg ,
he
e on
ma
g
g
m zegon
,
In ze on ,
,
m ay, etc
.
.
,
,
M ot, t o be
m et,
Ye
‘
Hi
.
!
.
,
,
m oto u ,
ou
y
m ust
m ost,
m ay,
iVER BS
Pr ese n
.
ye wi ll
t h ey wi l l
VVy llo n ,
Wyllon ,
.
.
.
I m ust
m ostest t h o u m us t
m ost
h e m ust
we m ust
m osto n
m osto n
ou m ust
y
m osto n
t h ey m ust
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
th ey m ay,
m oto u,
.
M ost ,
ble
a
we m ay
,
,
.
.
.
Wyllon we will
’
,
e
,
,
S c eolon , we sh al l
S eeolon , ye s h al l
S eeolon , t h ey s h all
,
‘
.
.
I m ay or can
t h o u m ayes t,
h e may
lo m ot,
Th u m otest,
'
.
.
,
we m oto u
PLUR
.
,
.
we m ay etc
y e m ay etc
t h e y m ay etc
“
He
.
.
.
Wylle I wil l
W ylt th o u wi lt
Wylle h e wi ll
’
.
.
.
.
g , I m ay , 0 1 can
Io m aa
Th u m a
s est, t h o u m ayst , etc
y
,
s h o uld
wo uld
.
,
AC TI V E
.
C h a ucer , page 64
.
[
t Te n s e
.
S ING
,
Perso n
fi
am o, am abo ,
1 , lo Lu ye,
2 , Th u Lufast, est st , am as , am abis,
3 , He Lufath , et h , { th , am at , am ah i t,
.
I l ove
T h o u l ov est ,
,
He loves,
I s h all lo ve
sh altlove
r
.
.
h ll l ove
s a
.
s
i ms
.
Perso n
fi
fi
fi
Io Eom lufi
eud
1 , W e L u ath ,
2 , Y e L u ath ,
3 , H i L u ath ,
,
S axon
64
am am us, am ab i m us,
am atis , am ab i tis,
am an
I
,
,
Y e l ove
T h ey l ove
.
.
,
fi
sh all love
s h al l l ove
sh all l ov e
,
lo sceail:Iu an , I sh all love, to l ove
o
a
G
d
t
s
e
l
a
n
n
a
s
t
h
e
S
l
e
A
i
f Ch aucer , page
p g
ly o
f
y
am
l ovi n g
.
L ufode, lufede,
1 , 1c
2 , Th u Lufodest,
3 , H e Lufode,
.
am ab un t,
on
D er i vati ves,
P erso n
t,
W e lo ve
—
.
GR AMMAR .
PLU R
Perso n
1 We
2 Ye
.
Lufwdop ,
Lufodo n
L ulodon ,
,
,
’
3 , Ii i
Perfect Te n se
S ING
.
.
Perso n
Hzehbe lufod,
1 , Ic
2 , Th u Hzeh b est lufod,
3 , He B a h h ath lufod,
I h ave l oved
T h o u h ast l oved
H e h as loved
'
.
‘
.
PLUR
.
Person
1 W e Hzeb b ath lufode
2 Y e Haz bbath lufode
3 H i Hzeb b ath lufode
\V e
Y ou
h ave l oved
h ave l oved
T h ey h ave loved
“
,
,
,
,
,
,
Pl uperfect Te n se
S IM
Perso n
1 , lo
2 , Th u
3 , He
1, W e
2, h e
3 , Ili
‘
.
,
.
.
Hzefdon yeh eorde,
Haafdon yeh orde
Haz fdon yeh eorde,
.
\ V e h ad h ear d
Y ou h ad h e ar d
T h ey h ad h e ar d
Ch auce r , page 61
audi veram us,
.
audi verati s
,
.
audi veran t,
.
.
T h e fut ure te n se i s for m ed as t h e prese n t an d also b y t h e
fro m th e verbs scealan debere ;
auxi l i ari es sceal an d wi l l e
wi llan , vel l e T h us Ic lufi
ye I s h al l l ove , 10 sceal or wi lle lu
fl an , I s h all or wi l l l o ve , to l ove
Cogn atc L an guages an d Chauce r page 64
,
,
.
,
'
,
,
.
,
F ut ure Te n se
S ING
.
.
.
P erso n
1 , lo
S ceal fzestau,
2 , Th u S eealt fzestau,
3 , H e S ecal fe
estan ,
.
I
h ad h eard
T h o u h adst h ear d
He h ad h e a r d
Hazfodes yeh eord
Haefod yeh eord,
‘
.
.
Haz fode yeh eord
‘
.
.
PLU R
Perso n
.
I
s h al l fast
T h o u s h al t fast
He s h all fast
.
.
.
AN GL O - S AX O N
PLUR
P C IS UII
xi l
X
.
.
‘
1,
2,
3,
We S c eolon
Y e S ecclou
H i S ceolon
,
,
fi
,
he
.
.
,
L ove t h o u
L et h i m l ove
.
,
PLU R
Pers o n
s h all fast
T h ey sh all fast
th u
3 , Lu ye
.
Y ou
.
,
Pers o n
2 Lufa
We s h al l fast
j ej un abi m us
j ej un abi tis
j ej un ab un t
feestaue,
,
fi
fi
1 , L n on we,
2 , Lu ye, i ath ,
2 , L uh o u h i ,
.
.
L et us l ove
L ove y e
L et t h e m love
.
ye
,
.
.
P R ES EN T P AR TI C I P L E
am an s
L ovi n g
an d en d etc
L ufi
L ovi n g i s so m eti m es i m p roperl y term ed Acti ve
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
E n gli sh C r az m n ar
T h i s P ar ti ci pl e d ropp i n g e fi n al for m s
T h us freon de freon d fri an d a fri e n d
,
,
,
S ubst an ti ve
.
.
,
,
a N o un
.
S ax D er
.
.
page 2 1 ,
,
etc ,
I t so m eti m es acqui res th e p o wer of a G er un d as R aeden de i e
tzeee B y re adi n g I te ac h : an d i s so m eti m es used fo r t h e P assi ve
an d F ut ure Parti ei ples as Th i sum worde yeh yren de am T h is
word bei n g h e ard
An aly sis Qf th e S ty le of Ch auc r page 64
,
’
,
,
,
,
.
e ,
O P TATIVE M 0 0 1)
Prese n t Te n se
(uti n am ) n un c am e m o h t h at I
.
.
.
Eal a gi f i c
ed , etc
n u
lufi ye,
,
,
wl ov
n o
.
P ast Te n se
(uti n am ) n un e am avi ssem o h t h at I
.
Eal a gi f i c
n
w l oved , etc
n o
u lufode,
,
,
h ad
.
F ut ure Te n se
(uti n am ) de m am
.
fi
Eal a gi f i c lu ye gyt,
yet love
am e m ,
o h , t h at I
m ay
.
E LL IP TIC AL
FO R M O F THE
V E R B —(SUBJ UN C TIV E M oon )
E gli h G r am m a r
all Te n ses , si m i l ar to t h at of t h e
.
.
n
T h is
for m of t h e V erb
i s, i n
s
.
AX GLO -S AX O N
Prese n t Te n se
lufod c um am er , si n ce or wh e n I (be )
.
T h on n e
l oved
i e n u eom
am
.
.
P O TENTIAL Moon
Pres e n t Ten se
am er , I m a
y be l oved etc
.
.
lufod,
I 0 m ay beo n
,
.
I N FIN ITIV E M oon
Prese n t Te n se
am ari bei n g l oved or to be l oved
.
.
,
,
F ut ure Te n se
am an d us to be yet l oved
.
.
lufod
gyt,
P AR TICIP LE
or
,
,
abo ut
.
P ast Te n se
F ut ure Te n se
n n e am an d us , to be l oved
e
Lufod yelufod am at us l ov ed To lufi
y
L oved is so m eti m es i m properl y ter m ed P ass i ve
E n gli sh G r am m a r
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
I M P E R SO N AL V ER BS
An I m pe rso n al ve r b i s expressed i n t h ree ways , lst b y m an
as m an b roh te t h ere was bro ug h t ; 2 dly b y h i t as h i t t h un rode
i t t h un d e r ed an d S dly by t h e t h i rd perso n of t h e V e r b used i n
an abso l ute se n se as m e th i n cth m e t h i n ket h , or i t see m s to m e
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
AN O M AL O U S V ER BS
An an to gi ve ; an I gi ve ; un n o I gi ve or t h ou g i vest
we you t h ey gi ve : ut h e uth eth e I or h e g ave
un n on
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
Sax D er
.
.
B ac an to b ake
,
;
b oc I b aked
,
,
to bi d ; be ad , b ude
.
S ax D er
b ed,
b ad e
,
to p ray ; b i dst ; b it ,
S ax D er
b ad,
b red
,
to b e n d be ah
;
,
,
S ax D er
S ax D er
,
fare n
C i fan
to gi ve ; D eaf
,
,
f,
(r e
e
D
d
5
af;
.
,
page 3 7
,
ge 3 7
pa
,
page 3 4
.
.
.
i
n
f
e
g
.
—3 1
.
S ax D er page 17
.
'
.
.
F aran , to go ; ferd e for ; ferdo n foro n
0
page 2 2
,
b i gde, b egd
.
,
.
.
.
Bige au b ug an
.
.
.
Bidd an
page 1 0
.
.
Beodan
,
.
.
S at
.
D er
page
5
.
.
—9—1 1
.
;
.
GR AMMA
R.
N i m an
to t ake ; n i m th
,
,
n om , n
am ; n um e n
S ax
Paz ean
to d ecei ve ; peeh te h e dec eived
,
,
D er
.
.
,
page
Sax D er
to pledge o n esel f ; plighte p l at
,
to cl i m b st ag
,
,
stall,
sti li
S ax D er
S ax
Teo n to d raw or accuse ; teo
,
on
,
,
to
,
tyth
:
.
D er
.
.
.
S ax D er
,
,
,
th ag,
a
S ax D er
th h
,
.
.
h e worked
; worh te,
page 3 4
.
page 3 7
.
.
,
page 43
,
page 2 1
,
page 4 1
.
.
.
.
.
worked
S ax D er
.
“
,
.
.
.
S ax D er
,
page 2 8
,
,
d r aw or profit by ; t h e ah
wore au to work
.
.
te h t uge ; teo h
W aci an to wake ; wacode weah t wake n ed
VVi r eau,
page 4 1
,
.
D er
'
.
T h e an
,
.
to b e si l e n t ; swi gode ; su n -ode ;suwo n
,
.
'
S ax
S wi gan
.
.
.
S ti gan
7
.
.
PlIgh tau,
—43
.
it an to k n o w; wat ; wast ; wi te n wi tod kn o wn
.
.
.
,
page 4 5
.
7
,
,
VVreon
,
to cover ; wroh wre ah
,
,
S ax D er
.
,
page 18
S ax D er
.
,
page 3 5
.
h e cov ered
,
.
.
.
Don
.
.
to do or m ake do I d o d est dyst t h o u d ost ; det h dyth
h e dot h ; dot h W e y e t h ey do di d di ed dyde h e di d or h at h
do n e ; dyden , we ye , t h ey di d ; d o , don , b e t h ey m ay d o
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
S ax D er page 1 2
.
.
—40
.
g an g an to go ; ga gan ye I go ; g aet h h e go es g at h we,
n t;
e
n t ; eodan
w
y
e
t
h
ey
w
e
e t h ey go code yeode l or h e w
e
,
,
y
a
a
a
go
t
h
o
g
t
h
go
ye
u
;
,
g
g
Gan
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
Sax
AD V ER BS
An Adv erb d e n otes so m e m odi fi
c ati o n of
bute ;
.
D er
e 16
a
g
p
.
.
.
an
exp ressed
r
attri
E n gli sh G am m ar
.
T IM E
Hwi lou wh i l o m h er eto fore ; zer before ; h rath e, so ua q ui ck
ly s h ortl y ; th a wh i l e ; th en dt n wh i lst , ti l l etc
OF
-
.
'
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
S ax , Der , page 12
PL ACE
wh it h er ; ufan , abo ve etc
OF
Hwaer, wh er e ; h wi der,
—
40
.
,
.
S ax D er page 5 5
.
An d
,
an d
t h e leS I est ; t h eah , th o ug h .
'
,
D
.
.
.
AN GL O -S AX O N
PR E PO S IPIO N S
'
Prepositi o n s s h o w th e rel ati o n t h at
.
t h i n g b ears to
ot h er
E gli h G r am m a r
t h e co n str uc ti o n as
on e
,
.
s
n
G ove r n i n g an acc us ati ve c ase an d used i n
wel l as t h e co m posi ti o n of t h e l an g uage
Wi t h ; b utan wi t h o ut ; uppan up upo n ; etc
an
.
.
,
,
,
S ax
B9 , b i ,
,
,
,
S ax
Un
in
,
,
D er
.
A D ATIV E on ABL AT IV E C asr
bi g b y ; b uf an above ; on i n ; ti l to
,
n ot,
I NS E P AR ABL E PR EPosn
as un c uth
un k n o wn
‘
.
o
.
.
—12
page 11
to
fi ll,
,
,
.
as FO R
E
-
s
.
S ax D er
Ci n n
an
to co m e before
,
re,
as ED- n i wi an
,
to
w etc
R -En c
,
.
page 5 8
.
.
S ax
Ed,
.
.
,
,
.
D er page 11— 12 — 1 3
.
Fore befo r e
.
Der
.
page 5 8
.
.
.
E n gli sh C
IN T ER J EC TI O N S
ram
m ar
.
.
I n te r j ec t i o n s are em pl oyed o n l y wh e n fro m so m e c i rc um stan
c es th e sh o r t n ess of ti m e wi l l n ot per m i t m en to use speec h
VVa al as ; wel well ; eal a gi f 0 t h at etc
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
S ax
.
Der
.
,
page 5 8
.
S Y N T AX
I T h e c ause i s put ei t h er i n th e G en i ti ve t h e Ac eusati ve or
t h e Abl ati ve c ase as G odes tudresyeszeli g “ h appy bec ause of a
good o ffsp r i n g ; M zerth um yefraeye
cel ebrated bec ause of h i s
M ajesty
II T h e Abl ati ve i s ofte n used abso lu
tely as Him forlaeten um
t h ey bei n g l eft
III A N o un of m ul ti t ud e i s ofte n j oi n ed to a V e r b or Adj oe
ti ve pl ur al as Th zet fol e wa
e
es yean bi di en de an d wuudrodon
h
t
y
p eopl e were waiti n g an d wo n dered
I V A N e uter Adj ecti ve used ab sol utely, r eq ui res a G e n i ti ve
c ase as Bal si n ces so m e (so m et h i n g of ) treas ure
V Adj ectives si gn ifyi n g pl en ty wan t l iken ess dign i ty an d
t h e n o un VV an a gover n a; G e n i ti ve an d so m eti m es an Abl ati ve
as F ul l h algum C aste full o f t h e H ol y G h ost
V L C o m p ar ati ve s are fo l l o wed by t h e t h o n n e t h an or by a
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
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,
,
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'
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,
,
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,
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
GR AM M AR
XX VI]
.
G e n i ti ve as H ys i n ara g r e ater t h an t h at ; or by an Ab l ative as
M a r e eallum ouszegdn yssn m m o r e t h an m an y s ac r i fices
V II S upe r l ati ves re q ui r e a (le n itive as Ealra wyrta m esst the
g r eatest of all h erbs
V I I I Th e V e rb S ubst an ti ve re q ui r es a (i ei i i ti ve c ase as Th a
t h i n g t h e syn d God es t h e t h i n gs wh i ch are G od s V erbs of de
si r i n g re m e mb e ri n g e n j oy i n g fe ar i n g expecti n g ce asi n g gen
n
d
t
Ge
m
i
a
n i ti ve c ase
on fen
a
n drzedan ad m i t an Ac
erall
o
a
g
y
c usati ve
V e r bs of acc usi n g an d d eprivi n g re q ui r e a G e n iti ve of
ar n a to bere ave of d augh te r s ;
th e t h i n g as Ber efi
an doh tra b e
so m e ti m es a D ati ve or Abl ati ve as T h at h e us zet ur um asso n b e
r eafie t h at h e m a
u
our asses
d
eprive
s
of
y
y
I X T h e I n fi n itive h as an Ac c us ati ve b efo re i t as ye yeseoth
I
h
a
ou see m e to (
o
r
t
h
a
t
ve
m e h abb an
)
y
X V erbs of aski n g an d teac h i n g r e q ui re two Acc us ati ves — on e
of t h e perso n an d an ot h er of th e t h i n g as H i n e axodon t h at
b i gspel t h ey asked h i m t h at p ar able
X I TheR eci pro c al V e r b i s ofte n used as (J ud i zed t h e th i n n e
G od fe ar t h ee th y G od
X II S o m e I m p erso n al V erb s r eq ui re an Acc us ati ve of t h e
p erso n an d a D ati ve of t h e t h i n g as T h o n e welegan lyst an
wealdes i t desi res a ri c h m an of p o wer —a ri c h m an d e si r es
p o wer ; so m e t ake a D ati ve of t h e pers o n an d a Ge n i ti ve of t h e
th i n g as Hi m was me sceam ode to t h e m of t h is t h e r e was n o
s h am e t h ey were n ot as h am ed of t h is Y eb yrath h as a do ubl e
D ati ve as Hi m n e yeb yrath to th am sceapum to h i m t h e r e was
n o c are to t h e sh eep —
h e c ared n ot for t h e sh eep
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
‘
_
.
'
’
.
,
'
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
,
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,
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,
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'
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,
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-
,
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,
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,
E n gli sh G ram m ar
THE
L O R D S P R AY ER ,
’
\ V IT H
A L I T ER AL T R AN S L ATI O N
.
.
F eeder ure th u t h e eart on h eofen um ; si th i n n am a yeh ai g
F at h er our t h o u t h at art i n h eave n
be t h y n am e h all o w
od
ri c e
To
b e c um e t h i n
a
on
ewurth e t h i n wi lI
y
M oreover l et co m e th y d o m i n i o n be d on e th y wi l l on
ed
swa swa on h eofen um ur n e
e orth an
e dze h wam li can h l af s le
y
g
y
e art h
so as i n h e ave n
d ail y
l o af sell
our
us to d e
eg an d forgy f us m e gyltas swa swa we forgifath
so as we
we
(gi ve ) us to day an d forgi ve us our debts
ur um
l
en dum
a
n d
t
n e
n
l
d
d
h
u
o
a
e
t
u
s
c ostuun
e
e
gy
y
y
an d (
our
debto r s
do ) n ot l ead th ou us i n to te m pt ati o n
ac al ys us of ye
b ut free us of evi l
'
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
v
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
ANGL O -S AX O N
PAR T O F THE
FI R S T C HAPT ER OF
ST J O H N
.
1, O n frum an WasW ord , an d
t h at word was m i d God e,
G od was t h at word
2 , T h at was on fr um an
an d
.
m id
.
t h i n g waron ge
worh te th urh h y n e an d n an
t h i n g was geworh t b utan b ym
4 T h at was lif th e on h i m
w
rh t was, an d t h e l i f was
e
o
y
,
.
.
a leoh t.
n
ye n a
Man n was fram God
thas
e d,
.
,
,
,
out i t
.
T h at was l i fe wh i ch i n i t
m ad e was an d th e l ife was
m e n s l ig h t
5 , An d t h e l igh t s h i n et h i n
d ark n ess , an d t h e d ark n ess i t
n d
do
co
m
pre
h
e
n
o
t
)
(
6 M an was fro m God se n t ,
wh ose n am e was J o h n
4,
,
n
am a
a
was J o h an
,
.
.
7, T h es
c om
wi tn
th at
he
th at
leoh te,
to yewi tn esse,
7, He c am e for wi t n ess t h at
be
h e testi m on y m ig h t tel l co n cer n
t h at all m en
i n g th e l i g h t
t h ro ug h h i m m i gh t beli eve
8 H e was n ot t h at l ig h t
b utt h at testi m o n y fort h (m ig h t )
be ar co n cer n i n g t h e li g h t
9 , (T h e ) tr ue li g h t (it ) was
wh i c h en li gh ten eth every c om
i n g m an to t h i s m iddle e art h
10 H e wasi n t h e World an d
th e wor l d was m ad e b y h i m
an d t h e wor l d h i m n ot k n e w
esse c yth th e
ye
t h at
th urh
ealle
m en
h y n e yelyfdon
8 N as h e leoh t ac t h at h e
i
n esse fort h b are be t h am
w
e
t
y
.
,
,
leohte
9, S ot h leoli t was th e
al on
e
c um en
m iddan
10,
dn
e m an
on lyh t
on th i sn e
card.
'
.
,
,
.
H e wason
m i ddan earde,
an d m i ddan card
th urh
,
.
.
h yn
,
.
.
s n
o
s
th e
.
An d th eleoh tlyh ton t h ys
6,
n
b egi n n i n g was t h e
word an d t h at word was wi t h
G od an d God was t h at word
2 T h at wasi n t h e begi n n i n g
wi t h God
3 All t h i n g s were m ade b y
i t an d n o t h i n g wasm ad e wi t h
1 , In
’
trum , an d th ystro th e n e
m on
.
,
3 , E alle
5,
GOS P EL B Y
,
God
m an
THE
h yn e
en e
an
,
d m i ddan
w
ecn eo
y
Was yeworh t
rd
ea
,
,
,
.
.
To h i s own h e c am e , an d
t h ey h i m n ot re cei ved
12 , S oth li ce swa h wlyce swa
12 Tr ul y as m an y as h i m
h y n e un derten gon , h e sealde recei ved h e g ave to t h em p o wer
h i m an weald t h at h i W a ro u t h at t h ey were G od s c h i ld re n
G od es b eam t h am t h e yelyfi
h is
th
to t h e m t h at bel i eved i n
on h ys n am an
n am e
13 Th a n e syn t acc n n ede of
13 , W h i c h n ot are bor n of
1 1, To h i s ayen um h e com ,
an d b ig h y n e n e un derfen gon
1 1,
.
.
,
,
’
,
’
.
.
,
.
GR A
M M AR .
of fl asceswi ll ah
bl ood n or of fl esh s wi l l n or of
of weros wi ilan ac h i g syi n t m an s will b ut t h ey are of God
bor n
of God ac en n ede
14 An d t h e word was fl es h
1 I An d th e word was fl asc
orden
us
ade an d d wel t am o n g us an d
n d eardode on
m
e
w
a
y
we saw i ts gl ory s uc h as of th e
an d we yesawon h ys wuldor
o n l y b egotten s gl ory of t h e fa
swylce an c en n edes wuldor of
fader t h e was ful m i d gyfe an d t h er wh i c h was ful l of gr ace
an d tr ut h
soth fastn esse
15 Jo h n spe aket h testi m o n y
1 5 Jo an n esc y th yewi tn essc
b e h ym , an d clypath t h us c we of h i m an d cr i et h t h us s ayi n g
t h i s was h e I m e n ti o n ed H e
th en de t h e s was t h e i c s ade
S e t h e to c um m en e i s after m e t h at to co m e i s after m e was
h o n ored before m e bec ause h e
wasyeworden b eforan m e for
was soo n er t h an I
t h am h e was ar t h o n n e i c
1 6 An d of h i s full n ess we all
1 6 An d of h ys yefylledn esse
we ealle on fen gon gyfe for gyfe re ce i ve grace for grace
1 7 For t h e law was gi ve n by
1 7 Forth am t h e ac was ye
s cal d t h urb M oysen an d gyfu M oses an d grace an d tr ut h i s
an d sothfastn es i s yeuworden
wro ug h t t h ro ug h t h e S avi o ur
th urh Halen d C ri st
C h rist
1 8 N ei t h er saw n ever n o
1 8 N e yeseah n afre n an m an
God b ut an se an cen n eda s un u m an God except h is o n l y begot
h yt cyth de se i s on h i s fader ten S on li e h at h told (i t) wh o
i s i n h i s F at h er s boso m
b earm e
19 An d t h is J o h n s wi t n es s
19 An d t h at i s Jo h an n es ye
b lodum ,
n
e
,
’
n e
,
,
’
,
,
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~~
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’
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-
,
’
.
.
’
,
,
wi tn es
in g
.
.
t h e J udeas se n do n
2 0 W h e n t h e Je ws s e n t t h ei r
Pri ests an d t h ei r Deaco n s fro m
h yra sacerdas an d byr a Di a
co n asfro m J er us ale m t o h i m Jer us ale m to h i m t h e n th e y
aske d h i m an d t h us spoke
th a h i axodun h y n e an d t h us
Hwat eart th u
\ V h at art t h o u
c wadon
2 1 An d h e told (t h e m ) an d
an d
2 1 An d h e c yth de
n e wi th soc an d t h us cw
ath N e n ot de n i ed
an d t h us spoke
N ei t h er am
C h ri st
eom i c n a C rist
2 2 An d t h ey asked h i m an d
2 2 An d b i gaxodon h yn e an d
t h us cwadon c art th u H el i as , t h us spo ke art t h o u E l i as an d
an d h e c wath n e eom i c h yt ; h e s ai d n or am I h e ; t h e n s aid
t h ey art th ou a p r op h et an d
th a c wadon h i eart th u wi tega
h e an s wered an d s ai d n o
an d h e an swyrde an d cwath
2 0, Th a
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
n
ic
.
It i s
re co m m en ded to
th e S t ude n
t to p arse allt h e An gl o Saxo n
-
ANGL O -S AX O N
X XX
words t h us: (See L ord s P r aye r ) F ader a n o un , s ubst an ti ve of
th e first De cle n si o n — i h t h e si n g ul ar n um be r a m o n optote , b ut i n
’
.
,
pl ur al d ecl i n ed (S ee S m i th as p age ) N Fade r as G fade r a
D faderum Ac faderas v E al a ye faderas Ab faderum ure
i s an adj ecti ve of on e ter m i n ati o n — ure M N ure, F — m asc u
l i n e ge n der si n g ul ar n um ber ; an d voc ati ve c ase to agree wi t h
i ts s ubst an ti ve fader — (See ure p age
S ee verse 12 —h y n e
un derfen on —h ue i s t h e p r i m i ti ve
g
y
pr o n o un of t h e th i rd pe r so n
m asc uli n e ge n de r an d acc us ati ve c ase ; after t h e ver b un der
fe n go u—See Sy n t ax—R ul e V II I
th e
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
v
,
.
P R AC TI C E
2 3 Hi g c wadon to h i m h wat c art th u t h a t we an dwyrde
b ri n gon t h am t h e us to th e s en d o n h wat seyst th u be t h e sylfum
t H e c wath i c eom cl ywi en des stefn on westen e ; Y erih tath
2s
Dri tn es weg swa se wi tega I s ai as c wa th
2 5 An d th a t h e t h a r asen de waro u th a waron of sun dorh al
EX AM P L ES FO R
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
n
a
g
.
An d h ig axodon h y n e an d cwadon to b ym h wi fullast
th u gyf th u n e c art C r i st n e H el i as n e wi tega
2 7 J o h an n es h i m an dwsarode i c fullige on watere to m iddes
eow stod t h e ye n e c un n on
2 8 H e i s t h e afte r m e toweard is ; so was yewbrden b eforan
m e me eom i c wyrth e t h at i c un b i n de h is sc eo th wan g
2 0 Th as t h i n g wzeron yeworden c on Bet h an i a beveon dan J or
d an en t h ar Jo an n es fullode
2 6,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
AS QER TIO N
T h e s tri ki n g an al ogi es be twee n t h e C el ti c d i alects an d t h e lan
uages wh i c h are m ost ge n er al l y allo wed to b e of cog n ate origi n
g
ti n affo r d am ple proofs of t h e
wi t h t h e S an skrit G reek an d L a
co m m o n o rigi n of all t h ese l an g uages an d of t h e Easter n origi n
of t h e C elti c N ati o n s
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
P R O OFS
I The verb s ubstan ti ve i n S an skri t i s an al ogo us to t h at i n t h e
ot h er l an g uages ge n erally al lo wed to be al li ed to i t an d th e C e l
ti c i n fle cti on s p artake i n t h e s am e ge n er al an al ogi es
.
.
,
.
ANGL O
X XX “
~
S AX O N
P R E T ER P L U P ER F EC T
IN L AT IN (O R IGIN ALLY J
1
fues as
fuesam
.
.
fn
fuesati s
esam us
IN
2
WELS H
.
b h uasi t
bh uesych
N EG ATI V E
.
THE
FO R M OF
IN
I
THE
P R ES EN T
I R IS H C ELT IC
E usE, on
f h ui lh i m
ui fh ui lm i d
IN
.
THE
b h ei l ui
ui b h ei l si n
PLUR
.
ui
n
fh ui lh
i fh ui li dh
.
i bh e
il e
ui b h ei l i ad
i b h ei l th u
ui bh ei l s i bb
n
n
n
.
S C O TL AN D
or
ui
.
.
fh n i lh i r
ui fh ui lth i-dh
GAR LIC
t
esyn
TEN S E
ui
ui
2
bh n
I I T h e i n fl e cti o n of p erso n s i n t h e p assi ve te n s es of Greek
L ati n , an d C elti c ve r bs i s defecti ve
.
,
.
,
P ER F EC T TEN S E
In G R EE K
0
es e
.
.
Peph i leom en
os,
,
,
IN
Am at us
sum ,
,
,
L ATIN
es, est ,
.
Sec
.
C arwyd,
An glo-Saxon
III R ,
i s t h e ter m i n ati o n
L ati n an d C e l ti c
.
ih
r
G am m a
ch aracteresti c
m ost
r
,
page 2 0
.
of p assi ve t e
n ses
.
An glo Saxon
.
r
G am m a
P O TEN TIAL M oon FIITUR E T en s e
L ati n , Am er
In We l s h
r
,
page 22
‘
,
In
.
.
,
C eri r
.
.
GR AMMA
R;
xxxi i i
T h e S an skri t h as i n i ts verbs t h ree voi ces
po n di n g wi t h t h e Greek
IV
.
corres
,
.
S ANS K R IT M iddle
IN
an
,
d P assi ve
Bh avam i
C o r respon di n g
Di dom i
wit/z
IN
si
G R EEK
si
V Proper fut ure te n ses for m ed b y i n flecti o n are e n ti rel y
wan ti n g i n t h e Te uto n i c l an g uages In L ati n G reek an d S an s
k r i t t h ey are yet ext an t ; an d i n all t h ese an al ogi es m ay b e
tr aced i n t h ei r for m ati o n
A glo Saxon G r am m ar page 2 0
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
n
In
In
In
'
L ati n i n sert er b efore t h e
G reek
es
S an skri t
sya or i sh ya
rom i n
p
,
.
,
rexi rex
al suf
ii x, - o,
,
-
er- o.
0 10 , ol- es- o.
,
a
ch am i ,
y
Yac h
or sh ya m i
H e n ce i t h as b ee n i n ferred t h at m an y m odi fic ati o n s (s uc h as
am av er am for fueram ) of att r i b uti ve ve r bs are d e r i ved fro m a
co m posi ti o n of a verb al root w i t h t h e te n ses of th e verb substan
ti ve — See Gr am m ati c a C riti c a Li n gua: S an sk itik ze b y Profe ssor
-s
i
[ ya
-
.
,
-
,
.
Bopp
T h e seco n d fut ure i n G reek an d t h e m ost si m pl efor m of th e
fut ure te n se i n L ati n are slig h t i n fl ecti o n s of t h e prese n t
In L ati n — l ego am
In Greek— lego l ego
To s uppose t h at t h i s se co n d fut ure i s m e r el y a first fut ure i n a
d i ffere n t for m wo ul d be co n trary t o t h e an al ogy of t h e cog n ate
l an guages
T h is fut ure re c alls t h ose l an g uag es i n wh i c h t h e prese n t te n se
i s us ed fo r a fut ure T h us t h e Briti s h fut u r e c redav
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
An glo S axon
Gr am m ar , page 1 8
.
V I T h e P ote n ti al O ptati ve an d C on j ucti ve m oods m iddle
an d p assive voi ces i n t h e cog n ate l an g uages appe ar to be si m pl e
i n fl ecti o n s an d n ot as so m e h ave s uspected co m po un d words
A glo S axo G r am m a r page 2 1
V I I T h e preterpe r fect see m s to h ave bee n fo r m ed o r igi n all y
Lati n S an skri t an d Teu
on t h e s am e p ri n ci ple i n t h e G reek
to n i c l an g uages
In Got h i c ei t h er b y rep e ati n g t h e b egi n n i n g of t h e m et before
i tself or b y m od ifyi n g t h e vo wel wh et h er i n i ti al or m edi al of t h e
root or by t h e i n serti o n of a syl l abl e of wh i c h d i s t h e con
so n an t
S ax D er page 2 5 an d An glo S axon G r am mar page 1 9
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
n
.
n
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
”
.
,
,
,
.
ANGL O —
XON
SA
XXX V I
b egi n —ati li taN m an uj ah on t h e s a
m e pri n ci pl e of e uph o n y th e
“ Ti s h preposi ti o n yn n ot o n l y ch an ges t h e i n iti al of t h e foll o w
i n g n oun b ut i s l ike wise i tsel f c h an ged
T h us for
s
,
.
,
,
yn n h y,
n
n
r
w
g
y
g
ty,
n
y
y “ ywr
T h e di al ects of t h e C el ti c n ati o n s are c on n ected t h e r efore wi th
an d Te uto n i c l a
n g ua es
by
o
a
n
c
th e S an k r it G r e ek L ati n
g
i derab lc n um b er of r oots o r p r i m iti ve wo r ds an d also by an al o gy
—
IIen c c all t h ese l an g uages are C og n ate
i n gr am m ati c al fo r m s
an d h e n ce th e Easte r n o r igi n of th e C elti c n ati o n s i s i n ferred
In so m e of th e l an guages of weste r n Eu r op e g utter al o r h ar d
pakati n e co n so n an ts abo un d an d t ake t h e plac e of t h e si bi l an ts
an d d e n t als an i eve n of t h e l abi al co n so n an ts
s oft pal ati n es
wh i c h are fo un d i n th e m ore e aste r n l an g uages
k
deK a
G
reek
i
c d e ce m
L at
,
s
.
,
,
,
,
“
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
t
.
.
,
d as h an
8
l
S an sk s h
h
3
5
g 2 22
i
,
,
.
J
a l h
J II
L
53 1
K
1
7
5 1
Te ut
tai Hun
Got h
S ee Easterr o ri gi n of t h e C elti c N ati on s b y t h e le arn ed Dr
—an d An alyms of th e St yl e of
Pri ch ari l — S ax Der p age 5
D ougl as p age 71— 72—73
teHan
.
,
.
,
”
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
ER R AT A
Page 13 , For C ogn ate L an guages,
an
d
.
Page 15 , For Auxili ar y been
‘
i
an
—r ead
d
C ogn atc L an guages, page
—wr i te Auxiliar y beo
—r ad th
Page 1 8 , For that test mon y
e
n
.
at h e testi mon
DE R IV ATIV E S 5
S AX O N
‘
AN AN AL Y S I S
THE S T Y L B
E
BmtaIaes, «theater, 8: gymn ast.
“
gl is h an d i n all L an g uages t h ere ar e o n l y two sorts of
words wh i c h are n ecessaryfor t h e com mun i c ati o n of our t h o ug h ts
‘
In En
,
,
‘
.
1
2
.
.
N oun , an d
V ER BJ
All t h e ot h ers (wh i c h are n otn e cess ary to speec h b ut m erel y
"
substi t utes ) are abbrevi ati o n s
I t m ust be observed t h at the ap p aren tl y d iffere n t ap pl i cati o n
co n sti tutes t h e o n l y d i ffere n ce betwee n t h e Parts of Speech
,
.
’
.
C o n j un cti o n s h ave si gn i fic at i o n per se
‘
’
.
i s t h e I m per ati ve of t h e S axo n V erb n an to gi ve or gran t
C h aucer c om m o n ly us es i f b ut so m et i m es yewe yef an d yf for
gi f G Do ugl as al m ost al ways uses gif on l y o n ce or t wi ce h e
i s an d so m eti m es i n
h as used i f ; o n ce h e us es ge we , an d o n ce gi fi
c ase an d i n c ais , for i f
IF
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
Gif luf be verte u, t h an i s i t leful th i n gf
Gif i t be vi ce, i t is go ur un doi n g
”
e
.
D ow n
Gi f In f—t h at i s Gr an t t h at l ove 85 0
G o ur
i s i n m an y i n stan ces c h an ged i n to y
S h e was so Ch arytable an d so pito n s
S h e wo l de wepe Y F t h at s h e s awe a m an s
C augh t i n a tr ap pe , i f i t were deed or b ledde
PR O L TO C AN TE R BU R
,
s
.
.
,
.
'
,
‘
.
.
“
.
Y
TALE S
.
6
S o h ere t h e letters seli d of t h is t h i n g
T h at I m ote b e ar e i n all t h e h aste I m ay
Yewe ye woll o ug h t un to yo u r s o n n e t h e K y n g
I am yo ur servaun t bot h e n yght an d day
,
,
’
.
C H AU C E R
.
Ch auce r an d i n ot h e r old wri ters t h e verb TO GIV E s uffe r s
t h e s am e v ar i ation s i n t h e m an n e r of wr iti n g an d pro n o un ci n g
i t wh et h e r used co n j un cti vel y or o th er wise , as does also t h e
n o un de ri ved fro m i t
In
-
,
,
,
»
.
Forgi ff m e, V i rgi ll,
Y eoven
t
d er
un
our
gi f I t h ee o ffen d
si g n et
’
.
Do r c u
L O D G E ’S ILL
gi ve n gr en , gI n was ofte n
GIN, th e p art i ci pl e
,
O Gi n
face
STR
.
AT IO N S
.
sed fo r i f o r an
u
,
h er
U
s
.
was wan
I f m y d augh ter t h ere s h o ul d h ave do n e so I wo u d
r n h er a gro at
g
:
‘
,
n ot
h av e
’
.
‘ V IC IIE R L Y
.
AN i s t h e i m per ati ve of t h e V e r b an an to gi ve or gran t I t
ofte n s uppl i es t h e pl ace of i f
An t ple as e you t h at i s an i t or i f i t ple ase
As m e an i n g t h e s am e as i t t h at or wh i c h i s co m po un ded of
al an d es or as
I t was for m e r l y wri t ten als
.
,
,
.
“
’
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
‘
'
.
.
Gli di s away
A13 swi ft
fom y sees ,
as gauge a fedderi t arro w fl ei s.
un
der t h e
D O U G LAS
.
AL wh i c h i n co m p ari so n s used to b e very p roperl y e m pl oyed
b efore t h e fi
rst es or as but n ot b efore t h e seco n d , we n ow sup
press
As s wift as N ot;
AL as s wi ft as See
,
“
,
.
.
.
,
or so a GotIIi c arti cl e of t h e s am e i m p ort
’
t h e p ast P arti c i pl e tb aet or { Treat of t h e S axo n V et b
to ass um e
I t i s evi den tl y i n all c ases an adj ecti ve
S o i s sa,
AT i s
TH
‘
(bean
,
‘
.
,
.
I wis h
,
to
bel
i
eve
t
h
t
I
o
ld
a
u
n ot wilfull y h urt a fl y
w
y
R S O LU I N
I wo ul d n ot wi lf ul l y h urt a fl y I wis h you to be l ieve
ou
E
‘
O
.
,
U
N
11115 5
SS
LE
i s t h e i mperati ve
,
T
on les,
O
of
’
.
.
O NLES A
N,
di m i ttere,
that
to dis
.
In th e r ei gn of Q uee n El i z abet h , t h is co n j un cti o n was so m e
ti m es wri tte n ouel es an d on elesse
T h us , i n t h e tri al of S i r Jo h n
Old C astle , An 14 13 I t was n ot possi bl e for t h e m t o m ake wh o le
C h ristes cote wi th o ut se m e —on e1esse certai n gre at m en were
’
b ro ug h t out of t h e way, t h at is —d is m i ss cert ai n gre at m en , Sec
'
'
.
.
.
.
s ai d t h at Wi ll i am T y n d all our i m m ort al tran s l ator of the
Bi bl e was on e of t h e fi r s t wh o wrote t h is word wit h a n
T h e sc r i pt ure was gi ve n t h at we m ay applye t h e m ed i ci n e
o f t h e sc r i ptu r e every m an to h i s own sores un lesse t h e n we
e n te n d to be i dl e d isp uters an d braulcrs abo ut v ai n e wordes
.
It i s
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
Sac
.
VVh at s t h e m atter
Prol
T h at you un l ace yo ur rep utati o n t h us
An d s pe n d y our ri c h opi n i on for t h e n
O f a n i g h t br awler
’
.
,
,
am e
t h is p ass age m ean s
ou un l es s or on les y o u
r
y
"
rep ut ati o n — t h at i s d is m i ss or l ose yo ur rep ut ati o n
I t d oes n ot appe ar t h at o n less was e m pl oyed co n j un cti vel y b y
t h e An gl o —
S axo n writers as we use un l es s except i n d is co u r s e ;
b ut i n ste ad of i t t h ey fr eq ue n tl y e m ployed n ym th e, or n em th e
t h e i m per ati ve n ym or n em of n y m an o r n e m an to wh i c h i s
s ubj oi n ed t h e n am el y t h at N ym th e—t ake away t h at m ay
very wel l s upply t h e pl ace of—o n l ess (t h e expressed or un der
stood )—Dis m iss th at
LES t h e i m per ative of LES AN wh i c h h as t h e s am e m e an i n g as
N
O NL ES A
i s used so m eti m es by old wri ters i n st ead of un less
U n l ace , i n
,
,
.
.
,
“
,
,
.
a
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
Gi fh e
4
C om m yti s an y treassoun , s ul d h e n ot d e ,
L ES th an h is p r i n ce of grete h um an i te
‘
-
Perdo am h i s fal t for h i s l o n g tre w servi ce
‘
.
G
.
D O U GL AS
.
T h i s s am e i m per ati ve LES pl ace d at t h e en d of n oun s h as
gi ve n to our l an g uage suc h adj ecti ves as h opel ess (di s m i ss h ope )
r es tless ; t h e p riv ati ve ter m i n ati o n less as bre at h less ; an d t h e
co m p ar ati ve l ess T h e s upe r l ative L e ast i s th e pastparti ci ple of
L ES AN L e ast i s co n tr acted for lesed
In every i n st an ce of t h e use of L ess or L e ast to be fo un d i n t h e
l an g uage t h e sig n i fi c ati on of Di sm i ssi n g Sep ar ati n g or T aki n g
away i s co n ve ye d
T h e re ader wi l l see at o n ce t h e for ce of t h i s adj e ctive as used
b y our an cestors wh e n i n ste ad of n i n eteen an d eig h tee n t h ey
s aid An l aes twen ti g— Twa l aes twen ti g; t h at i s T we n ty
m i ss (or t ake away ) on e
He dem an d ed t we n ty ;
W e also say —
I g ave h i m two L ess t h at i s D is m iss two
T h ri ce h ave I sen t h i m (s ays Gle n d o wer ) we at h er be aten
h o m e an d bootless b ack
H o m e wi t h o ut b oots (repl i es H ot
sp ur ) an d i n fo ul we at h er too
W e so m eti m es s uppl y t h e pl ace of U NLES S i n En gl i sh ei th er
by b ut, or wi t h o ut or be i t n ot or b ut i f 8 m
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
’
.
,
’
.
,
,
,
.
,
T h at n ever was th e r e garde n of s uc h pryse
But yf i tfi
ve e t h e very par adyse
,
”
r
.
FR AN K E LE Y N S T ALE
i s a co n tr acti o n for O THE R ali us or
versi ty ei t h er of n am e or of subJ ect
OR
,
,
.
alter, an d
.
d en otes di
8
‘
get of GETAN ob tin ere to obtai n an d
to pl ace to s uppo se Y et an d sti ll were
ofte n us ed m ut uall y for e ac h ot h er wi t h o ut an y alter ati o n i n th e
m e an i n g of t h e se n te n ces
Y ET i s t h e i m perati ve ,
S T ILL of ST ELL AN , po n ere ,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
For al b ei t
tar i en g b e
e of j ugem en t,
n
i n yeuyn g
To GET
oyful
,
n e
AL GAT E
it is
n ot
eaun ce tak eyn
g
i n ven
to b e reprove d
g
’
.
i s so m eti m es spelt by C h aucer GEATE
.
LL
T h o ugh t h i s ve
rb i s n o lo n ge r c urre n t i n En glish except as a
c o nj un cti o n , yet i t keeps i ts gro un d i n t h e col l ater al l an guages
S TI
.
,
.
In Ger m an an d
III t h e
An d i n t h e
it i s
D utc h
S TELLEN
S TO L A
S TELLE N
.
0 0
.
fi
TH A
N i s s up posed to be a co m po un d of t h e d e n i tiv e THA, an d
th e additi ve ter m i n ati o n en , th us THA en , th an n e, th e n , an d n ow
sp ell ed TH AN
ELS E i s t h e i m per ati ve , ales , of t h e verb ALES AN , di m i ttere, to
di s m iss I t was for m erl y writte n all es, al ys , alyse , e ll es, cllus,
.
.
.
el l is , e ll es , e l s
.
Wi t h outen
Te D e um was our
O
or c l atte ri n g of b ell es
s o n ge an d n ot h i n g ELLEs
n o se
y
,
.
Hi m b eh oveth ser n e h i mselfe t h at i s
r
h e is
ELS
a
fole
as clerk es s ayn
,
’
wayn ,
n os
’
.
C ar ver s
.
ELS E
El se Pro n oun , ot h er on e b esides
S J o h n son says
It is
appl i ed b ot h to perso n s an d t h i n gs
H e s ays agai n J Else , Adverb l ot h er wi se ; 2 b esides , ex
"
c ept t h at m e n ti o n ed
E
m ay be reso l ved i n to h o c di m i sso t h i s bei n g dis m i ss ed dis
lse
m i ss t h i s
T h us ‘ you h ave s h ewn i m poten ce an d m ali ce en o ug h
W h at e l se h ave you s h ewn —
Dism i ss th em , wh at h ave you
.
.
,
—
.
,
—
’
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
~
.
,
T H O UGH i s th e i m p er ati ve t h af of th e verb TR AFIC AN or THA
FIAN to all o w p er m i t gr an t
eld asse n t B y a tr an s iti o n ,
TH AF be cam e th a h
g th o ug h t ouh an d th och
F wasdropped fro m t h e pro n un ci ati o n abo ut t h e ti m e of H e n ry
,
,
,
°
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
I n stead of t h o ug h an d al th o ugh our an ci en t wri te rs o fte n used
all be all b e i t all h ad all s h o uld all were all i ve h ow be
g
i t set s uppose 8 m
I feel exceedi n gl y for M r M S U PP O S E I h ave n ot t h e h o n o ur
of bei n g perso n all y acq uai n ted wi t h h i m
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
’
.
For I wol s peke
AL S HULDE I d ye
,
an d te l
i t t h e,
’
.
U CER
C HA
10
‘
«
c
Heuce i t i s evi de n t t h at th e
ren tl y di ffere n t appl i c ati o n
ee n C o n j un c ti o n s an d P r epo
p
a pa
tw
'
o n s ti t utes t h e o n ly di ffe r e n ce be
S i ti on s
.
AN D t h e i m per ati ve AN
,
to
fro m
ad,
-
AN AN - ad,
d are
c on
ri em ,
e
g
add
.
Two AN D (add) two ar e fo ur
.
L ES T is t h e p ast p a r ti c i pl e l esed of LES AN di m i ttere Th e i m
rati ve LES was s o m eti m es used for l est as wel l as fo r un l ess
e
p
‘
,
.
,
,
.
,
I k n e w it was p ast fo ur h o u r i s of day
An d th oc h t I wald n a l an g a r e ly i n M ay;
LES P h oeb us s ul d m e losi n gere atayn t
.
,
’
.
C
.
DO U G L AS
.
Fro m th e s am e ve r b we de r i ve to lesse n to l e ase to rel e ase
to lose an d th e n o un l oss
Th e ver b to l ose wasfo r m erl y wri tten l ese l oi s l ei s 85 0
Hi m n eeded n o n e h elpe i f h e n e h ad n o m o n ey t h at h e
m ig h t L ES E
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
.
LES
”
.
wi th t h e ar ti cl e TH AT
L est for L esed (as bl est fo r bl essed
expr essed o r u n d e rstood
m e an t wh i c h bei n g d is m i ssed dis m iss
t h is
Y ou m ake use of s uc h i n d i r ec t ar ts as t h ese to bl ast m y
rep ut ati o n l est pe r adve n t u r e t h e y m ig h t wi t h so m e i n differe n ce
h e ar reaso n from m e
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
.
C H ILLIN c won
T H.
H ere L est is used wi t h propri ety
—
Y ou m ake use of t h ese ar ts
\V h y
T h e re aso n follo ws
n am el y
m en m ig h t h e ar
L esed t h at —
t h at bei n g dis m issed
l h erefore — you use t h ese ar ts 1
r e aso n fro m m e
But i t is i m properl y used i n t h e foll o wi n g i n st an ce for l est h as
n o m e an i n g i n i t t h ere bei n g n ot h i n g dis m issed i n co n s eq ue n ce
of wh i c h so m et h i n g else wo uld foll o w
T h us K i n g H e n r y
I f we s uffer t h e fyrste s uggesti o n un to
sy n n e to t arry an y wh il e i n our h artes i t i s gre at peryel lest t h at
co n se n t an d ded e wyll folowe s h ortly after
L est else an d un less h ave allt h ree on e m e an i n g an d are p arts
of t h e s am e verb L es an t h at i s of ou l es an a—
LE S AN L ES AN
S IN CE th e p ast p ar ti ci p le of seo n to see was for m erl y wri tte n
si t h e n sy n e sean d seei n g si t h see n t h at se n s 860 S i th e n ce
an d si t h we r e i n good use d o wn eve n to th e ti m e of t h e St uar ts
S IN CE for sean d seei n g t h at ; an d for si th th e see n t h at is used
b ut for si thth an t h e n ce for ward an d for sy n e
as a co n j un cti o n
s e n e i t i s used as a prep osi ti o n
’
,
’
~
,
,
' ‘
’
.
,
,
,
,
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,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
AS A
P R E P O S ITIO N
D id G eorge t h e T h i rd reig n before or
AS A
lf I s h o ul d l abo ur
,
for
an
.
C O NJ UN C TIO N
y
si n ce
t h at ex am p l e
?
’
.
ot h er s atisfacti o n
,
b ut th at
of
my
II
wn
d i t s h o uld be an e ffect of ph ren z y i n m e n ot of h ope
si n ce i t is n ot t r ut h
b ut opi n i o n t h at c an t r avel t h e wo r ld wi th
out a p asspo r t
o
min
,
,
,
’
.
E ITHE R
E AC H fro m
i s fro m
te r q ue on e of t h e two; an d
e ac h both t ake n i n d i vid ually every on e
th e S axo n
0 , el
61
keen ,
z er , u
cegll
,
.
,
,
T h us
T h e Gen eral ord e r ed h i s t r oops to m arc h on ez t/wr side
T h e Ge n e r al o r de r ed h is troops to m ar c h 0 11 ego/1 si de
M an y o f t h e co n j un cti o n s m ay be used al m os t i n di ffercn tly
wi t h a very l i ttl e t u r n of exp r essi o n ) for e ac h oti1c1
An d so ft h e si h ed lest m en m i gh t h i m h e ar
An d soft h e sig h d t/z at m en m i g h t n ot h i m h e ar
An d so1t h e si gh d else m en m i h t h i m h e ar
Un less h e si gh ed soft m en m ig h t h i m h e a r
Wi t/tout h e si gh ed soft m en m i gh t h i m h e a r
If th at h e l h ed n ot soft m en m i g h t h i m h e ar
An d an h e sig h e d n ot s oft m en m i g h t h ea r
Be 27 h e si gh ed n ot S ott m en m i g h t h i m h e ar
'
’
.
’
.
.
’
ff
.
,
’
,
’
g
,
.
.
,
.
,
cr
s
.
,
.
,
.
,
P R E P O S IT IO N S
.
P r epositi on s h ave s i g n i fi
c ati o n p er se
’
.
T h e o th er
W IT H is th e i m pe r ative of t h e ve r b wi t/mm to joi n
n
) h ave ce ased to b e e m pl oyed i n
t
h
e
l
a
uage
a
1 ts of t h e ve i l
g
p
XV e s ti ll r et ai n i n En gl is h t h e s ubst an ti ves wit h or 11 i th e 11 1t h e 1 s
an d wi th er b an ds
T h e o n l y 1111 11 it11re bel o n gi n g to th e h o uses appe ar s to b e
by tyi n g up t h e e n ds wi t h a
an oblo n g vessel m ade of b ark
.
.
,
,
-
,
,
s /z e
”
.
C AP T AIN
’
C ooxs
D E S C R I-FT IO N
or
BO T AN Y
.
An on se W ITH
p arty wal l
BY an d W ITH am al ways syn on ym on s wh e n W ITH i s t h e Im pe
for BY is t h e i m pe r ati ve of beo n to b e
r ati ve of wy1 tl1an
T H RO UGH 13 f1 om t h e G o th i c n o un TH UR O a d oo r gate or pas
s age It was fo r m erl y th om ugh th u1 ough t h oro w t h ro ug h ,
or t h r o tl1111 11gh
t h at 1s, j o i n a
’
’
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
T h an co m et h ydeln esse t h at i s t h e yate of all h arm es T h e
"
107 9 M e of all w ck ed an d v lan n e th ou h tes
n esse Is t h e 11
d
l
e
y
y
g
y
C H AU C R
T h e An gl o S axo n e m pl oys i n differe n t ] y for D oor ei t h er D111 e
or Th u1 e D istel an d Dor n i n Ger m an are T h i stl e an d T h or n i n
En glis h
FR O M 15 si m pl t h e An gl o S axo n an d G ot h i c N o u n FR U M f1 om
y
b egi n n i n g o1 i gi n so ur ce foun t ai n aut h or It i s I efeI ab le to
ti m e as well as to m oti o n bec ause i t rel ates to every t h i n g to
rel ates
wh i c h
.
,
.
E
.
-
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
F1 om
m
T h e l a1 u1n
till ) n i g h t th ete1 n al l ar um r an g
n n i n g 11101 11 111
1 2m
begi
g
g
or n
to
(or
’
,
'
.
19?
FR O M
.
"
Fi gs c am e from T urkey
T h at i s
T urkey t h e pl ac e of begi n n i n g to co m e
T h e preposi ti o n TO op pose d to FR O M is fro m t h e Got h i c
stan ti ve t an i act res ult e ffect co n s um m ati o n
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
S ub
.
,
T h is s ubst an ti ve i s t h e p ast p arti ci ple of t h e verb t uan or
t uo n — i a S axo n teogan i n t h e Te uto n i c t uan agere to do
C h aucer so m eti m es d rops th e i n fi n i ti ve ter m i n at i o n an or en
an d uses TO t h us
M y l i ege l ady : ge n er al l y q uod h e
W o m e n desyren To H AV E soverayute
As wel l over h er h usb on des as h er love
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
S o m eti m es h e uses t h e i n fi n i tive ter m i n ati o n t h us
In al t h e co u r t was t h ere wi fe n e m ayde
N e wid o w t h at co n t rar i ed t h at h e s ai de
But s ai d h e was wort h y HAN h is l y te
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
DO ,
s act To l ove t h at i s act love Do l ove
t h at i s act love
T i s c h an ged i n to D—TO or Do
T ILL i s co m po un ded of to an d wh i l e t h at is ti m e
S o m e an ci e n t aut h ors use W H ILE alo n e asa preposi ti o n , t h at i s ,
l e ave out to an d say— I wi ll st ay wh i l e eve n i n g
S ygeb erte W yth h ys two b reth ern e g ave b acke wh y l e t h ey
cam e to t h e r yver of Li oun e
g
S o m e p h i l ol ogists are of op i n i o n th at FO R co m es fro m t h e
t h e G ot h i c s ubstan ti ve fai ri n a c ause an d O F (i n t h e Goth i c
an d An gl o S axo n af) f r o m a fr ag m e n t of t h e Got h i c an d An gl o
axon afar a prol es o ffspri n g co n seque n ce , fo l l o we r s uccessor ,
or
To,
m e an
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
g
,
,
,
,
i 0.
T h is dron k en m yller h at h ytolde 115 h ere
H o we t h at b egyled was a carpen tere
Per adve n t ure i n sk orn e FO R 1 am on e
'
,
”
.
U
C HA C E R
W h i l st t h e patron i m i cal ter m i n ati o n of our n ort h ern
.
cestors
was S O N t h e S clavon i c p atro n y m i c was O F T h us wh o m t h e E n g
l is h n am ed wi t h propri ety Peterso n t h e R ussi an s c al led Peter
h of O F was form erl y used wh ere we n ow e m pl oy BY
.
,
an
,
,
.
.
T h ese q uen es were astwo goddesses
But t h at arte co ut h t h ei n ot fyn de,
O F wh i c h Hi sses was decei ve d
"
.
.
GO WE R
.
Bx(i n t h e An g l o- S axo n wri tte n be , be , bi g) i s t h e i m per ati ve
byt h of t h e An gl o S axo n verb b een , to b e O ur an cestors wrot e
i t i n differe n tl y e it h er b e or bi
D am vi ll e be ri g h t o ug h t to h ave t h e l e adi n g of t h e ar m y
b ut b eyeause t h ei be 005 011 ger man s to th e 11 1111111 1 11, t h ei b e
15 68
m i st r usted —
-
.
.
,
,
”
.
.
13
t h e un perati ve of “fryth an was used wi t h p ro p r i ety fo r
Ben waleus was war r ed W i th th e
By t h e i m pe r ati ve of Been
K i n g of Br i to n s
I t i s ofte n co n fo un ded wit h t h e i 111perati ve
of wi th an to j oi n
d ur i n g
By was fo r m e r l y used wh ere we n ow use for i n
t h r o ug h As
S leyn ge t h e peopl e wi t h o ut m ercy By all t h e wayes t h at
t h ey passyd
“ i th ,
f
,
'
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
FABIAN
.
It i s th e An glo S axo n I m pe r a
i s a d ual preposi ti o n
ti ve Be an d T wege n o r t wai n
T h e ve r b to t wi n i s sti ll used i n S cotl an d fo r to p a r t or
s ep ar ate
Betwi xt (b y Ch aucer writte n b ytwyxt) i s t h e i m perati ve Be an d
t h e Go th i c T wos o r two an d was wr it te n i n t h e An gl o S axo n be
tweoh s b etweox b etwux b etwyx an d b etwy xt
Be n e at h i s f r o m th e s am e i m pe r ati ve Be an d th e n o un N EAT H
are co r r upte d f r o m n eoth em est
n adi r ; n et h e r an d n e th e r m ost
Bet wee n ,
.
.
,
’
’
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
n
,
,
i th aem ast
.
Wh i c h do ct r i n e also t h e lordes b oth espi ri tuall an d te m po r al ]
wi t h t h e N ETH E R h o use of our p arl i am e n t h ave b o th se n e an d l yke
very wel
U n der or O n N eder is fro m t h e s am e wo r d
To bot h t h e un der worlds
H U D BR AS
,
,
,
‘
.
.
’
.
I
.
Beyo n d i s fro m B e an d t h e p ast p arti ci pl e Geon d of t h e ve r b
ass
to
go
o
r
to
p
a
n go n g an
g
War d In t h e An gl o S axo n ward i s t h e i m per ati ve of t h e ve r b
VVardi au to l ook at or to di r e ct t h e vi e w It i s t h e s am e Word
as t h e Fre n c h G ar de r
T ake R e war d of (pay r eg ard to or l ook ag ai n at) t h y n e own e
v al ewe th at th o u me b e to fo ul e to t h y sel fe
We k n o w t h at t h e s am e age n t is c alled ei th er a l ooke r a war
den a warde r an overseer a keepe r a g uar d o r a g uar di an
T h e wo r d War d was wit h p r op r i e ty j oi n ed to th e n am e of
p l ace o r t h i n g to o r fro m wh i c h our vi e w or sig h t
an y pe r so n
m ay be d ire c ted
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
T h at e c h e of you to sh orte wi th ot h ers way
In t h i s vi age s h al tel t al es t way
To C an terb ur yWAR DE 1 m ean i t so
An d HomewAR DS h e s h all tel t ales ot h er two
,
,
’
.
C HAU C E R
.
At h wa r t i s t h e p ast p arti ci pl e of Th weori an (to wrest to t wi s t )
H e n ce we h ave s we r ve Veer an d t h war t
Am o n g for m e r ly wr itte n em on ge am un ge am on ges am on gest
am o n gs t am o n g i s f r o m t h e prete r pe r fec t Gem on g or ge m an g ,
or g am o n g - un g O f m e n gan to m i x to m i n gle
T h e S axo n s were fo n d of d roppi n g t h e p ar ti c i pi al ter m i n ati o n
od ad or ed or en
an d prefi
xi n gesp eci ally to t h ei r p ast p arti c i
pl es A, 213, Be, for , or ge
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
Ch aucer uses A111 o 11 ges asa p ar ti ci pl e i n t h e fol lo wi n g se n te n c e
It th en c astet h t h y seedes i n t h e feld es t h o u s h ould e t h ave i n
m yn de th at t h e ye r es be n e A
m ouges oth er wh vle plen tuous an d
s
,
oth er
wh yle bar eyn
Y m ell i s
,
,
,
.
DO
b y Ch auce r fo r a111 o n g
Herdest t h o u ever sli k e a
L o wh ilk e a co m pli n is
sed
u
'
11 s
.
.
‘
w
so n g e r
’
n o
h em allc.
Y m edd ed, ym elled, an d
l
“
pi al ter 111111at10 11
m e an
y 111el l b y th e o m issi o n of th e p ar ti ci
m i xed m i n gle d
.
,
He M edleth
sorrowe
wit h lik yn ge
’
.
C
O “ FR
.
EN DLO N G AN D ALO NGE
Are wo r ds O fte n foun d i n our an ci en t wr i te rs Jo h n so n doe s
n ot acco un t for t h e l atter
T h e fo r m er an s we r s to An dlan g
an d t h e l atte r to G el an g
T h i s m ean s al o n g lai d
st r e tc h
ed out th at 0 11 l o n g
.
.
'
,
.
,
.
,
En d lan
g the
l dis c al m e
styll I u
an d
ben e
’
.
I) O U G L
For ever wh an I th i n k e am on ge
H o we all i s on m ysel f Al o n ge
l s ai e o foole of all fooles
s
.
,
,
’
‘
.
,
C
0 11 E R
.
T h e wh ol e verb D ure f r o m th e F r en c h p arti ci ple D ur an g was
som e ti m e used co m m o n ly i n our l an g uage
An d at h i s l uste an d al h i s bes y c ure
Was fo r to l o we h er wh il e h i s lyfe m at D ure
C H AU C E R
O utt ake an d O utt ake n t h e i m pe r ati ve an d t h e p ast p ar ti ci
ple were for m e r l y i n very co m m o n use
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
But yro n was t h e r e
stel e
Fo r all wasg
—olde m en 111ygh t see
"
O utt ake t h e feth ers an d t h e tre
R O M AU N
n
on e
ue
,
,
,
.
N ig h ,
e ar
n
e ah n eahg
ti ve N e h st
n
,
,
T
R OS E
O F T HE
.
ext i s t h e An gl o S axo n Adj ecti ve Ni h n eh
vi ci uus n e ar
N ext i s t h e An gl o S axo n S uperla
,
n
-
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
FO rsoth
t h i s p r ove r be i t i s 110 lye
M en say t h us al way t h e N ye slye
"
M aket h the ferre l ove to be l ot h e
'
,
,
.
Abo ut i s fro m
(ym b utan , )
O N BU TAN
th e
C HAU C E R
co m po un ds of b ut an
p r e posi ti o n s on or ym
But-ah m e an s to go , an d on m e an s i n
I n s te ad i s fro m th e An gl o -S axo n , on stede i n pl ace
O ur oldes t E n gl is h wr i ters co m m o n ly used th e G ot h i c
.
an d
.
.
.
S teds or t h e Augl o S axo n Stede
,
-
.
word
But ge,
h ap py
un
fi e
1111111 ,
f r ae th is Stede
.
D or c u
s
.
T h i s wo r d i s o ften c om po un ded —
H o m estead bed
a
ste ad ro ads te ad ste adfas t s te ady s te pm ot h er ste ps o n
S te p
m o th e r i n t h e pl ace of i n te ad of a m o th e r a fat h er a b r o th e r
s
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
s
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
Divi de y o ursel f i n to two h al fs j ust b y th e Gi rdl este ad ; se n d
h alf wi th y o u r f r i e n d an d k eep th e o th e r to yo u r self
,
on e
”
.
,
B J
.
O
HN
SO N
.
fi fter, t h e co m p ar ati ve of t h e 11 0 11 11 Aeft , aft, aft, h i n d , b ack
In th e An glo S axo n th ey use i n di fleren tly b eh i n dau, b ezeftau,
.
'
-
an d on b aec
.
is f r o m of d un e elf or f r o m h ill d o wn h i ll procli vi s
O f d un e
do wn war d do wn
Dun m e an s a h i ll
U pon up ove r bove above co m e fro m ufon ufan ufa top or
h e ad
Ufon alt us h i gh
U fera alti or h ig h er over or upper
Ufem zest al tissi m us 11 pm ost up pe r m ost up perest overest
Be ufan or b ufan bove
O u b ufan ab ove
T h e use of t h ese words i n ai l th e n ort h e r n l an g uages as adj ec
tIves i s ve r y co m m o n
D o wn
-
,
-
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
-
.
‘
‘
.
,
Her
in
T h at
U fon
wyped s h e so ele n e
h er c up was n o ferth yn ge se n e
li p
O V ER
,
.
PR
IO R E S S K
.
b e d e r i ved f r o m h eofeu t h e p ast p arti ci p le
O f h eofan
to h e ave or li ft up
O ur wo r ds H ead an d H e aven are evi den tl th e p ast p ar ti c i pl e
y
m ay e asi l y
,
h eofen
,
,
.
,
h eafad, an d h eafd
.
It i s n ot i m p r ob abl e th at t h e e
ty m ology of In i s I n n a, t h e i a
teri or of t h e bod , a c ave , a cel l , a c ave r n , an d of O ut, U te , o ut a,
y
S ki n
0 11 h as bee n de r ived f r o m an , up o n , an d At, f r o m act, at
It h as bee n o bse r ved t h at t h e n am es of all abs tr act r el ati o n (as
i t i s c al led ) are take n eit h e r f r o m th e adj ecti ved co m m o n n am es
of obj ects , or fro m t h e p ar ti ci ples of com m o n verbs
-
.
.
.
.
AD V E R B S
.
Adve r bs are abb r evi ati o n s o r co n tr acti o n s for two or m o r e
ords th ey are e m ployed to de n ote t h e attri b utes o n l y of attri
utes
p
T h e ter m i n ati o n L y of adve r bs i s o n ly the wo r d L i ke corr upt
ed In th e Ge r m an th e D utc h th e Dan i s h an d S wedis h i t i s
wr i tte n l i c h 1i k li g lig a G oodli ke i s so m e ti m es used fo r good
ly an d ge n tl e m an li ke for ge n tl e m an l y
In S cotl an d fo r a goodl y fi
g ure th e co m m o n peopl e say a
goodli ke fig ure
f
,
’
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
16
Adri ft
adri fd, adrifed, dri ffed,
or
’
,
dri ffen
p l e of t h e An gl o —S axo n verb ad r i fan to d ri ve
-
An d q uwh at ave n t ure
is t h e p ast p arti ci
,
,
.
h as th e h i ddi r dri ffe
D O U G LAS
.
ygo gon ago n go n e ago n e are all used in discri m
i n ately by our old E n gli s h wri ters as t h e p ast p arti ci pl e of t h e
verb to go
Go
,
ago,
‘
,
,
,
,
,
.
T h e d ai c i s go th e h i g h tes ch aun ce
Hat h derk ed all t h e brig h t
,
T we n ty
go n e
yeai s a
,
G own
.
.
TIL LO T S O N
As un der i s th e p ast p ar ti ci ple asun dri an of t h e verb
to sep arate as p arti cles of s an d S o n d m e an s s an d
T h ese ylke two t h at bet h i n ar m es lafte
S o loth to h em ason der gon i t were
'
,
.
sun dr i an
,
.
.
,
s
,
’
.
T aoy ws
.
Astr ay i s t h e p ast p arti ci pl e of t h e An g l o S axo n verb
n
a
a
sp
r
gere
to
str
y
to
sc
tter
a
a
g
-
,
.
,
,
astrze
T h is p ri est was drun k e
,
an d
got h
astrayde
’
.
GO WER
.
M e lyst n ot of t h e c h affe n e of t h e stree,
M ake s o l o n g a tale , as of t h e cor n e
’
.
Fro m str aw or str ab pro ceed to str ay to str aw to stre w to
straggle to stroll , str aw-berry
(t h at i s strawd ber y , stray
b e r ry )
,
,
-
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
-
.
L e wer lefe lewest luf l i ef l eif, l i ever , l i evest
p arti ci pl e of h g
afl to l ove
fi
,
,
,
,
,
are
t h e p ast
.
,
In
,
t h e s wete se aso n t h at l efe i s
’
.
C H l UC E R
I
.
h ad as lief n ot b e
‘
an
L eof t h e past p arti ci pl e of lufi
to l ove m e an s al ways b e
l oved
H alt i s t h e p ast p ar ti ci p l e of t h e verb h ealdan to h alt or h o l d
H old was for m erl y wri tte n h alt
,
,
.
‘
.
,
.
Every m an , t h at H alt h i m worth a l eke ,
U po n h is b are k n ees o ug h t all h i s lyfe
"
Th an k i n G od , t h at h i m h at h se n t a wyfe
.
l oke Iok eth L o t h e i m per ati ve of l ook
feren tly by our old E n gli s h writers
L a,
,
,
,
were used
.
Lok k eth Ath ylla t h e gre at c on querour,
D yed i n h i s slepe, wi t h s h am e an d dis h o n o ur
.
i n dif
IS
N eeds ,
eed i s n odes an d n ode is t h e ge n i ti ve of N eed of
n ecessi ty as i n Ge r m an N ac h ts b
n i ht
a
n
I
C
e
r
i
t
s was used i n
g
y
th e s am e m an n e r
e q ui v ale n tl y to C e r tes
T h e co n se q ue n ce i s
false N odes th e an te cede n t m o te bee n of th e s am e c on di ci o n
l o wi t th e fut u r e i n fi n i ti ve of W ITAN to wi tan n e to be k n o wn
n i ti ve i n A
n gl o S axo n
T hi s i n fi
to
as wel l as i n
ge r un ds s upi n es an d futu r e p ar ti ci pl es
n
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
.
' '
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
F alse fam e is
For
furs,
,
n ot
to drede,
n e
of wyse perso n s
to acc ep/e
.
T E ST
o r fort h t h e p ast p arti ci pl e of
,
to go
FAR AN ,
’
Agai n e th e k n ig h t th e old wife gan ar i se
An d s ai d S i r K n ig h t h ere Fo r t h lyeth n
OF
.
LO
UE
.
,
‘
o
,
C u i vc sa
.
O utfo r t h i n forth wit h o utfo r t h wit h i n fo r t h we r e for m e r l y
co m m o n i n t h e l an g uage
L ove pe ace Wi th outeforth l ove pe ace \ V i th i n forth kep e pe ace
wi t h all m en
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
BO E C IU S
.
F i e t h e i m per ati ve of t h e G ot h i c An gl o S axo n ve r b FIAN to
h ate
Q ui ckl y q ui ck li ke f r o m c wi c owle n c wi cod vi v us l i vi n g
(as we sti ll o pp os e t h e q ui ck to t h e de ad ) c wi c i s th e p ast p ar ti
vi vi fi
c i le of c wi c c i an
Q ui ckl y i n a l i fe
c are to m ak e ali ve
p
li ke or l i vely m an n e r
An o n i n on e (un de r st an d i n st an t m o m e n t
T h an Dam e Pr ude n ce wi th o ut del ay o r tari ei n g se n t an o n e
h er m esse n ge r
In th e An gl o S axo n An m e an s on e an d O n m ean s i n
The
l atter wo r d we h ave i n E n gl i s h co r r up ted to a befo r e A vo wel
an d to An befo r e a co n so n an t; an d i n wr i ti n g an d s pe aki n g c on
T h e adverbs wh i c h h ave
n ected i t wi t h t h e s ubse q ue n t wo r d
s pr un g fro m t h i s do ubl e corr upti o n h ave n o co r r es po n de n t ad
ve r bs ln ot h e r l an g uages be c ause t h ere h as n ot been i n an y ot h er
l an g uage a si m i l ar co r r upti o n
5 f r o m on dae
g on n i h t on le n ge on b raede on b aec on
l an d on li fe on m i ddan on rih te on twa on weg; we h ave
ad ay an ig h t
al o n g abro ad ab ack al an d al ive am id arig h t
at wo away
an d fro m on an
an o n
D o ugl as wr ites on an e
T h us sayan d s c h o t h e bi n g ascen dis on An e
-
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
‘
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
’
.
-
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
’
,
.
For D avi d fel l on sleep an d was l ai d un to h is fat h ers
M u c h m ore m ost are fro m t h e ve r b M AW AN M ET E R E to m ow
T h e p ast p ar ti ci ple i s m eowen — o m i t t h e p arti ci palte r m i n ati o n s
an d th e p ar ti ci ple is reg ul ar l y co m p ared
’
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
M AE
E
M AR E
MO R E
M AR
.
,
.
MA
,
l ‘)
Above t h e
N
on e
t h e fores aid bed was m aid
’
.
e is h e 1 e use d fo r a h e ap of woo d — Bl oke ] m yke ] m och i l
m uc h el m o c h e we r e use d b y all our old E n glisli auth o r s
A l i ttle 111i sgoyn g i n th e gvn n i n g c ause th llyk el e r r o u1 i n
“110 11
.
,
,
,
,
,
‘
th e en d
’
.
r ath es t are si m pl y t h e An gl o S axo n R at h e 1
cel e 1 vel ox swi tt ea1 ] y
T O O K E co n si de r s To h ave 1 atl1e 1 a b ar b ar o us expressi o n
is better to say I wi l l i ath ei
R a1 h ,
1 ath ost,
1
atl1e1 ,
'
,
,
,
,
or
,
’
‘
.
It
’
.
W h y r ys e ye so
9
Wh at eyleth you
R ath e
B r i n g th e R at h e
St a1 k
h ad an
i
f r o m th e
s
1 11te1
1
1 n
l
o
g
\
val t/ di suse
”
F
Ey
be n edi cite
.
’
Ci m
p r i m r ose t h at fors ake n di es
c an
.
.
M ILT O N
.
S axo n st a1 e stro n g T h is wo r d n ever
.
,
.
S o t h at
,
m y son
o w e r t t h o u so u r
n
an
d S tai k
BE At M O N
r
.
FLE T C HE R
AN D
S tai k bec i , b oy , sto ut an d s t1 o n g bee 1
V erv, for1n ei ly m i tte n vei ay, i n F r e n c h v r ai , i s
.
’
‘
.
v
L ati n
Ve i
n
s t r ue
,
.
An d i t is cl e r e
,
po n t h at th i ike se n te n ce of Plate is V e r y
an d u
soot h e
O n ce Twi ce
an d
”
.
,
on
f r om t h e
s, twi es,
y
Twa, Th ri
Th i i c e, for m ei lv 11 1 i tten an es , an is , an 1 s, o n es,
,
twyi s, t\ 1 yi se, th ri es, th 1 yi s, a1 e th e ge n i ti 1 es of An ,
’
.
Fo r O n es th at h e h at h bee n blit h e
H e s h al b en afte r so r i e Th ri es
,
.
He
s ch t
y
f
pro oun
dli e
wth i r
o
Twyi s o r Th r yi s
.
D or o t as
.
Al o n e o n l y were wr i tten
l l on e
all,
a
,
,
o n el y
,
on
li ch e
.
Th e so r r o w, d augh te r , 11 h i c h I m ake ,
i s n ot all O n l y fol m y s ake ,
But for t h e b eth e , an d foi you all
.
G own
s
.
Aye or vea i s t h e 1m perati ve of a ve r b of 11 0 1 t h er 11 ext r action
m e an i n g h ave 1t po se s 1t an d \ es i s ay es h ave
possess
e n j oy th at t h e Fr e n c h si n g 111a1 an d plu1 al i m pe r ati v e aye
ayes
,
,
s
-
s
,
,
!T
,
,
,
‘
,
,
.
He1
“ h an
’
j oy was y wis
th at s h e y afe
an d s ayd : H aue t h is
s h e g ave an d s ai d yes
m ost
h en
,
s
,
R OM
is th e i m pe r ati ve of
av e r se or un wi l l i n g
,
.
a
.
.
,
No
”
ve r b of
n
.
O F T HE
ort h er n extr acti o n
,
R osa
.
to
b
90
In
t h e D an is h N odi g
ave r se un wi ll i n g
an
,
m e an
,
M an y te r m s
d in
t h e D utc h
n
oode
n
,
ode
an d
,
o,
n
.
co n str ucti o n c on si de r e d as s ubst an ti ves
t h o ug h t h ey are ge n er al ly P ar ti ci ples o r Adj e cti ves used wi t h
out an
ubst an ti ve to wh i c h t h ey c an be j oi n ed
L
S
aw i s th e
y
p ast te n se an d p ast p ar ti ci pl e L AG o r L am of t h e Got h i c an d
An gl o S axo n ve r b L AG IS AN lecgan po n e r e to lay d o wn
In our an ci en t b ooks i t was wr i tte n l aug h l ag h l age an d
Ic y
F r o m t h e s am e verb co m e l og an d l o ad
O DD i s f r o m t h e S axo n other (fro m
si n gulus
on e
sep ar atel y or on e by i ts el f T h ere are t h r ee p ai r s an d an
odd on e
H e i n souerai n e dig n i ty is odde
L o ud i s t h e p ast p ar ti ci pl e of th e ver b HL O WAN to low BE
HLO WAN i s to bello w
L o ud was fo r m e r l y wr i tte n Iow d
in
ar e,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
‘
,
,
’
’
‘
.
,
’
.
.
.
,
.
’
.
Wh o c alls so L o w d
’
R
AN D J
O MEO
t L IE r .
Eac h of t h e m i s t h e p ast p ar ti c i pl e o f t h e ve r b
8 1i red ,
S C Y R AN , to s h eer , or to cut of
f ; t h us, sh ered, sln red
S h ei d ,
sh ered, s h e r d
’
—
C ud To c h e w t h e en d, t h at is , to c h e w th e ch ewd
T h is c h an ge of pron oun ei ati on , an d co n s e q ue n tl y of wr i ti n g ,
fro m c h to k , an d fro m k to c h , i s very co m m on i n our l an g uage
.
.
.
.
so m e cool e s h ado w fro m t h e scor c h i n g h eat
T h e wh i les h is fl o ck t h ei r Ch awed C uds d o eate
In
,
’
.
Bast ard —t h e p ast p arti ci ple of
.
to te r ri fy
DASTR IGAN , ter rere,
‘
Dastri ged, Dastri yed, Dastri ed, Dastr ed, Dastr d
Bli n d — Bli n ed, Bl i n d , i s t h e p ast p arti ci ple of
S PE N S E R
.
’
.
’
NAN ,
to stop
H e se n t t h em worde
t h em
t h e ve r b BL IN
.
h e s h o ul d
n ot
blyn tyll
h ad d estroyed
he
.
FABIAN
T h at h ave slep t so uls —t h at i s —bl i n ded t h em
B r ead i s t h e p ast p arti ci pl e of th e ve r b to br ay (Fre n c h
B royer ) to p o un d to be at to pi eces
Th e sedes (of sorrell ) Br ai ed an d drun k e wit h wi n e an d water
i s very h olsom e agayn st t h e c ol k e
y
Bran d i s t h e p ast p arti ci p l e b r e n d of t h e verb bre n t o b ur n
.
’
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
,
A d bl o w t h e fire wh i c h t h e m to as h es Bre n t
n
’
.
FAE R IE QU E E N
.
H e ad W r i tte n h ewed i n t h e ti m e of E d ward t h e III i s th e
a
a
st
p
rti ci ple h eav d of th e v e r b heafan to h e ave r ai se l ift up
p
,
.
,
,
’
,
Perso n s
an d
,
.
,
pri ests t h at Hewedsof h oly k yrk e b en
V IS I N O F PLO U GH M AN
’
.
O
Fi el d for m erl y spel t fe l d , fel de,
th e ver b Faellc m, to fell
.
.
i s t h e past
.
p arti ci p l e felld of
’
Ql
woode , i n Felde o r i n ci tee
S h all n o m an stel e i n 11 0 wi se
In
,
,
’
.
G own
n
.
G erm an t h ere i s t h e s am e co r res po n de n ce bet ween t h e
eq ui v ale n t ve r b an d t h e s up posed s ubst an ti ve Fell e n —F eld
C o ward i s t h e p ast pa1t i ci ple of t h e verb to cower cowre
In
.
.
,
w r so
T h ey
’
co
th e
’
o er
t h ei r ei es b e bler d wi th
00163 ,
sm ook e
’
G u man G eR T O N
z
’
.
’
N
s
EE
D LE
.
t h e p r o ud est h e
W h o l e ads you n ow, t h e n c owr d l ike a d ar d l ar k
Fi e n d i s t h e pr e se n t p arti ci pl e h an d of th e ve r b FIAN to h ate
— vi n ew d Fen owed vi n n
n i e fan
n t
or
fi
f
en
f
a
i
is
y
t h e p ast p ar ti ci pl e of t h e ve r b FIN IGEAN to corr upt to dec ay to
wit h er to fad e to p ass away to spoi l i n an y m an n er
’
’
.
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
wli i n i d st l e an e n
th en
’
,
H e fel l
Frie n d i s
th e
,
.
,
S pe ake t h e n
,
,
,
,
,
am
id t h e fen
,
speake
’
.
’
.
D O U G LAS
presen t p arti ci pl e of t h e verb frian , to l ove
For h e n o m ore t h an th e fe n d e
U n to n o n e ot h er m an i s fre n de
But all to ward h i m self alo n e
.
.
,
’
.
n
It —
h i t , h et , h aet , i s t h e
o m i n ar e , to n am e
It m e an s , t h e s ai d , an d i s
G own
p ast p arti ci p l e of t h e ve rb
n
.
HAET AN ,
.
si n g ul ar o r pl u r al
ei t h er m asc ul i n e fe m i n i n e or n e uter
,
,
,
.
T h e gre ate
lvas h ote
Kyn ge, i t wh i c h
C am b yses ,
’
.
‘
W h ere i s t h e
warre
GO W E R
k yn gdom
of t h e
dyuelle, yf k i t be
n ot
BE R T HE LE T
.
in
.
T h at i s t h e p ast p arti ci p l e th ead th aet t h e at of t h e An gl o
S axo n ve r b t h e an s um ere to t h e to t ake to get to ass um e It
was fo rm erl y used before a pl ur al n o un
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
T h at
ev el an
y
devi lls
gels t h e
’
.
F E or PIC U S
\ V e] l m ote y ee ti me as wel l can wis h y o ur t h o ug h t
T h e our arti cle (as i t is c al led ) i s fro m t h e i m per ati ve of t h e
s am e ve r b
It s uppl i es t h e pl ace of t h e corres po n de n t an d An gl o S axo n
a r ti cl e se t h e i m pe r ati ve of seen
to se for i t an s wers t h e s am e
p urpose to say see m an or t ake m an
LI
.
’
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
See
,
Th e m an that h at h
,
,
k e i n h i mselfe i s li t for
n ot m usi c
or
taken m an
S ee m an
5 1: c m an
,
or
taken
h at h
m usi ck e,
m an i s fi
t for
’
82 0
.
tre as on s
,
85 0
.
tre aso n s
,
£39;
In E n gl is h
we oftei r c h an ge th e p arti ci pi al te r m i n ati o n 11 to t
-
‘
t h us—j oi n ed j oi n d j oi n t gi ft ri ft cleft h aft h i lt
m o uld m alt ti lt fro m tz lz an to r aise o r l i ft up
be n
’
,
,
,
‘
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
t felt
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
T urn ed upside d o wn e
an d o uer ti lt t h
,
V
R i ft
e rote
’
o r I IE n eE
IS EO N
’
.
PL oee m u u
.
i s R i ved
R i vd
R i ft
C left C l iff i s C l eaved C leav d C l eft
S h r i ft i s S h ri ved S h ri v d S h r i ft
D r i ft
i s D ri ved, Dri v d
D r ift
i s lleved
H ev d
H eft
H eft
IIaft
i s fl awed, Hav d
H aft
H i lt
i s Held
H elt
H il t
D esert is Deser ved Deserv d Desert
T wi st i s Twi eed Twi c d T wist
Q ui l t
t lt i s Q ui l led Qui ll d
Tig h t i s Ti ed
Ti d,
Ti g h t of the An g lo
ven b tian vi n c i re to b i 11 d to ti e
’
.
,
,
’
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
‘
.
,
’
‘
~
,
.
,
,
’
'
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
‘
i
,
’
.
,
’
,
,
S axon
'
,
.
,,
,
An d ro un d ab o ut h is
n
ecke an h al ter
tv
glz t
Fa n ati : 01
an an
‘
c
1
1111 11 E
1
.
Wan ed VV an d Wan t of t h e verb W i decres cere
to wan e to fall away
G aun t i s lewan ed G e was a co m m o n p refix to An g l o S axo n
ver bs as G an t as a gr ey h o un d
“7an ti s
’
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
.
w
rau h
a
h
t
t
h
e
p
st
p
r
t
i
ci
l
e
of
Dr
n
to
d
to
dr
a
a
a
)
(
p
g
g
g
draugh ed draugh d d r aug h t
M al t m o ul d f r o m m o ui ller to wet or to m oiste n — m o ui lle an
l
i
i
e
g sed beco m es m oui lled m 0 11i ll d m o uld t hen m on lt, m ault
m al t
M
a
i
'
,
,
,
’
,
.
,
,
,
,
”
‘
,
,
,
,
.
h ad a
cote of cli ri sten dom as li oly k yrk e bel i eve th
An d i t was M O LED i n m an i pl aces
V IS IO N O F P PLO U G HM AN
He
’
,
’
.
.
O ur an c es to rs afli xed
..
ei th er th e p arti ci pi al ter m i n ati o n ed or
en to an
y wo r d as un d ers tan d ed un derstan den
L e ave n i s fro m t h e p ast p ar ti ci pl e h afe n of t h e verb R EAFAN
to r aise H e ave n or h e aved i s f r o m t h e s am e ve r b
Baco n is th e p ast p a r t i ci pl e of t h e ve r b bacan to d ry by h e at
‘
‘
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
b r ed e was n e we taken an d n ow i t i s [ wreak—our h otels
our wy n e were n n ew an d n ow our h otels be n
h
b
r uslen
yg
"Ou r
an d
,
’
Barren
s ue
is
.
,
,
b arred stoppe d s h ut fro m wh i c h
,
,
,
be
can
n o
frui t
n or
.
T h e erth e i s 6arcyn e
T h e L ord h at h closed up all t h e wo m bs
"
.
to
is t h e
Ste rn
Q
teen
.
p ast p arti ci pl e
of th e verb sti m n
'
,
,
8z c
"
.
to m o ve , to sti r,
m
The
slern e
wyn de s o l o ude
’
.
T aovw s
.
Tre ad
on
a
wor m
an
,
dsh e
wi llxsi czr h er t ai l
’
'
i
Ru
D awn is t h e
an d m ore l ig h t
st p arti c i p l e of DAGM N
pa
s
su
lucescere,
,
Paove aus
.
to gro wm ore
.
Tyll th e d ays dawecl t h ese
d am osels d an c ed
V
Bor n
S eon
’
.
P
or
IS IO N
’
.
PL O UC IIM AN
.
.
B ore n Bor n e B or n is t h e p ast p arti ci pl e of BE AR AN
,
,
,
,
,
to bear
Be am i s e i t h er t h e pastten se b are or t h e i n di c ati ve b e ar wi t h
t h e p arti ci pal ter m i n ati o n en
.
'
,
,
.
For M ar is l ove of h e ue n ,
T h at bare t h e blissful bam
4
e
t h at b o ug h t
V
Bad
us on
t h e rode
or P
PLO UG IIM R N
IS IO N
.
’
.
.
to b ay b ayed b aed b ay d b a d b ad ab h orred h ated
defie d t h at is b ad
Bayen
b ay n b ae n write an d pro n o un ce b an e
i ood— e o wed
n d re
a
goo
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
S
cotc
h
ri
te
o
d
d
w
w
e
w
p
g
g
n o un ce g ude
C h ur n — ch y ren ch yr n ch yrn i s t h e p ast p arti ci pl e ofGY R AN
agit are ve r tere revertere to m ove b ack war ds an d fo r wa r ds
4 5 t h e p ast p ar ti ci ple of G Y R IAN to p r ep are to m ake
Yar n —
read y
Y are y ar e good I r as
Th e g of t h e An gl o -S axo n s i s us ual ly softe n ed by t h ei r des ce n d
an ts to y
Yarn m ean s p rep ared (un derst an d cotto n si lk Sec )
’
-
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
m
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
.
,
.
Ed an d en are also adj ecti ve
ter m i n ati o n s
Wh e n P h oeb us t h e so n n e
n eth
wi th
rosen
ch ari ottes.
’
.
,
,
.
b egyn
to spread
h ys cleren
a
cn
esse
a
.
was for m e rl y wri tte n R O S EN sto n y sto n en
Bo at was for m erl y p ro n o un ced h awt , cold , cawld bo ar b awr
R osy
-
,
-
,
.
,
Sec
,
,
.
Or wit h l o ud cry followan d t h e c h ace
Efter th e fom y bawer
,
’
.
D ot c m s
’
.
By tr an
wri g ht
sposi ti o n gri s was m ad e grass t h i r l ed t h ri lled wyrh t
,
,
,
,
.
The
gre n e gem
A sh ort p rayer
b edewi t was an d
THYR LETH
wet
’
.
D O U G LAS
h eve n
.
B
i V ES
AND PAL P E R
-
'
.
.
24
(
1
-
By t h e l awe
BR ENTE
E
BR NT
E
s uc h wytch es s h o ul d be h eded
,
an d
’
.
—T h e
BR Y DDE
THR IDDE
D IUE s AN D P AU P E R
n
every
po n h is l ai e
BR YDDE u
—He preide t h e
THR Y TAN—J ud as
TH R ISTY
THR IDDE
.
G owen
tym e
.
.
M AT HE W
so l d e C h ryste for THR Y TTY pe n s
.
.
D IVE S AN D PAU P ER
—T h e TH R IS TY give to drm k e
.
.
ER AS TE—T h e
teares
KR AS T
E
O f par am o urs
KER S E—I do n
R
UDDL ES
ght he
n e rau
.
.
D ocr oon
o
—
S PE N C E R
h er eye n two
out of
—H w m y b l ood C
C R UDDLEs
K ER
.
or
a
srcxs TALE
.
.
DR Y D E N
n ot a K ER ,
t c are a K ER SE—a cress
t h at i s ,
a
.
cr oss
C HAU C E R
.
’
We h ave s ee n t h e Ety m ol ogi c al
.
of t h e fi n al s t d y an d n
O ur an cestors m ade a p ast p arti ci pl e by addi n g ed or en ei t h e r
T h us
to t h e i n di eati ve m ood of t h e verb or to t h e p ast te n se
k n o w cd or k n owen , so wed or sowen
Th e S h eph erd s b oy (bes t K NO WEN b y t h at n am e )
use
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
‘
.
S PE N C E R
b re at h of heaven s h aked i t
T h ey us uall y e m pl oyed t h e p ast te n se i tse l f wit h o ut
par ti ci pl e of i t by t h e additi o n of ed or en
Hefi h afe h o we
W h an Luci fer was HEPP i n h e ven
E ve r y
.
.
m aki n
g
a
.
,
.
,
.
G O WE R
.
or An glo S axo n t h e p ast te n se i s form ed by a c h an ge
of t h e c h ar acteri sti c l etter of t h e verb
Wfin gan , to wri n g W r an g wro n g wr un g By t h e c h ar ac
teri sti c lett er i s m e an t t h e vo we l or di pth on g wh i c h i m m edi atel y
n i ti ve ter m in ati o n , an
p recedes th e i n fi
gean
c an
can , or gan
g nan
Fro m Alfred to Sh ak speare o ch i efl y prevai led i n th e S o ut h
Si n ce t h at ti m e t h e fas h i o n of wri t
an d a b ro ad i n t h e N ort h
i n g (as Tooke expresses i t ) h as d ecidedl y c h an ged to on an d u
an d i n so m e i n st an ces to 0 a an d 0 0 an d ai C l i m b c l o m b cl am b
Wri n g wr o n g wr an g wr un g
Bi n d b oun d b an d
Fro m Alf r ed to S h akespe are a g r eat v ar i ety of spelli n g appears
C h aucer co m pl ai n s
b ot h i n t h e s am e an d i n di ffere n t writers
of t h is
In E n g l is h
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
An d for t h ere i s s o gre ate
wri tyn ge of our to uge
”
.
diuersyte i n En glysh c, an d i n
26
‘
He R O WE h i mse l f on h i s o wh e
su ord
'
.
H IS T
or P R
.
AR T HU R
.
.
Bec ause t h e m an t h at stro we wi t h h i m ,
Di d to uc h th e h ol lo w pl ace
Of J aco b s th i g h wh erei n h ereby
T h e S HR O N K EN syn ewe was
’
,
.
all the
S o l o ude s an ge t h at
woode
H i s s word S LO DE d o wn
,
an
.
R O NG
.
BL AC K K Y G HT
T h e water brookes are c l e an e S O N K E d o wn e
S O N G E S AN D S O N E r S
G E N E S IS
BY
th e pl e as an
,
E AR L
T HE
d ker n ed as un der
HI S T
.
OF
.
t b an ks
S
UR R E Y
h is h orse n ecke
O E PR IN C E AR T HU R
.
.
An d wi t h m y h an d t h ose gr apes I tooke
T h at r y pe we r e to t h e S h o we
An d WR O NGE t h e m i n to P h ar os c opp e
An d wy n e t h ereof d i d m ake
.
,
,
.
C
An d i n h i s h an d a si ckl e h e d i d h olde
To reape t h e ri p e n ed fr uits t h e wh i c h t h e ear t h
E N IS IS .
,
h ad
Y O LD
QU E E
FAIR IE
For God i t W O TE h e s atte ful ofte and soo
W h en t h at h is S h oe fn l bi tterl y b yIn WR O N GE
.
N
E
.
,
W IFE
Be c ause
to
O n ce to
me
W
t
a m an
h is fader
n
.
BAT uE S PR O L
OF
.
yi eld h i m
YO
LD
,
n
l ove S h e d ot h de n y
ot to b e Y O LDE ag am e
.
FAE R IE QU E E N E
es so n e of
to k ysse h i m , an d
R om e
sh olde
be h an ged h e pr ayed
h e BO TE of h i s fad e r s n ose
D UE S AN D PAU P E R
,
.
I
N oe dran k e wy n e so
t h e m ygh t of t h e wy n e
.
t h at h e was DBO NK E for h e k uewe
,
n ot
.
D IUE S AN D PAU P E R
.
T h i s P an d ar us c am e leapyn g i n at o n es
An d s ai d t h us wh o h at h bee n wel yb ete
To day wi t h swerdes an d S L O NG sto n es
,
,
-
.
TR O Y LUS
Wi t h fi
n e s m al l cords abo ut i t stretc h ed wid e
S o fi n el y
S PO NNE,
.
.
,
t h at sc arce th ey co uld b e S pid e
.
S PEN SER
.
T h o m i g h t h e gre at m ern ei le see
Of on e r y tot h i n h i s d eg r ee
S P R O NG up a k n i gh t wit h sp ere an d sh clde
,
.
G ou E R
'
.
27
S IO O K E a
'
was
th e m i dest th ereof
in
‘
an
an
n
of stee le
i le
fai re sworde n aked b y t h e poi n t
t h erei n
an d
,
.
H IS T O R Y
PR IN C E
OF
W it h serpe n ts f ul l of yre
S TO N G oft wi t h de adly p ay n e
Ali I Ii C E
'
.
,
’
.
E
Y ou
H e h aue
an
h t
th e
OE
LE
S UR R v
.
H ellespo n t
cti o n of b atte r y ag ai n st
t h o ug h 1 S LR O K E h i m fi rst
i f t h e r e be an y
i ts n o m atte r for
h im ,
a
law i n IllvrIa,
t a
ever s wo m
n
i R
yet
‘
,
.
T W E LF E N u;HT
S weare t h e n h ow t h o u
S WO M as h ore
.
escap dst
’
(m an ) l ike
a
'
d ucke
.
T E MP E ST
"
T h e fi ery Tah alt wi t h h is s wor d prep a ed
Wh i c h as h e b reath d defi an cc to m y ca r es
H e S WO \ G abo ut h is h ead an d c ut t h e wi n d e
r
,
.
,
’
,
,
.
,
.
R
O MEO
UL
AN D J
IET
S o m e put h em to t h e plo ug h pleden f ul l seld e
In set ty n g o an d sowyn ge swon ken ful l h ar de
V IS IO N or P E C E PLO U G HMAN
.
,
,
.
I
R
.
An d s ai de if th at h e m i c h t ach ei ue
H is purpos i t S h al l we ll be WO LED
,
.
,
C
L o we
b on
n
de h a i n
c radel an
d
won de
cl o utes
in
WE E
O
ful po ure
~
.
D IU E S AN D PAU P E R
i s th e
.
.
Past Te n se o r P ast P ar ti ci ple (as s om e c h oose to
c al l i t) si n ge d S o n g o r s un g so n Dg “ Wi n g— of wri n gan tor
I est—w r an g
n g
w
un g
B
n d
n eI e
to
r
o
r
i
bo
W
n d
n d
w
b
a
q
bo un d bo n d e b an de
Son
g
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
AS t h e c usto m of th e lam :
h i m bon de
.
L Y DG AT E
.
Bun dl e
.
Bi n d
a s m al l p art o r p arcel bo un d
an d d ae l
R U DLE m ade u
i n ite n um b e r of h eresi es
of
a
n in f
p
up
.
,
N
“
I t is
a
.
Bi t,
b ai t
,
BA T
Y
.
S h e fee l i n g
h im
t h us
bi t upo n
T h at brook wh ose co urs e s o
BAT F
UL
the
BA T
Y
.
F AE R IE Qr E E R N
m akes h er mould
D eI
.
.
r rO N
'
.
T h ro n g fro m
N,
TIIR IN c A
to t h ri n g compri m crc
th ron ge th ryn ge th ri n g t h r an g t h r un g
,
,
C on
n n
,
,
aun dour, com pan
III
.
Am an g t h e
the
h e TH R ANG
m en
,
I food
ti m es t h erefo r e i am
,
’
Bui ld — f r o m
,
,
T R AN
,
d
w
h im
sa
.
D O U G LAS
.
.
b o ard
m uc h U NS T R UNG
on
.
S LAT IO N
or IIO M E R S O D E S S Y
‘
.
to co n fi
rm to st r e n gth e n to co n soli d ate
BY LD AN ,
bold b ui lded b ui lt
R s
e
an
n
N or h ad
C oe
;
.
str
u
n g
g
stroon
,
an
an d
,
Stro n g — f r o m to stri n g
At all
t h ee an
ci e n t N ew T estam e n t
d ton rm en ten
THR Y N GEN an
e
s
y
,
g
c rr
.
,
seis t wh o ton ch ide m e
th o u
con stri n
,
,
,
,
m an
,
.
IIecn b a th i dder wi t h
R an all i n v an e
h er c h i lder for
-
beid,
.
—
Pl ot fro m
PLIGHTAN ,
D O U G LAS
to pl i g h t ,
p l edge p l ot
plegh t,
,
Pi lgram es an d
P al m ers p ly/gilth em
For to seek St J am es
V
S PITTAN , to S pi t , s po ut , spo t , spi ttan
S N Y IAN , c m n n gere, to W i pe , s n ot , s n
‘
H e t h at
t h e Ki n g
h is n ose
SN ITES
.
.
.
.
'
togyth er
.
an d
,
S
sp ate
o ut s ui ted
.
PD O UGHM AN
.
.
,
,
h at h i t
P
I IO N or
n ot,
.
forfeits h i s face to
.
R AY
S O IIAN ,
’ ‘
out,
S PR ovE R BIAL
to t h ro w to cast fort h
s h ut s h o ut s h oot s h eet
proy c cre, (IPJ IC QIG,
‘
s h ot s h otte n
,
,
,
T h e arc h er
,
shet
yn
t h i s b o we is C ryste
ge i n
,
.
to t h ro w
.
,
,
S AY IN G S
’
.
D IE Us AN D PAU P E R
.
cestors wrote th e p ast te n se of verbs wh ose c h aracter
i sti c l etter was i or y ei t h er wi t h o or a bro ad or on or n or
i S h ort S h ot wi n do w—n ot s h op or s h ut
O ur an
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
An d dressed
T h ei r un n e to
an ker
th e
him
by
a SH O T
wyn dowe
.
M Y LLE R
beresi e of t h e D o n ati stes
’
S
T ALE
.
as to a S H O O TE
’
.
For
co m es
on e S
ve pe n ce
H O T of fi
,
th ou s h al t
h ave five t h o usan d wel
.
t
T wo G E N T L E M E N
are
stude
an e wod,
wi t h
sch outan
OF
d bewi s s c h e n
V ERO N A
.
e
.
D O U GLAS
.
29
As h o n t —J o h n so n s ays i t
k n o wn
of wh i c h
i s a word
,
n o
ety m o l ogy is
.
T h ey t h re w t h ei r c aps
As t h e y wo uld h an ge t h e m on t h e h or n s o t h e
S H O O TING t h ei r e m ul atio n
m oo n
’
e,
’
.
S HYTTE
—
l
w
yo
r
g
tes
i t h yr on b arres
h
t
e
u
a
yg
y
n I
S ceat —
p ast par H e n ce
b ed — a s h eet an c h or
a
.
,
.
L Y D G ATE
.
s h eet of water of l ig h t n i n g for
,
a
,
.
T h e very
An glo S axo n
s cot free scot
SC
-
,
an
d
S
HO T E
an
ker
was p r o n o un ced
l ot h o m e
’
.
as S H an d S K
bot h
s eate Ski t
soot, soot, scout,
,
For s uc h as I am all t r ue l o we r s are
U n st aid an d SK ITT IS H i n all m oti o n s else
S an e i n t h e co n st an t i m age of t h e cre at ure
T h at i s belo u d
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
’
.
T W EL
S ENDAN was used i n di ffere n tly
for
sci tan
Oft ti m es h at h i t C AST hi m i n to t h e fire
F TH N IGHT
.
an
i n to t h e waters
d
.
S h oe s ooe 5 0011 fro m S OY AN to p l ace un d er
C c s ood s h od calceatus un derplaced
S IP AN to si p sop so up sup sorber o m ace rare
GYN TTAN—to k n i t n ectere k n ot k n ig h t k n i gh t ,
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
fid h i m
n
n et,
,
,
,
To K N IT t h e K NO T t h at ever
0,
.
,
,
,
,
.
give t h i s r i n g to
Th ci ben to get h er
,
sh all om a n
r
i e
m y true
k n yt
.
.
K N IGH T
S P EN S E R
.
.
GO W E R
.
W i n ci an to wi n k Man y words i n En gl is h are wr i tte n an d
p r o n o un ced i n diffe r e n tl y wit h c h or k as we n c h spe ak (li ke
wake , ki r k spee c h , ditc h watc h c h urc h
,
.
,
,
,
I
am a ge n
,
t l e wo m an
.
,
,
an
dn
o
WEN CHE
.
M AR C HAUN T E S
b y tr an spositi o n t h ri ll perfor are to pierce
th roll th rn l o r tr n ll
But wel l wot t h e sp e are wit h every n ai le
T H IR LED my so ul
M AR MAGD ALE N E
Th yrli an ,
Th i rli an ,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
Y
H ow i l l besee m i n g is i t i n t h y sex
-
To tri um p h l ik e an Am ason i an
D
.
TR
ULL
,
.
30
Deawi an
to m oi st en m ake wet dew d o ugh
W h ose b eauti e s h i n et h as t h e m o r n i n g eleare,
W it h si lve r D EAW upo n th e roses pe arl i n g
i
‘
,
.
,
,
,
.
IIeafan
,
fi
Illi an
l e ave n
,
S P EN S E R
to r ais e h e ave n o r l i ft t h e pl ace r ai sed
to rai se ex alt tol l e r e— l o af l ord l ad y l i ft
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
lafed,
.
Un
th e LIFT the m aist
der
rive re was n owe n
e
n t l
g y
.
DO
e are ot h er p ar ti ci pi al e n di n gs besi des ed
bro wn b r un t gree n yell o w See
Bre n , to bre n , bri n br un o Fre n c h b ron so I t al i an
T
.
her
,
.
,
,
.
as
en ,
,
,
U G LAS
.
,
,
It BO U RN ETH our m och e
’
v
‘
H e n ce bro wn
br un t br an d b r an d y
,
,
,
To be ar t h e
BR
.
day
U NT of t h e
’
.
C c oelan , aeeen dere, yelk , yo lk , yel low
Gren i an , vi rescere, to gro w gree n , g r ee n
—
IIwath yan , s—
e
u
m
re, to fo am , wh i t
a
p
Geregn an , i n cere, to st ai n , grey
’
-
.
.
fi
.
S ei ran to s h ear cut d i vid e se par ate S h eer (S HEE R i g n or an ce )
sh erd s h red S H O R E S C O R E S lrorn s h o wer b roke n cl o ud s h are
s h i re scare s h ar d s h i rt ski r t pl o ug h s h are
All t h es e s o
var i o usly writte n an d pr o n oun ce d are m erel y t h e p ast p art i ci
p l e of s cram
,
,
,
,
,
,
'
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
An d with t h at word
B y ut out of seeith
“
h is SC HER AND
s werd
als tyte
.
D O U G LAS
.
An d wh ereas b efbre our fore fat h ers had n o ot h er b ooks b ut t h e
S C O R E an d t h e t all y t h o u h ast c aused pr i n ti n g to be used
.
,
2 d PAR T ,
O ur an c estors
S
C O R ES
HE N R Y
VI
recko n ed by the n um ber of sep ar ate p i e ces , or b y
.
A l i ttle
SK A
R E upo n
a
b an k t h at l ets
S C AR was for m erly ap pl ied to
.
an
in
t h e stre am
sep
a
r
a
ted
p
a
rt
y
T h e y h ewd t
h ei r h el m es , an d
As t h ey h ad potsHAR ES be n e
’
.
.
p l ates as un der br ake ,
.
Y et bot h
of good ac coun
'
'
I h ad m y fe at h
th e s h ot , as n et to
‘
.
t are
re cko n ed
in
the
er s h ot S HAE R away t h at is ,
l e ave a p arti c l e be h i n d
’
,
.
SHIER E
.
so
‘
separ ate d
31
to stop to b l i n d — bl o n ed d bl un t
All were h is e art h l y ei en bot h BLU NT an d bad
BLIN N AN ,
’
.
,
,
,
,
’
.
FAE R IE QU E E N
R efan
,
to ri ve
eave tear away—rob ro ug h , ri ff r aff, r apere
-
r
,
R AFT
He
,
h er
,
h e ad wit h o ut rem o rse
h atefull
F IAN , to h ate—fi
e foe fau h
g
,
F0 11 3
Fo ule
,
e d
fi
n
,
,
.
fen
.
w
m ay sm el i n such , a i l l m ost r an
di spreporti on s, t h o ug h ts un n atu1 al
on e
k
,
.
fide e
n
to cle ave
r ,
,
32 1
PAG E
.
c l eeve cleft, c l i ff cl i ft cl o ut
,
,
,
ve n clo uted cre am
F aran to go ford
WAN IAN decr escere to d ecre ase wan e , wan wan d wan t
ele
.
.
O T IIE LL O ,
GLIO FIAN ,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
T h e waters were
,
,
WAN
.
.
S K E LTO N
All t h e c h ar m s of l ove
S al t C leop atr a softe n t h y WAND l i p , (n ot fo n d
or deli c ate )
.
,
th i n
.
T ILL IAN , to l ift
T h ei
g
a1 a1n
,
up,
to ti ll — ti l t t ai ll e t al l toll too l toi l
,
TUELIN n ot, n
,
ei t h e r spi n n en
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
Fren c h
H AUBE R K
I t al i an
US BE RGO
Foxi s h an
ci en tl y
gl is h
B UR GH or B O R O UGH
En
.
.
an
,
to d efe n d s tre n gt h e n fO I ti fy —b a1 11 b ar o n b ai ge
B AR K a vesse l —baxk of a tree — bark of a dog—b ar
BYR GAN ,
k en
b ut
BO R W IS
aS
H e n ce weri an war warre n
.
,
ECUR ITY
,
,
.
.
an d BO R O WE ,
.
T h o u bro ug h test m e BO R O WES m y biddi n gs to fulfyll
An d I wi l l b e yo ur BO R O W ye s h all h ave bre ad an d clot h
,
V
P
.
or
:
M AY
T h is was t h e first so urce of s h eph erd s sorro w
T h at n ow n i l l be q uitt wit h b ai l l n or BO R O W
.
.
’
,
’
.
C ALE N D E R
’
S IIE PIIE R D S
Bu1 i al , Byi gan
,
sepeli re,
E legy
to defe n d to prote ct
,
,
as G1 ay
111
.
h is
expresses i t
T h ese b o n es fro m i n s ul t to P R O TEC T
S TIBAN to sti r steer m ove ste r n
T h e p ar ti ci pl e of t h is ve l b
gi ves us also t h e follow111g substa11ti ves : —S t0 1 e st ei n stn i sti r
1 ed
(form e1 ly appli ed eq ual l y to dust wate1 m en ) et ui t stai t
sti r , st urd y eto urdi
’
.
,
,
,
,
.
~
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
SQ
The
Lo
S TO
a greet S T YR Y NG was m ai d i n
was h i li d wi t h wawys
d wod
en c ressi s furi us an
UR E
.
t h e sea s o t h at t h e li tll s h i p
’
.
How daun gerous i s i t to
S TUR st ur
-
,
ed, stur d,
’
Do l oro us
sturt
m ake
HU R T
8 13 111 1 1 0 11
or
.
U
in
ST RT an
d p an
e
’
.
D O U G LAS
We h ave sturdy b y t h e accustom ed addi ti o n of ig or y
Stor m p ast p art of S tyrm i an
agit ate to r age
.
,
.
furere,
agi t are ,
,
.
to
.
,
Day, Daegi an
.
.
l i fe I l ed
my
h om e
S TUR R Es at
’
lueesc ere, b y addi n
g t h e p arti ci pi al
ter m i n ati o n en we h ave d age n d awn
to c h ur n to t ur n b ack wards an d fo r wards gives
Gyran
C H AIR C AR , c ardi n al , c art c h ari ot
us t h e followi n gz —c h ar
N c h arco al a j ar, to j ar
R WO MA
CHA
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
T h e wi tc h es of L ap l an d
are th e
Di uel s C H AR E wo m en
’
-
B
.
T h e pypi n gwi n d b l aw up th e d ure
on
C H AR
AN D
’
.
F
.
.
H e n ce al so ch arrue —Fre n c h —for p l o ug h c h arp e n ti er , c h ar
i n the water
sh wh i c h t ur n s i tself q ui ckl
afi
y
u
,
,
.
,
O n e good
Gyrwan
prep are )
t ur n deserves an ot h er , (on e good C H AR )
’
.
y ard y are m ete y ard y ard wan d (yar en n n to
Y ard i s for m ed i n t h e acc usto m ed m an n er by c h an g
i n g g to y an d t h e c h ar acte risti c l etter y to a
,
,
-
,
,
,
’
-
,
,
,
.
.
,
T h e wi n de was good , t h e s h i p was YAR E
’
.
G O WE R
.
P arti ci pl es for m ed b y a c h an ge of t h e c h aracterist i c l etters
i an d y of t h e verb
Dot , fro m DYTTAN o c c l udere , to stop up, to s h ut i n , to d it
.
.
,
The
ri uari s DITTIT
wit h ded e
c orpsi s
wox rede
.
D O U G LAS
HLIDAN , to cover tegere—lid l ot , bl ot , gl ade , cl o ud
,
,
.
.
T h e p arti ci ple h lod h lot suppressi n g t h e asp i r ate i s th e En g
l is h l ot so m et h i n g covered
Pl ay i n g at th e dyce st an det h i n L O TTE an d ave n t ure of t h e
d yce
F R O M G H L AD co m es gl ade a S p ot
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
C overed wi t h trees or b on gh s th e j oyo us s h ade
Wi t h gree n bo ugh s de cki n g a gl oo m y GL ADE
,
.
FAR R i E QU E E N
.
3 1
—1
lvan
Ga
—C h oi ce
e l igere to c h oos e c h ose c h ese
,
,
,
,
h an e sette b yfore you lyfe an d d et h e good
si n gc an d c urse , an d t h erefo r e d rew t h e lyfe
.
an
,
d en yll,
bl es
’
.
Illyn gian
n ium
Tita
—ii lo
’
t h i n th on g
,
FAur E R
t
o m ark , or to coi n , m o n et a,
y
m i n yed , m i n yd, m i n d , m i n t, m o n
n e
—T h o
B IUE S
,
ey
'
n
.
g d ecrescere to de cre ase t h wo n g
,
,
,
.
th wan
,
g,
.
—He causyd t h e s ayd bestes sk yn to b e
a s m al l an d
i to
cut n
sl e n der thon g
.
FABIAN
.
—To so r ro w to vex m ol est sorro w sor r y sore so ur
s h re wd s h r e w T h e p ar ti ci ple wasl o n g wri tte n i n En glis h sorwe
as
sorewe, soor & c
L E AR W E
ARR O W
S yrwan
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
N AR WE
N AR R O W
S PAR WE
S P AR R O W
J ud as was S O R O WE an d gr utc h ed
’
.
D un es an d PAU PE R
.
S h re wd—T h e p ast par ti ci pl e of t h e verb syrwan b y addi n g ed
to t h e i n di c ative an d b y an e asy corr upti o n of y to 11 T h us
syrop sh rop sh rup s h r ub
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
Vul c an was a sk rewe i n
N ow m uc h beslz rew m y m an
m orro w,
M IRR AN ,
S
p read ab ro ad s c atter
,
,
m or n
,
m or n
all
n
ers
h is yo ut h
an
d my
’
.
G o wn
pri de
.
’
.
M ID S U M M E R N IG HT S ’ D R E AM
in g
to di ssi p ate
,
.
d isp erse ,
,
.
H e expoun dede wi t n essi n g th e Ki n gdo m of God fro t h e MO R O WE
ti l to eve n tid e
,
.
to
PYNDAN ,
pi n
,
BYGAN , fl ectere,
to s h ut i n po n d poun d b i n n
to be n d b ow, (In all i ts se n ses ) bo ug h
pen
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
b ay,
b uxo m
T h ese cere m o n i es ar to be esch uyed as t h e s ai n g of pri uat
m asses bl essi n g of water BO WGH bre ad
.
,
.
,
,
J -O HAN
T h ey p l y t h ei r o ars, an d br us h t h e
Hor E R
.
BUX O M sea
.
un g ere sto ck , stocks , sto cki n g
re
To sti ck S ti can fi
p
e
g
st uck st ucco st ake ste ak sti ck sti tc h
‘
,
,
,
,
,
H e gi ves m e th e STUCKE
i s i n e vi tab l e
,
,
,
,
in
wit h s uc h
,
.
a m ortal m oti o n
,
t h at i t
.
T WE Lr E N IQ IIT
.
35
DRY GAN ,
to d r i v e off rxc n tere sm eare to d r y dro n e d rai n
11
dragon
(I r an
d ron e
D rai n th at b y wh i c h an y fl uid (o r
o th er t h i n g) i s d r i ve n out
I i e n ee
IVR Y GAN to wri n e to wry tegere to cover cl o ak
rog ue ro ck roc h e ro c h et r o ck et r ug r uck array r ai l rai ls
rig rigg i n g rigel r i lli n g ray (ro gu e )
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
An d WR IE you i n th at
m an
tel
cuc rm o
.
T R O Y LU s
,
I l l pr at h er —out of doore
’
you
,
wi tc h
R AGG E.
M E R R Y W IV E S
The
R o m an
is
ar bot r i dli s,
R AY
q uod I to t h at
W IN D S O R
OF
.
.
D O U G L AS
As s c h e th at h as n an c tltlllt r e n t n or h y re
But wyth 11yr R O K an d S pyn n yn g for to th ryffe
.
’
,
.
D O L G LAS
.
For al s o wel wol lon e be sette
U n der R AGGEs as r ych e R O C HE PIE (pan of t h e d ress of
bis h op )
,
'
a
‘
,
.
R
O
M
O F T IIE
.
H o rror ass um es h er seat fro m wh os e abi d i n gfl i es
Th i ck v apo urs t h at l ike BUGS still h an g t h e t ro ubled
R O SE
.
,
,
,
H e to t h e
m oun tai n
Forgetti n ge b att el
Efter
The
R ails ,
covered
fro m
es fl edde
R AI
E
for li fe
.
ALR i O N
.
T R O Y LU S
.
G E N IS E S
.
PO LY
C ertes i t 11 0 11 h o n o ur i s to t h e
To wepe an d i n th y bed to R O UE EN t h us
ai r
.
,
”
.
m ydli t s am i n we n t AR AY N E
Troyan i s an d fc lk i s I t ali an e
t h am e
uth i r
.
BAR C EL ,
t h at b y wh ic h
D O U G LAS
place
an y
.
i s th i n l y
.
Th e b ustuous swyn
e am yd th eh n n ti n
g mu m an d
An c r ouch R ILL IN G of raw h yde an d of h are
T h e toth i r fute coweri t wel e an d k n yt
t h e n et tys
.
,
.
Hen
ce
also
rigged
,
r
o ck r ai m e n t r ai l r all y
,
,
,
S torm e tum bled up t h e sea, t h at sh e (t h e
S IR AK E on a R O CK , t h at un der wat er lay
'
D O C C LAS
.
.
h i p ) al as 3
s
‘
.
S PE N sE R
.
36
to ski ll to d i vide sep ar ate dis cer n
He n ce ski ll
s c al e s h ell s h o al s co wl sk ul l s h o ulder (as s cot s h ot wr i t
wrote wrote n wroot wroatt wratt wrate wri tte n ) s o s h i l li n g
sl ate s cald sc agli a esch elle esci alle esch allotc s c alog n a
S C YL AN ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
S ee th e bli n d n ess of us wordlye fol k ,
wh i c h we l e ast can S K ILL
in
m atters m ost i n
t h os e
.
S IR J
T h ere t h ey fl ye or d ye l i ke S C ALE D S c ul l s
Before t h e bel c h i n g wh al e
MORE
.
.
,
.
T R O Y L Us
.
t r oops are S C AL D an d go n e
T h r o ug h wars an d wan t yourselfe d o see an d k n o we
G O D F R Y or B L L G
Y our
’
.
,
U
E
The
ottlc
p
of wi n e i s S C AL ED
NE
OI
S C ALE t h e cor n t h at i s
S P R E AD t h e c o r n
,
.
.
,
.
An ol d seek i s aye sxAILIN G
All is n ot wort h a co upl e of n ut S HALIS
.
.
S HE LT O N
.
h e ard t h is pretty ta
le
But si n ce i t se r ves m y p urpose I wi l l ve n t ure
To S C ALE t a l itt l e m ore
Y ou m ay h ave
,
’
.
C O R IO LAN U S
T h an s cri pt ure seorn id m e
,
an
d a S K ILE l oked
V IS IO N O F P
.
.
.
PLO
U G HM AN
.
S co wli n g (s h i l i n g ) eyes ) sep ar ated or l ooki n g differe n t ways
,
He
h as a l arge
i
IIe
l e ad
covereyd
n
.
an d S HO ULDER s
ecke
.
i t wit h pl ates of sy l ver
,
in
stede of
scLAT E
or
.
BY R T H
S C Y PPAN ,
OF
M AN K IN D , 1 5 4 0
.
for m are to fas h i o n , form , p r ep are ,
s h op s h ap e s h i p
,
,
,
.
H e n ce
.
W e b en S H AP E
.
S om etym e l yke a m an
S C R IDAN ,
ad apt
or lyke
to cl ot h e vesti re for m erl y
sort of clot h i n g wh atever
,
,
an ape
.
a ge n
FR AR E S TAL E
er al ter m for
.
an y
.
so m er seas o n wh an softe was t h e so n n
I s h op e m e i n to a S CHR O UD as I a sch epch erde wer
V IS IO N or P PLO U M AF
In
,
.
,
G II
.
S uc h a n oyse arose
As t h e S H RO WDES m ade at sea i n
As l o wd , an d to as m an y t un es
.
,
a sti ffe
te m pest
,
.
HE N R Y
V III
.
37
TR IBULAN , tri b ul ar e, tn n dere, to br uise ,
BR EC Ah , b rozeean , to bre ak , fran gere
p o un d vex tri b ul ati o n
H e n ce brook bro ac h ,
b r ack b r e ak bre ac h breec h es brack br acca br ac h i um
At t h i s day t h e s treet wh ere so m e tym e r an n e t h e sayde BR O KE
i s n ow c al led “ 7ALBR 0 K E
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
’
FABIAN s
CHR ON
T h e st r uggli n g water BR EAK S out i n a brook
Is i t n o BR E AR E of duti e to wi th st an d yo ur K i n g
H ear
He b lessi de an d BR AK
OF
Ic LE .
.
D ITIO N
SE
.
.
Hm gan —To b ow to be n d to i n cli n e , i n cli n are H e n ce k n ee ,
'
,
.
,
N eck , K n uckle , N od, N otc h , N ock , N ook , N i c h e , N i ck
L i ke t h e g ood fl each er t h at m en d ed h i s bol te
’
wit h eutti n ge of t h e n oelle
D R M AR T IN
.
.
.
’
U rz flz an
’
,
to wri t h e— wrot h wr at h , wre at h
r addl e wry ri ddle
torq uer e,
,
T h e y b ui lt
,
.
,
,
.
t
h
ei
r
h
u
ts
very
h
n dso m el y
a
p
u
R
S O N C a r son
O BIN
.
D O EL AN to dist ri b ute, di videre
He n ce de al dell , do le
do ul e, do wle
on
r n n ed as h e were wo a
T h e gryfi
d
gy
An d l oked lo n ely as an owle
An d s wore b y cockes h ert b loode
He wo uld h i m te r e every DO ULE (or p i ece )
DE AL IN G DO LE am o n g h is foes
.
,
,
,
.
‘
,
,
,
.
,
’
.
M ILT oH
S WIPAN ,
to s weep verrere H e n ce s wop s woo p
T h e river goes S WOO P IN G by
.
,
.
.
,
.
D R AY m
'
At l ast
c am e to swoor
u
o
y
-
i t all
N
.
’
.
At on e fell S WO O P E
S WIGAN stupere to s woo n —swog swowen s wo on
T h at wh at for fere of slaun der an d dred of det h
S he l oste bot h at o n es wi t an d bret h
An d i n a S WO LGH s h e lay
DR Y D E N
.
C HAII S E R
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
’
.
,
BIDDAN ,
to bid to p ray or ar e
All n ig h t s h e spe n t i n BIDDING of h er b edes
W IL AN to wall con n ectere
TYR AN to m ake bitter to tar exac erb are
Two curres s h al t am e e ac h ot h er p r i d e alo n e
M ust TAR R E t h e m astiffes on as twere th ei r bo n e
Gyllan —H o wl ul ul ar e to yell h o wl owl yell
Hym an exten der e to exte n d (exte n ded sp ace p l ace ) room
ri m
b r i m be rym an
H e h ath t r usted m e wit h t h at weigh ti e room s of hi s grace s
h ig h chaun cellor
LIF E or S IR T M O R E
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
’
.
.
.
.
O
curare to care fOr to t ak e care of—gr oo m b r id e
groo m , wh i c h our an cestors c al led b r ide gum An d at pres e n t
i n th e coll ater al l an g uages t h er e is n o r ;
Gym mz ,
’
,
,
,
-
.
,
Br an ti gam
B r ud gum m e
him,
T h e Ger m an s c al l
T h e S wedes
,
-
‘
.
-
,
.
gi fan
Gewgaw n n gre g an d to gi ve away an y tri fli n g
Gewg aw was so m eti m es wr i tten gigawes an d gcwgaudes
th i n g
Cc
-
’
-
,
,
,
,
.
An d of th e Holy S c r i pt ures sawes
H e co un tet h t h e m for G IGAW ES
,
’
.
S K E L IO N
y a pretty GAUD I keep
’
Ive m an
‘
,
HLIHAN , ridere , to l aug h
-
sto r e fo r t h e
in
exten
,
,
.
PO LY -O LIIIO N
.
.
Germ an Fre n c h I t ali an L ati n
S pan n e Esp an S p an n a Sp an n um
,
S PIN AH to S pi n
e
.
dere,
,
.
.
An d ei ke h is coi t of golden
Quhilk h i s m oder h i m S P AN
R IK Y AN , to r ak e , r ac k , r ake ,
HR INGAN , c on cion ari , to so un
b etwee n h an d r
‘
,
,
.
thredis br i c h t ,
.
D O UG L AS
.
i ck r i c h es r adere sar i r e
d— h ar an g ue by i n t r od uc i n g
r
.
,
,
.
,
a
,
.
B y th eyr aduyse th e K y n g Agam em n own e
For a trewse se n t i n to t h e to wn e
For t h i r ty dayes an d Pri am n s the Kyn ge
h o ut abod e gran te d h is AR Y NGE
'
'
‘
,
.
L Y D G Ar E
'
GY R DAN ,
.
ci n gere to s urro un d gi r d y ar d garde n gi rdle g arter
H Y R S IAN to obey p ar ere O b edi re—h o r se
S TIGAN to asce n d to go asce n d ere Hen ce st age st ag st ack
stalk st ay st ai rs story st age r y stawr y o r s to r y t h at is , a S et
: st ai rs —
of
stye sti l e sti rr up et age , astraba strep a
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
we S TE IGEN to Jer us al e m
LO
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
‘
O L D T R AN S L AT IO N
N e S TEY R S
to
ST
EY
O F T HE
O N E is n
h ous of th rc
Pri n ce i n t h e
.
on e
N E W TE S T AM E N T
.
C HAU C E R
GIS .
S TA
J
Bo e h l s
full
T h e cors es were drawe n
S TA
Y
.
O
AH,
v
.
.
8
.
.
do wn
the
D O U G L AS
ST
EY ERS wit h o ut piti e
C HR O N IC LE
.
.
P IN AN to p ai n , cr uci ar e
R ai GAN , to r ai n pluere
.
,
,
ln
.
.
Heli es ti m e He ave n was cl osed
T h at
n o R AIN n e R O N N
E
.
V IS IO N O F P PLO U G HM AN
beget , to acq ui re gig uere , acqui rere Hen ce
.
S TY RN A
N , to
strai n , stri d e
.
,
.
.
.
IES IM N ,
‘
'
ac q ui rc re, yestran
,
obt ai n ed or p assed yeste r d ay
S ac re d R evere n ce yb orn e of h e ave n l y
,
.
,
An d I t h y
b lade,
BR Y S AN— Br ulse,
S ir
to
Hem i son
th y
S TR
.
S PE N S E
an ddo chter sch eme
G ET,
R.
“
.
b
b r ui se to
DO U G LAS
.
se c on terere
"
l
BR IS Et
is spe ar upo n S i r Tri stram l
,
a
.
,
-
T h e asse
BRIITIAN ,
EN E
'
H IS-r o am
'
day gotte n
yester n yester , t h e
,
h is fote
BR O S ED
or
’
ln
AR THU R
IN C E
.
’
.
dispe n s are to b r i t , to br ui t.
"
—
T a sm an an d spre ad abro ad
‘
,
,
r
.
G R AY .
fi
TM WS IAN ,
dem d are ” to p l ed ge on e s fai t h , TR U C E
Th e d ai e of exp i r ati o n of th e TR U EWES ap
roch ed l
p
FABIAN
DYNGAN , (lQllC-EI C , to c ast d o wn , di n g , do n g , dun g:
’
.
'
.
.
‘
_
M y fore gran dsyr h ec h t Fyn M ac C o wl ,
,
T h at
DAN G
t h e de ui l
an d
wll
g ar t h i m
o
y
S c O r cII
'
'
PO E M S
.
T IR AN to feed upo n ti re tyre depasci
— S h e m ig h t T IR E wit h h er e yes on m co un te n an ce
y
,
,
,
.
,
,
M X DAS
.
M IS C AN , to m i x, m i scere, to m ise, m i es , m i x
HL IS AN , celebr are , to pr aise , 190 5 , 108 , or pr aise
.
.
Besi des
t h e l oss of so m uc h L oss an d fam e
As t h o ug h t h e world t h ereby s h ould gl ori fy h is
,
,
,
,
li m p ,l i m bo
li m ,
H e fo un d h i m self un wist so i ll bestad
T hat LlM h e co ul d n ot wag
am
e
.
FAE R IE Q gE E N E
,
L IMP IAN perti n ere to b elo n g
n
.
.
,
.
FAE R IE Q U E E N E
.
I M P AN to pl an t to gr aft ser ere, pl an t
As i t i s i n yo un ge an d te n der Y M PES plan tesx twygges th e
wh i ch e eve n as ye bo we t h e m i n th eyr youth e, S O wyll t h ey ever
m ore rem ayn
T h e n ob l e Y MP E
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
BY R T H
WICCIAN i n can t are witc h wi cked wi tc h ed
OF
M AN K Y N DE
.
‘
,
,
S i m o n M ag us
,
,
,
a grete
.
W Y TCHE
.
DIU E S AN D PAU P E R
‘
.
.
HYLDAN , i n cli n are , to be n d do wn
He was so m e HEILDING fell o w, t h at h ad sto l e n t h e h orse h e
.
.
rode
on
Di n
’
.
FAE R IE QUE E E N
,
DYN AN ,
strepere to di n di n t dun
All t h e c astle r an g of t h ei r D IN rs
,
,
,
.
.
'
.
H IS T
S n ake
sn n
cr .
”
(D
,
S N IC AN ,
erpere ,
s
crepere,
_
.
to creep ,
OE
PR IN cE
AR T HU R
.
to s n e ak s n ail
,
,
,
40
Gri m , GRY MMAN , Soevi re, frem ere ,
S MITAN , p oll aere , to poll ute , sm ut
to r age , gri m
.
.
He wi ped h is S h aggy bre ast fro m
Di ci an
SM
U TC H
.
C O W PE R S ILIAD
’
.
fodere to d ig d ike d yc h e di tc h
,
Two freres walk yn ge on a DYC H ES b ryn k e
,
.
,
,
,
.
D IVE S AN D PAU P E R
Trym an
dispo n ere to ord er tri m
In g al l an t TR IM t h e gi l ded vesse l goes
.
,
,
,
h i m e Hri m an to ri m e n um er are
To do —DO N dooed d id dede deed
‘ I DO n o ug h t as U l y sses DEDE
R
,
,
,
N YDIAN, to push , to
’
.
G R AY
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
d ri ve,
ere.
c og
’
.
GO W E R
Hen ce
n
eed ,
k n e ad
—
n
u
ac us
i
n
e
e
d
l
d
i
m
ti
ve
of
ed
i
N e e sa
He n ce dab, or
DIPPAN , m ergere , to di p , to d i ve
dap, or dop , deep
AS p un ged DEAPED i n co l d water
.
n
eed l e ,
-
c h i ck,
.
.
dab
.
.
.
C AS T EL
The DIV ING DO B- c h i ck,
h ere
am o n
gst t h e rest
ou
y
HE LT H
see
.
PO L Y -O LBIO N
fi
ce e
T h is of
T h i s fa
OF
.
r
ed
frere
W h an e was co m e al oft ,
He DO PP ED t h e m
An d grete t h is m an
R eli i ously an d oft
WILLAN eb ullire eéi uere to spri n g out to well
T h ereby a ch ri stall stream e di d ge n tl y p l ay
W h i c h fro m a sacred foun t ai n e WEL LED fort h al way
WILLIGAN , volvere to ro l l Hen ce we l ki n W h eel , wh i le
C o m e (S i r P age )
Look e on m e wit h your WELK IN eye
The grace of h e ave n EN WHEELE t h ee ro un d
n
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
'
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
’
.
He wo ul d
c
om e
at o n
WR ICAN
ck
ra
n
ce
ot
O T HE LLO
h ear t h em WHILES T
a
h un dred
ters
su
h o uld
s
.
R
,
.
loedere, to h urt
.
.
AS C HAM
He n ce wreck , wretc h , wretc h ed ,
.
.
S o th at
com es an d fr ui tisgoi s to WR AIK
T h ro u t h e corrupti t are
,
.
We say
DO UG LAS
.
go t o R ACK an d rum
to obstr uct , O b struere—dam , d um b , so barren bli n d ,
D EMM AN ,
wh i c h see
I wi ll
”
.
,
.
DAM up t h i s
y awn i n gm o n t h
Poor poor DUMB m on th s
As DO ME as de at h
V IS IO N or
.
HE N R Y V I
.
.
.
PIER C E PLO UGHMAN
.
o
4v
e
T h ey H ELE D wit h t h e gre n e grass
’
.
(lo wEn
WH O LE h al e t h at is covere d
H ELL IE R an d P l asterer
\ V IC AN l ab are to totter to fai l we ak
lY R AN In ercari to buy o r sell —c h ap c h e ap c h op
To C HO P an d C H AN GE —TO b arg ai n an d c h an ge
By t h at i t n egh ed to h aruest n ew cor n e c am e to C H EP IN G
V IS O N o r P PLO IIM AN
Hyrstan or n are to ador n — h e arse h urst
To de ck h is IIER cE
FAIR IE QU E E N E
H urst—a pl ace orn am e n ted by t r ees
Fro m e ac h ri si n g H UR S T
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
’
~
.
.
’
.
,
I
,
,
UC
.
.
.
,
’
.
.
.
.
’
l
“ fi gli an , Ge-V Vi glian
O L Y -O L E IO N
.
to co n j ure to divi n e divi n ar e i n c an t ar e
to p ractise i m post ur e an d e n c h an t m e n t wi l e g ui le g ui lt g ul l
O ur n oti o n s of e n c h an t m e n t are very di ffere n t f r o m t h e n oti o n s
of t h ose fro m wh o m we recei ved t h e words
G ui lt an d g ull are used by us wi t h o ut an y all usi o n to wi tc h
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
V erbs wi t h ot h er c h ar acteristi c l etters c h an ge i n t h e s am e
m an n er
flIelcan m ulger e to m i lk m i l c h
Illetsi an ci b ar e to fu r n is h m e at o r food m ess
Gretta” turpar e vi lefac ere to m ake wo r t h less orts
T h e fracti o n s of h er fait h O R TS of h er l ove
.
,
,
.
,
‘
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
T IM O N
Haz tan ,
calefacere,
to h eat h ot
H e at wit h am biti o n
a
to
rm
Wg
rm an
w
/
,
Hlywan tepere to
,
,
.
’
.
BE N J
ON
SO N
.
calefacere.
m ake lew (l uke ) war m
T h o u art LEW
.
,
an d
n
.
et h er cold n et h er h oot
’
,
‘ V I C K L IFFE
Gclcm ,
AT HE N S
.
,
,
O F
refriger are to cool kei l c h i ll , cold
To t h e l overs O ui de wrote
An d t aug h t i f love b e too h ote
In wh at m an n er i t S h o uld AK EL E
,
,
,
V E R S IO N
’
S
.
.
,
,
,
’
.
Hn eseim z
to s ofte n - n es h n i ce
I t see m et h for l ove hi s h erte i s te n dre
Aidlian
,
,
m olli re,
i rri tum
L a oan
,
-
,
Harm an ,
Ilym m,
ADDLE
egge
’
.
CO UR T
OF
L O VE
ddle
a
,
,
’
.
T R O Y LUS AN D C R E S S I A
D
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
-
,
,
G O \V N
.
.
to le n d to l e n e co m m o dare l o n e l o an
Y e n e ye yo ur L O N E h opyn ge n oo wyn n yn ge
,
,
,
.
ai l,
s uperbi re to b e p ro ud
do cere to te ac h l ore
coi re to go toget h er , h o m e
Ge b y uan h um i li are to b ri n g do wn to t h e gro un d
IIE N C E
LCENAN ,
an d N ES S HE
facere to m ake e m pty , to corr upt ,
an
.
.
,
I f you l ove
Pry
/fl an
G O WE R
,
.
.
D IUE s AN D P AU PE R
.
BRCEDAN ,
S EAC AN ,
di l a
tar e bro ad b o ar d b r id bi rd
to s h ake s h oke q uatere
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
He
.
h i s cares
S HO R E
”
.
S IR T
MO R E
.
.
DE MAN j udi c are to j udge dee m do o m
IVh an I DE M E DO M ES an d d o as trouth te ac h et h I
V FP P
BREDAN fovere to c h e r is h breed b ro od b r ide b r at
TELL AN to sell s ale r et ai l ve n de r e
To sell b y s al e t h at is
b y e n um er ati o n
R ETAIL sold ove r ag ai n
HEN TAN c apere to t ake h old of h an d h i n t h an d l e
H is ri eh t h an d h as s c h o HY N T t h e h are
D U L AS
J ER M AN lzedere to h u r t— h ar m
HR AEFAN susti n cr e Fro m th e p ast p ar ti ci pl e h rof co m es
,
,
,
.
,
”
,
O
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
‘
.
G
O
,
.
.
,
.
,
ROOF
—
.
IVEFAN , texer e, to we ave
woof, weft
FIO C LAN , vol are , to fly— PO WL by m et at h esi s
FEC C AN , to tug, n i ti — toot h
N Y M AN , c apere , to sei z e —n un ] , be n um b
FEN C AN , pr eh r en dere, to c atc h , fan g , n gr
S PEC AN , to spe ak , loq ui — speec h
TH EC AN , tegere , to cover , t h ack , t h at c h
.
.
.
.
fi
.
.
.
Awell b uil t gen tle m an
;
b ut p oo r l y
T
H AT C HT
.
BE AU M O N T AN
D
FLE T C HE R
H AN GAN p en dere to h an g h an k h aun ch h i n ge
T h e s am e b ody t h at HAN K Y D upo n t h e c r ose
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
J
HO P E H
N
OHA
.
T h e differe n t fi n al pro n un ci ati o n eit h er of k c h or ge i s
co m m o n th roug h o ut t h e l an g uage — as i s e xe m pl ified
Preston torquere to wrest wrist h an d wr ist wr est
An d G uyo n s s h i el d ab o ut h i s wrest h e bo n d
FAE I QU E E N E
L en gi an exten der e to exte n d l o n g l e n gt h
S lc
f an i n duere t o cover sleeve
SLEEVE LES S m e an s wi t h o ut a cover or prete n ce
Beddéan ster n ere to s c atter bed
N esan vi sit ar e to visi t fr eq ue n tly to h aun t n est
O ut of t h e Alm i gh ti e s boso m wh ere h e N ES TS
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
R
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
E
’
.
,
,
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,
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
to m ow m e ad m e ad o w
H e n ce c age g age
GAEGGIAN to co n fi n e to s h ut i n obserar e
Wages gag keg key quay
G BAFAN fode r e to dig gr ave grove groove gr aft grot grotto
—
m y m aister C h auc ers n owe is GR AUE
L Y D G AT E
M AW AN ,
m etere ,
,
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La
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4 41
1
S C EADAN,
sep ar ar e to sep ar ate s h ado w Sh aw s h ed
Han ti t to ryn i n woddis an d i n S CR AW IS
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
D oUG L As
.
M E NGAN ,
to
m i scere,
m i x, m e an
How M ANY
Y e spe n
d
a
y
a m ess ag e
great
M
y
m an
,
wo uld h e se n d
EANY of wordes
wm er war th ey b ut an
n o
Bot t h ey war
R EGAN,
exh alare,
v ay n e
In
FT
’
w M EN Y E
a
n d val ean t i n m elle
k
q y
y
.
.
,
’
.
DO I C LA
.
to reek r ack wraych recke
L e ave n ot a R ACK E b e h i n d
.
,
,
.
I
am
e FE
n
,
.
S WI
y ) an e
n
r
’
BIS HO P G AR D IN E R
—of t h e G ek is M ENY E (com p a
In
.
’
.
TE M P E S T
I h ave cut t h ro ugh e m pty ai r
Far s wi fter t h an th e s ayli n g R ACK t h at g allops
U po n t h e wi n gs of an gry wi n ds
I t i s as h ateful to m e as t h e R EEKE of a l i m e ki ll
.
,
’
.
’
-
MERR Y
Ap ai r of R EE K IE ki sses
.
W IV E S
OF
WIN D S O R
.
’
.
H AM LE T
.
T h e wi n ds as wel l as colo urs h ave t h ei r de n o m i n ati o n fr om
so m e ci r c um st an ces atten di n g t h e m
Y R S IAN i rasci to r ag e—East Y esty
T h e wy n d cl ep ed N ort h Eest or wy n d of tem p est
.
.
,
,
’
,
.
,
D E DS
‘
W ES AN
,
N Y R WAN ,
m acer are , to wet, W ES T
.
to co n fi n e closel y N ort h N ord
Frosts t h at C O NSTR AIN t h e gro un d
coar ctare,
,
,
.
’
.
WAN
D R Y D EN
.
to seet h e s o ut h soth sod S odde n s uds
Peter fysh ed for h ys foode an d h is fellowe An drewe
S o m e t h ey sold an d so m e t h ey S O TI—
I an d so t h ey l i ved bot h
T h ere i s an ot h er m et h od of s h or te n i n g co m m un i c ati o n by arti
S EO
'
,
coq uere,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
fii al sub sta
n
c
’
ti vcs
.
M i rt h , th at wh i c h di ssi pateth c are , sorro w, m l an c h o l y , fro m
’
e
to d issi p ate disperse diss i p are—m urr ai n m orr a
W h e n s ubst an tives i n th assert a p assive se n se t h e y are m ostl y
for m ed fro m adj ectives wh e n an acti ve se n se fro m t h e t h i rd per
son si n g ul ar of verbs
MY R R AN ,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
S E E M O N T HLY R
E Y IE
w
,
NO
.
3 , V O L 72 , P 83
.
.
.
fir m l y to be t h oro ug h l y persuad
trot h —persuasum esse
T h e p ast te n se was an ci e n tly writte n tre w so ble w k n e w
grew, Sec
In k epyn ge TR EWE tn tch e an d pro messe i n b argayn yn ge
TR EO W AN , to t h i n k , to bel i eve
ed of, to tro w, troweth , tro wt h ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
R O BE R T
WHY T IN TO N
.
45
DEIIIAN ,
o cere laedcre to h urt to dere m ake de ar
W o uld I h ad m et m y dearest fee i n h eave n
Ere I h ad ever see n th at day
n
,
,
,
,
dearth
,
.
,
‘
.
N , arescere,
DR IGA
to d ry d ro ug h t d r ugs drith
DR ITH greueth t h e b od y
,
,
,
HAM LET
.
.
’
.
C AS T EL
M ETIAN ,
cderc,
HE ALT H
OP
to eat m o uth m ot h
p an gere to e n g age to cove n an t FAITH
Buglan dc was le ar n ed t h e j aiet/
z of C h ri st
FAEO AN ,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
DR
ER IAN , ar are ,
.
’
.
.
M AC K IE
.
to pl o ug h to ere c are e art h
H e t h at E R ITH owi th to ERE i n h ope
T el l us m aist n oble god of E rd
W YR C AN operari to work W r i gh t
W ork th e r eg ul ar p ast te n se of th is ve r b b y t h e addi ti o n of
t h e p ar ti ci pi al te r m i n ati o n ed b ec am e wo rked work d W o r k
O ur an cestors b y s ubsti t uti n g h for k or c wrote worh t an d
by tr an sposi ti o n wroh t wh i c h we n ow wri te wro ug h t
For Wh eel/I our an cestors wrote wyrh t, an d b y tran spositi o n
wryh t wh i c h wit h us i s wr ig h t
T h ere are m an y words wh i c h h ave tot all y c ast off all t h e let
ters of t h e d is cri m i n ati n g term i n ati o n
R oo m t h was t h e favo urite ter m of Dr ay to n , an d b l o wt h was
t h e co m m o n expressi o n of Si r Wal ter R al ei gh
Wh osc m ost re n o wn ed acts s h all soun ded be as l o n g
AS Brit ai n s n am e i s k n o wn wh i c h sp re d t h e m selves so wid e
AS s c arcel y h at h for fam e l e ft an y R O O M TH besid e
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‘
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’
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D R AY T O N
.
T h i s first age after th e fl ood was by an ci en t h istori an s c al l
ed Golde n am biti o n an d coveto us n ess be i n g as t h e n b ut gree n
an d n e ar l y g r o un up ; th e seeds an d effects wh er eof were as yet
b ut pote n ti al an d i n t h e BLO WI H an d b ud
,
,
,
’
' ‘
.
,
S IR
fi
(El an , i n am m are, to i n fl am e , ALE
Ale was i n t h e An gl o - S axo n (EL O T H
T h e An glo - S axo n s h ad m an y te r ms ,
’
WALT E R
R ALE IG H
.
.
.
of wh i c h we h ave
l an g uage an y tr ace l eft
Gretan , to s atisfy sati sfacere GR Y TH
C h ri st s ayd Qui gl ad i o percuti t
Wi t h s we rd s h al l d ye
He had h i s pri estes p e ace an d GR Y TH
our
in
n ot
.
'
,
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,
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’
.
(IIAU C E R
‘
DUC AN
,
valere ,
DO UGHTY
fortis to b e v al i an t
—
l
d
( e es pl 28 01al a fact a, i l l ustri ous deeds
’
.
.
,
‘
.
.
ADJ EC TIV E
.
An ADJ EC TIVE d e n otes an y s ubst an ce or att r i b ute n ot by i t
sel f b ut as co n j oi n ed wi t h a s ubj ect or pe r tai n i n g to i ts
c h aracter
i t i s by n o m e an s a n e cess ar y p art of s p ee ch for it i s reso l v abl e
i n to t h e n am e of t h e t h i n g i m pl ied an d an y ter m of refere n ce or
"
co n j un cti o n as of wit h T h us
a p r ude n t m an
i s eq ui va
"
le n t to a m an
oi n p rude n ce or to a m an of pru
j
"
,
,
,
.
,
,
‘
.
,
,
,
fl
,
,
den
cc .
gl is h i n stead of ADJ E CTIV IN G our own s ubst an ti ves we
h ave bo r ro wed in i m m en se n um bers ADJ ECT IV ED sig n s f r o m ot h er
l an g uages ; wi t h o ut bo r ro wi n g th e UN ADJ E C IIV ED si g n s of t h ose
sam e i de as ; be cause our aut h o r s f r eq ue n tl y fo un d t h e y b ad o c
r t h e for m e r
b ut n ot for t h e latter
An d n ot un der
casi on f o
stan di n g th e n at ure of l an guage or t h e n a t ure of t h e ve r y be n e
fit t h ey we r e recei vi n g t h e y d id n ot as t h ey m i gh t an d s h o uld
h ave d o n e, i m prove t h ei r own l an g uage b y t h e sam e con tr i van ce
wi t h i n i tsel f; but b or r o wed fro m ot h er lan g uages abb revi ati o n s
read y m ad e to t h ei r h an ds
T h us t h ey h ave in corpor ated i n th e En gl i sh —for
T h e S ubst an ti ves
T h e Foreign Adj ec ti ves
C h i ld
i n fan t I n fa
n ti n e
Boy
P ue r i l e
M an
V i ri le H um an M as culi n e M al e
W o m an
Fe m ale Fem i n i n e Efli m i n ate
Min d
M e n t al M agn an i m ous , P usi ll an i m o us, Un
an i m o us
Bi rt h
N atal N ati ve
L i fe
Vi t al V i vacious V i vid Am ph i bi o us
Al m s
El ee m os yn ary
Ai m s i tself be c am e an Adj e cti ve b y s uccess i v e c o rruption s of
dj ec ti ve was req ui red ; h avi n g suc
ELE EM O SY N E lon g befo r e i ts A
cessi vel y ex h i bited i tsel f as Alm osi n e Alm osi e Al m os e; Alm es
an d fi n al l y Al m s
T h e adopti o n of s uc h words as t h es e was i n deed a ben efit
an d an i m p r ove m e n t of our l an guage ; wh i c h
h owever wo uld
h ave bee n mo r e prope r l y ob t ai n ed by ADJ EC T IV IN G our own words
For as t h e m atter n ow st an ds wh e n a po or Fo reig n er h as le ar n
ed all t h e n am es of t h i n gs i n the En gl ish to n g ue h e m ust go to
ot h er l an g uages for a m ul ti t ud e oi? t h e AD J EC TIV ED n am es of t h e
S AM E THIN GS
An d eve n an un l ear n ed n ative can n ever un der
st an d th e m e an i n g of on e q uarte r of t h at wh ic h i s c al led h is n a
v
ti ve to n g ue
We h ave n ot i n En gl is h an i n stan ce of t h e FUTUR E T ENS E AD
J E C T IV E except t h e wo r d F ut ure
Abo ut to d o o r i s to do i s a l am e expressi o n for Facturum
O ur old tr an sl ato r s expressed t h is FUTUR E Abbr evi at i o n t h us ,
"
T h o u t h at AR T TO comm on
In En
,
,
,
>
,
‘
‘
’
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“
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a
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'
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0
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,
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:
,
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-
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’
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,
4
.
47
4
T h e F ut ure I n fi n iti ve i n S axo n ter m i n ated in n ge wasal ways
p rece ded b y TO an d i t an swered to ger un ds supi n es an d fut ure
p arti ci ples
C h rist J h es u th at Is TO DEMX NGE the q uyk e an d deed
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
2 d Tm
4 , vE u 1
c ar .
.
.
.
P AR TIC lPLE
A PAR TIC IP L E i s deri ved fro m a verb an d agrees with i ts
p ri miti ve i n de n oti n g acti o n bei n g or sufi
fers fro m
er in g b ut di f
i t i n t h i s th avth e p arti ci pl e i m pl i es n o affir m ati o n
T h e term i n ati o n ING i s fro m t h e An gl o S axo n ANDE AEN DE
EN DE m 1) O N DE IN DE Y NDE an d correspo n d s to t h e ter m i n ati o n
of t h e L ati n ger un ds i n an d um an d c ud um , expre ssi n g con ti n ua
AN DE L O V IN G
ti o n as Am an dum Lufi
V ersi o n of t h e Gospels (14th ce n t ury )
An d h e preé h yde
NDE, — h e pre ac h ed s a i n g
S AY A
y
Re
s oun dA
ND to t h e h even n i s fi
rm am en t
R eso un di n g to th e h eaven s fi
rm am en t
Th e ter m i n ati o n s
an d 9 an d i n g coex i sted i n A
n gl o
S axo n an d Old En gl is h as t h ey sti ll d o i n D utc h an d G erm an
t h e o n e used for for m i n g wh at i s called th e Prese n t P arti ci ple
th e ot h er t h e verb al s ubst an ti ve
T h e Parti ci ple i s n ot n ow used as a S ubst an ti ve Th e S ubstan
tive i s used as a Prese n t P arti ci pl e
th e ten der fl owri s I saw
Un der d am e N aturi s m an ti ll lurk Y NGlaw
T h e S m all fo wlis i n fl ok k i s saw 1 fi
e
T o N at ure m ak AN D grei t Iam en tati oun
S m D L IN D S AY
I t was custo m ary to use t h e P AS T TEN S E i tself wi t h o ut an y
c h an ge of term i n ati o n i n ste ad of wh at is us ual ly c al l ed t h e Past
Parti ci ple
Y ou m ig h t h owever h ave TO O K a fai rer way
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,
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‘
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-
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‘
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t
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’
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’
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,
,
DR Y D E N
.
to God up on t h e un err ab l e or TH AT M AY
N O T BE TO LD gifte of b ym
ADM IS S IBLE I N C O R RIGIBLE FO R M i eABLE
T h ey wh o fi
rs
ti n troduced t h es e P O T ENT IAL Passrvn ADJ EC T W ES
t h o ug h t i t n ecess ar y to expl ai n t h e m to t he i r re aders an d ao
n d i n t h e q uot ati o n
I d o th an k i n ges) th e expl an a
c ordi n gly we fi
ti o n TH AT M AT N O T BE T O LD acco m p an yi n g t h e word UN E R R ABL E
Th e term i n ati on ABLE (or ible ) i s t h e An g l o S axo n o r Got h i c
(Eb al R ob ur st r e n gt h
O ur a n ci en t wri ters were l ed to adopt t h es e word s b y t h ei r
re
at pr acti cal co n ve n i e n ce an d useful n ess for t h ey co uld n ot
g
p ossi bly be tr an sl ated i n to En gl is h b ut by a peri p h r asi s
All t h e ab b revi atlon s wh i c h we e n j oy of th e P O T EN T IAL AC
an d t h e n
DJ EC IIV E ar e ei th er b orro wed from t h e L ati n
T IV E A
t h e y ter m i n ate i n IV E as P ur gative 8cd or t h ey are b orro wed
fr om t h e Greek an d t h e n t h ey ter m i n ate i n i c as E m eti c Sce
I do
th an k i n gi s
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48
Fro m t h e Lati n —Ap eri ti ve p assi ve san at i ve
Fro m t h e Greek—An al yti c C r i ti c sy n t h eti c, Sec
T h is abbrevi ati o n wi ll n ot serve for corr upti o n s
W h i l es stood r apt i n t h e wo n der of i t c am e M ISS IVES
Fro m t h e Ki n g wh o all h ai l ed m e T h an e of C awdor
,
,
,
,
,
&c
.
.
.
,
’
.
M AC BET H
.
t h i s use M ISS IBLE i sn o l o n ger curr en t i n En gl is h
We are very s c an ti l y pro vided wi t h words of the O FFIC IAL
P AS S IV E ABJ EC TIV E
T h e fo l lowi n g vers e fro m V i rgi l
‘
In fan dum regi n a j ubes ren ovate dolorem ,
i s t h us tr an s l ated by Do ugl as
T h y desi re l ad y, i s
R e n ewi n g of UN TELLY BY L sorrow I wys
U n tellyb yl m e an s—
WH AT C ANN O T BE U TTER ED b ut V i rgi l s avs
In fan dum - T H AT WH IC H O UGH T N O T TO BE U TT E R ED
T h is was n ot the Bi s h op s faul t , b ut t h e p en ury of t h e lan
g uage
R EVE R END t h at i s- W h i c h o ug h t to b e revered —an d M EMO B
AN DU M—
T h at wh i c h o ug h t to b e r e m e m b ered , are words of t h i s
sort
M IS S IVE ,
in
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’
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’
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,
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AMP L ES FO R P R AC TI CE
Th e ety m o l ogy of THE W O R DS IN S M ALL C AP ITALS i s to be tr aced
an d t h ei r us age i ll ustr ated by q uot ati o n s fro m wri ters, wh o l i ved
lN D IFFE R EN T ce n t uri es
1 Cen turi oun we n te to t h e tri b un e an d to l de to b ym seyi n ge
wh at art t h o u To DO YNGE forsoth e th i s m an i s a ci teseyn
EX
.
,
.
,
r om a n
2
3
y
,
.
I say Ti s N O T To BE PUT UP
I t i s n ot BEABABLE
4 S h e tak e all h i r lyst e n o ug h of h e astes wh i c h b eu CHACEABLE
5 Y ou m g h t h o we er h ave TO O K a fai rer way
6 H ors or h un d or oth i r t h i n g
T h at war PLES AN D to t h ar liki n g
O CC IDENTAL
Are t h e n o un s an d adj ecti ves
7 WE S T
8 SHO R E
L ITTO RAL
d e r ived fro m t h e s am e Ian
9 H E AVEN
Wh y n ot ?
g uage
C ELES TIAL
10 T h e se as wan ti n g R O O MTH to lay t h ei r b oi st rous lo ad
1 1 T h e Al m i g h ty S h ap er m an i fested h i m sel f t h ro ug h t h e gre at
wo r k t h at h e W R O LGHT at t h e begi n n i n g
12 For i n h er st r e am i n g bl ood h e d i d E M BAY
Hi s l ittl e h an ds A h ot BATH
H e h as fai rl y d r un k up
h is BR O IH
—L et t h e m go e
13 To BAR F t h e l an d
Tell us m ai st n obi ll god of ER D
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50
45
W h at i s
The
hi s DO O M ?
H O K E HE S H O O K h i s e ars
L EN E awaye an ot h er m an n es good wi t h o ut
erth e S
.
.
Yf a m an
asse n
of h i m
L E N D h i m —Gi ve h i m t h e L O AN of L IOG
O n e step s h e S LO W ES
SL AC K —SLO W SLUG SLU T
48 T h y ge n try go before t h i s L O WT
L i e L O WS t h at h o use
4 9 T h e pr ayer of h ym t h at L O W E TH b ym i n h i s p r aye r, th yr
l et h t h e c loudes
5 0 G o , S M UG yo ursel f
5 1 As h e sat an d woke , h is S pi rite m ete t h at h e h er s aug h
To
M ET E , or DR EAM
5 2 W h at ayleth you to GR UTC HE t h us an d gro n e
.
.
.
—
.
.
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.
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.
.
H e i s a G R UB
5 3 Y o ur coveto usn ess h as q uite DULLED m y m use
DULL p ate
5 4 O h g ull o h DO L I as i g n o r an t as d u r t
5 5 Poor p oor DUM m on th s
As DO M E as de at h
5 6 I f y ou lo we an ADDLE egge as wel l asyou l o we an IDLE h e ad
IL
I
ou wo uld e ase c h i cke n s i th s h ell
L
L
A
y
5 7 To K ELE som wh at th eyr h ygh co ur ag e
CH ILL bl asts— C O LD day
5 8 L U K E W AR M MYLK E
5 9 A gay H E RS H E R C E
60 H e i s a very WR EECHID c re at ure
S h e i s a WR ECK—R AC K
61 T h e s ack t h at t h o u h ast d r un k m e wo ul d h ave b o ug h t m e
l i g h ts as goo d C HEAPE at t h e d eares t C h an d l e rs i n Eu
ro e
VVHEEL
62 Heag
en s grace IN WH EEL ye—
63 C o m e h it h er pretty m ai d , wi t h t h e W ELK IN e ye
Wai t a WH ILE
64 An d wi t h i n trus i ve e n m ity to l ig h t
W ELLED l ike a spri n g an d di m m ed t h e orbs of li gh t
D E EP W ELL
65 A sp un ge DR AP E D i n cold water —
66 Be a l yo n bot h i n W O R DE an d DED E
67 S y m o n M ag us a grete WY TC HE—WIC K ED DO G
68 O t h o u s acred IMP E of J ove - V i le IM P
69 T h ey are c uri o us i n p utti n g on t h ei r TR IMS
In g al l an t TR IM t h e gi lded vessel goes
70 Two freres wal ki n g on a DY C H ES b ryn k e
T h e K i n g of D IK ES — D IT C H ER
71 Hi s feet were N UMM ED wit h cold
—
o
o
a
72 H erc ul es h ad t h e gre t L s M ag n a L AU S
An d li ke an e m pty e agl e
73
TYR E on t h e fl es h of m e—To T IR E h i m
—
n
D
o
el
s
h
l
l
i
m
do
w
D IN G DO NG b el l
I
N
G
h
w
a
D
74
75 I t was un der col o ure of a fay n ed TR EWC E
A TR UCE to t h o ug h t
76 H is acts d o fl y b y BR U IT of fam e
77 Y ESTE R sun b e h el d our en em y
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t
5 1
78 Does t h is be co m e
79 R och i s ful l S TAY
our STR AIN
S TAY b r ae
Eig hteen were slai n e b y t h e fall i n
of a ST EYER
y g
T h e S TALK ES of t h e l adder
S TAGs graz d upo n t h e s h aggy h e at h s
H ast t h o u clot h ed t h e H O RS E S n eck wi t h t h un der ?
T h e sm oak e un to h eave n di d S l IE
W hat b e n ye trobli d an d th ough tis S T E IGEN up i n to yo ur
.
80
81
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
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lIerti s
H e h as a n e G AR DEN
H e H AR ANGUED t h e c r o wd
To R AK E p ur e l ear n i n g h um an an d d ivi n e out of
of forgotte n to n g ues
Pride al o n e m ust TAR R E t h e m ast i ffes on
The TART i s TAR T i n deed
T h i c k was th e W ALL
An idio t L AI GH
C r y for th y Gt GAWS
All n ig h t s h e sp en t i n BIDDING of h er BED ES
An d i n a S WO UGH s h e lay
Pro ud Tam er S W O O P S al o n g
fi
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t h e e m bers
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-
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90
91
92
93
94.
95
96
97
98
99
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H e s t r ayed ai oue wi t h o ute n G RO O M E
H e was worth i e to h ave t h e h ig h est R O O M E i n th e realm e
A h at wit h R IM exte n ded
Afull good peck wi t h i n t h e ut m ost BR IM
100 DE AL IN G DO LE am o n g h is foes
101 H e WR ITH ED t h e R ADDLE
1 02 G uess t h e R IDDLE
103 I pry i n to t h e dep th of every N O O K
104 Al as ! s h e N IC K ED h is N O T C H
105 B e n d t h e K N EE
Be n d t h e N ECK
N O D t h e h e ad
S ave th e K N UC K LES
106 T h e L O O S E g ave a t wan g
107 H e was wi t h Y EF IES all besn ewed
1 08 His sch ulderi s h ei ldit wi th n ew fal l i n S N Aw
1 09 An d h ol d h i s way do wn b y a BR O K E si de
1 10 T h e an gel T R O UBL ED th e water
1 1 1 A scab bi t s h eep FILE S all t h e fl ock
1 12 All t h e S H R O UDS wh ere wi t h m y li fe s h o uld s ai l are t ur n er
to on e t h re ad on e l ittl e h ai re
1 1 8 Afi
A n oble S H IP
n e SH O P
1 14 A dresse m ost str an g e i n S H AP
1 15 W h at l usty S HO ULDF
1 16 A S C ALD h e ad
I t i s n ot wort h a S H IL LEH
1 1 7 S C O WL IN G l ooks
1 18 AN O LD seek i s aye S K AIL IN G
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seek
1 19
120
12 1
aye
T h e S HO ALs were S C ALED by t h e be l c h i n g wh al e
A S HEAL D p e as cod
M y si lver S C AL ED S CUL S abo ut m y stream s d o s weep
I S K ILL n ot wh at i t is
Sh e STR AKE on a R O CK , th at un d er water lay
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52
He R ALL IES we ll T h e s h i p i s fi
n el y R IGGED
T h e S k y—
R O C K ETS ri v al led t h e m oo n
T h e be ast was b etrappi t am i d t h e h un ti n g R ALIS
n ettys
12 7 T h ese fo ur did m arch i n b attel R AY E ,
1 2 8 T h e wh i te R O C H ETT E (R O K ETT E )
1 2 9 Se h e h as n an e uth i r re n t n or h yre
Bot wit h h er R O CK to susten e h er e m pty lyffe
13 0 T h o u art a R AY (a R O GUE )
1 3 1 WR Y E m e i n m y foxerye
13 2 T h e R UG di d cover h alf t h e roo m
DR Y we at h er—id l e D R O N E—deep DR AIN
1 3 4 To st an d l i ke a S TO CK
1 3 5 T h e c h am bre dore was S TO K E
1 3 6 T h ere to ab yde S T IC K Y ED i n pryson
1 3 7 S TIT C H t h e S TO C K ING s—c h e ap S T E AK
1 3 8 M y S T ICK — m y f r i e n d
1 3 9 H e gi ves m e t h e S T CKE i n wit h
a m o r t al m oti o n
1 40 H e BO W ED low
1 4 1 W h e n t h ro ug h t h e BO WE S t h e wi n d b r e at h es c al m l y out
14 2 T h ey stood t alki n g at a BAY wi n do w of t h e
c astle
1 43 Ab arn of t h ree BAY S
1 44 B e BUX UM to fade r an d m oder
1 4 5 P INN E t h e g ates—Pe n t up i n U ti c a
T h e k n ee deep P O ND
1 4 6 BIN t h e m ad m an
1 4 7 H e rose i n M O R N E b efore t h e s un n e
Fro m t h e MO R E WE ti l l t o eve n ti d e
1 4 9 T h e l i g h t DIS P EL S t h e d ark
1 5 0 T h e cock wi t h l ivel y di n S C ATT ER S t h e re ar of d ark n ess t h i n
T h e S O R Y m ayd
1 5 1 I am S O R R O W for t h ee
H e seem s a S H R E W
1 5 2 T h e ale is S O U R
S H R E W D boy
B ES H R E W m y pri de
1 5 4 Un b yn de t h e TH W O N G of h is e S H O O N
1 5 5 H e D WIN ED (wh i n ed t h i n n ed ) away
1 5 6 M O N EY fro m t h e M IN T
1 5 7 T ake yo ur C H O IS E
C h ese on e O f t h e m
In ci tee an d i n TouN Es
1 5 8 TY N E t h e gap i n t h e h edge
A TUN of wi n e T h e T EN co m m an d m e n ts
T h e P Y E PY K ETH out on e e ye
1 5 9 T h e s m al l PO X
1 60 O P E N t h e d oor
G AP ING wo un d To stop C H AP S
1 61 S i x ye ars O LD
Tym e ELDETH k n yges
1 62 To ICH t h e ti m e
H e h at h b or n e t h e Y O K
1 63 W it h DR UMS an d TR U M P ETS
1 64 P i ck t h e L O CK
S t um bli n g BL O CK
1 65 T ake i n m ore BALL AS T
1 66 L i ft t h e LID
Dr aw L O TS W h at a BLO T
1 67 A GLEO MY GL ADE
T h e CLO U D C O VE R S t h e day
12 4
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1 68
1 69
170
M ak ea
DO T
.
T h e ri uar s DITTIT wit h dede corps es
It i s a YARD i n len gt h T h e sh i p wasY AR E
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53
171 Do t h is C H AR E
T ake a C H AIR H i re a C AR
’
172 Br i n g C H AR co al
Ill t ake a TUR N at i t
1 73 J AR R IN G el e m e n ts
H e m o un ted t h e C HAR IO T
1 74 At t h e D AW N of DAY
T h e S T O R M Y seas
1 75 A S TO R E - h o use
H e S TAR TS H e S T IR s H e
1 76 T h e si lui r fyseh is S TO UR AND h ere an d t h are
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UR M
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1 77 T h e p ilot si ts i n t h e S T E R N
1 78 T h ey BU R IED h i m l o wl y at d ead of n i g h t
1 79 T h ese b o n es fro m i n s ult to P R O TEC T (DE FE N D )
18 0 BAR t h e d oo r
St r i ke a BAR G AIN
T h e BAR K DE FENDS th e t r ee I t i s a BO R O UGHE
M y d ear BO R R O W E
I t was fo un d i n t h e BAR N
Pay TO L L
18 1 H e i s TALL
L i ft t h e TO O LS TO LL
T h e lili es/ TUELIEN n ot, n et h er spi n n i n
18 2 A BAT C H of BR E AD
18 3 T h e m oo n W AN E S
A wAN c h eek
Hi s spe ar was b ut a W AN D
1 8 4. H e c r ossed t h e FO R D
T h e T IGHT- rop e
C LE AV E t h e wood
18 5 S h e re n t i t all to C LO U TES
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TO WN
E
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t h e bel l
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C L O U T ED cre am T h e R O C K Y -CL IFF C L O V EN to n g ues
18 6 M i sch i efe h at h R AFT us of our m e rri m e n t
BIFF R AFF R O U GH fello ws
I am BER EAV ED of my all
18 7 H e fell am i d t h e FEN
S h e i s PAINT
1 8 8 FY E on you H ATEFUL cre at ure
18 9 His e art h l y ei en were BLU NT an d b ad
Y ou h ave S C H O R E wi t h S H EER S h is t h red
1 90 To S H EE R t h e S h eep
of si lke S HEER i g n oran ce T h e sea S H O R E A h e avy
A l i n e n S H IR T C o un t t h e S C O R ES L an ark
S HO W ER
S H IR E
A r ugged S C AR Pl o ug h S H AR E T h e d ays are
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S HO R T
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An d on h is b rest a bloodi e crosse h e b ore
T h e de ar re m e m b ran ce of h i s dyi n g L ord
U po n h i s S h i eld th e l ike was also S C O R D
A h eavy L O AD T h e LAD i s j ust
191 To st an d l ike a LO G
To h ear t h e BR UN T of t h e day A BR O WN m are
WH IT E vei l G R EEN grass Y EL L O W as
193 F all o ws GR EY
ND
re BR A
Afi
s affro n
BR O WN H O R S E
B R UNT as h es
B R ANDY i s c h eap
1 9 4 A bro wn L O AF
A n obl e L O R D A FIN E L ADY
O n t h at p art wh ai r t h e L IFT was m aist CLER E
T h ey lay ful l L O FT LO FIY n oti o n s
195 W i t h S i l ver DE AW upo n t h e roses pe arl i n g
B EDE WED were h er eye n cl e r e M or n i n gDEW
To k n ead DO UGH B R E AD i s C H E AP
1 96 T h e vi le o ffsp r i n g of a TR ULL
H e THR Y LLED h i m wi t h a spe ar
T h e voi ce TH R ILLED m y h e ar t
Teac h yo ur co usi n to c o n se n t W IN K ING
1 98 T h e h un ts m an b y h i s S LO T or breaki n g e ar t h SL IT th e b ag
1 99 T h e K N O T was K N IT by fait h
h e k n o we ek e h o we i t i s yo ur own e KN IGH T
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54
T h ei b en to get h er K N ET D raw t h e NET
SU PP ER ti m e
S IP a S O P
2 00 T u r t l e SO U P
2 01 T h e S H O E P L AC ED un der t h e foot
2 02 An ot h e r so ul i n to m y bod y S HO T
An d dressed h i m b y a S H O T wyn dowe
T h e co m m o n s m ad e a s h o wer an d t h un d er
wit h t h ei r c aps an d S IIO UTs
Sh ytte (S h ut ) yo ur g ates wi t h yren b a r r es
A S H E ET of water— li g h t n i n g— an e h or
S C O T an d LO T H e S ENT out S CO UTS
A p ai r of S cAT Es S K AT E gl ad on T h am es
PL IGHT ED FAITH
2 03 H e l eft a P LEDG E
BO LT th e d oor
2 04 B O LD were th e FO E
M O ST n oble An t h o n y
L et n ot t h e p eece of vertn e wh i c h i s set
Bet wi xt us as t h e c ym en t of our l oue
To keep i t BU ILDED b e th e r amm e to b atte r
T h e fortresse of i t
—
c
o
m
a
n
IR Y N C E N t h ee
T
h
e
s
T
I
0
5
e
2
p y
T h i k t h ai TH R AN G abo ut t h e portis all n ych t
To THR oNG a pl ace H e THR AN G am an g t h e m ere
206 As th e c ustom e an d t h e st atute BAN DE
B O UND wi t h a BAND h e sat an d wept
2 07 1 do n t c are a K ER S E
2 08 W h e n euery BR Y DDE up o n h is l ai e
E m o n g t h e gre n e leues si n get h
2 09 Th e gre n e G E R S bedewi t was an d wet
2 10 Or wi th l o ud c r y followan d t h e c h ace
Efter t h e fom y BAR E
2 11 H e was serued i n T R EEN c uppes
2 12 An d I saw a GLAS UN see (a sea of gl ass )
Th e Y EAR N E S H E S P UN
2 13 Y AR E Y AR E good l r as
2 14 For M ar i s l o ue of h e uen
T h at BAR E t h e BLIssfii l BARN E t h at b o ugh t us om th e R O BE
2 15 T h e DAWN of day
Th e m or n in gDAWN S
2 16 S T ER N i m p ati e n ce
S TE R N E ti m e wi n d
H is steed was bloody red an d fom ed yre
W h e n wi th t h e m ai stri n g S pur h e did h i m r o ugh l y S TIR E
2 17 T h ey eate t h e fouli s BAK EN
Afl i tch of BAC O N
2 18 To m ake M AL T
T h e bre ad gro ws M O ULDY
Wh e n m am oek es was yo ur m eate
W i t h M O ULD bre ad to eat
3 1 9 H e was a TILL E R of t h e gro un d
To TILL T ILT
An d O UERTILT al h is TR UTH
2 20 How i s i t wi t h aged GAUN T
2 2 1 F AR E you
2 2 2 TIE i t tig h t
H e TIGH T a gre at l o n g c h ai n e
2 2 3 H e H ELD t h e H ILT
An d i n h er ot h er h an d a cup s h e H ILD
But yet n e fo n d l n o ug h t t h e R AFT
Wh i che m i g h t un to t h e bl ade ac cord e
2 2 5 S peak e t h e n , t h o u WHIN ID S T l e an e n , s pe ake
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55
T H AT
THE m an
an d c an
.
2 27
fie
Th e
r
n o sk
T H AT fo ur pl aces He t h at wyll
i s n e wer l yke to THE (wyse )
MO O N
l
l
y ,
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b u r n ed
H e toke tho —e uppe
,
_
IT
.
An d dran ke H IT up an d e h aun ged n oth is ch aere
2 28 Art th en a T R IE ND or a FIE N D 9
For h e n o m ore t h an t h e FIEN DE
U n to n o n e ot h e r m an i s FR ENDE
2 2 9 H e l l BR AY you i n a m o r t ar
Bread h avi n g m uch BR AN n o u r is h es l ittl e
2 3 0 BL IND of on e eye
S h e coul d n ot BLY NN E h er sygh es
M y te ars s h al l n ever BL IN
To m oist t h e eart h
A C O WARD
Kym es m ote to h em k n eela n d C O WRE
2 3 2 To c ew th e C UD
To R U M IN ATE
T h e fl ock t h ei r c h awed CUDS d o eate
2 33 An open FIELD
FIE Ld l an d
W oodd an d
Th em e b eeche h asel were FEL DE
2 3 4 Pet S HER D
I t was b ut a S H R ED
A L O UD an d m erry p eal
T h ey si n g L O WD BELLO wt h e h erde i n l usty drove s
2 3 6 His H EAD i s H EA
vED
H e h ad a r ey n b ow i n h is H E WED
2 3 7 H e i s an O DD m an
2 3 8 Fi re BR AN D
T h e can del BR ENS up i n t h e c h apel l
2 39 A
i s l ai d do wn
2 40 S h e sai d AY E t h e n N O
ALO N G AL IVE AM ID ATWAY
Ever an d AN O N
A c h i ld ALO N E AN O NLY c h il d
He s m i led O N CE
Fo r O N ES t h at h e h at h b en blit h e
H e s h all b en after s ori e THR IES
2 4 5 T h e VER Y m an
Wi t h o ut V ER AY c ause drede
2 4 6 S TAR K m ad
Th o u art so ui r an d S T ER K
2 4 7 T o j udge the QU ICK an d t h e de ad
2 4 8 To h ave R ATH E R
I wi ll r at h er
T h e R ATH E R l am bs b een starved wi t h cold
An d m ade t h e R ATH E an d ti m ely p r i m rose gro w
H e c am e R ATH ES T an d ab ode l e n gest
2 49 M UC H or M AN Y MO R E M O S T
Hay MO W
M O C H E folke were M O W EN
Wi th i n FO R TH t h ere i s m i rt h
2 5 0 To go FO R TH
2 5 1 But W H ILE h er d augh ter l i ved
2 5 1 H e i s AL IVE
For pro uder wo m an i s t h ere n on e O N LY UE
I do you TO W I-T
3 5 3 TO wIT
2 5 4 If N E ED b e
l h aue graun ted t h at N EDES good folk e m oten bee n m i g h ty
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56
H ALT But so well H ALTE n o m an th e P L O UGH
I h ad as L IEF n ot b e as l ive to be i n awe
Of s uc h a t h i n g as I m yself A h o use TO LET
An d b ym h er L EFE an d DE R E h ert cal
2 5 7 S o FAIN
He s FAIN to co m e to t h ee
W h at wo n d er i s t h o ug h I b e FAIN E
2 5 8 H e i s goi n g AS TR AY
S TR AWb erry
2 5 9 To go AS UNDE R
T h ey n ever AS O N DER wo n d e
Ty lld eth d ep artet h h em
2 60 Si x ye ars AGO
Worl dl y j oy e i s soon e AGO
2 61 H e stood AGH AST
He h as an AGUE an d fever
2 62 S h e s go n e ADR IFT
W h at h as DR IFFE you h i ddir
I t was k i n dLY do n e A goodLY fig ure
2 64 AT t h e p al ace
H e fel l O FF t h e h orse
O UT O UT get O UT
O N h orseb ack
IN t h e h o use
2 65 U P O N t h e h i g h an d gi ddy TO P
Over th e h i ll
2 66 ABO V E our H E ADS t h e l ig h t n i n g ran
2 67 H e s goi n g DO WN t h e b i ll
2 68 Go AFT
H e t h at co m et h AFTER m e
2 69 He t h at we n t ABO UT d oi n g good
2 70 J o h n co m es INS TE AD of J am es
A h ars h S T EP m ot h er B EDSTE AD
2 71 To sit N IGH—N E AR —N E X T h i m
2 72 S h e stretc h ed h erself AL O N G an d r ested AWH ILE
2 73 AM ID t h e d ai sies on t h e gree n
2 74 All t h ese t h i n gs are AGAINS T m e
2 75 S aul AMO N G th e people
W h an words M EDLEN wi th th e so n g e,
I t d ot h ples an ce wel l t h e m ore
O M EDLE t h y m ercy wi t h j usti ce
An d j oye M EY N T wit h b yttern esse
2 76 ATH WAR T t h e st arry h eave n s
2 77 WAR D by W AR D
R eWAR D t h e m AFTER t h ei r d oi n gs
2 78 N o n e se n t s o v ast a col o n y
To bot h t h e UNDER wo r lds
T h e N ETH E R h ouse of P arl i am e n t
2 79 B EN E ATH t h e b an k
- BE TWIX T;
2 80 BE FO R E —
BEL O W
BE H IND —
2 8 1 Twelve m iles BEY O N D t h at p l ace
2 8 2 N O n ot FO B an h o ur
2 8 3 T h e br avest O F t h e br ave
2 84 Watc h WH ILE I pl un der
I wi ll st ay WH ILE eve n i n g
2 85 F R O M Gl asgo w TO E di n b urg h
FR O M m or n TILL n i g h t
2 86 All BUT on e
All Ee PT on e
Asol di er WITH
2 87 H e was S l ai n BY a S word or W ITH a Swo rd
a s word
2 88 As s wi ft AS an arro w ALS s wift as
2 8 9 I read T HAT l m ay l e ar n
2 90 S uc h a sys te m of G over n m en t as t h e presen tn h as n ot b ee n
v e n t u r ed on by an y Ki n g S IN CE th e expulswn of J am es
th e Seco n d
255
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53
L ATI N D E R I V ATI V ES
Man y ter m s h oweve r de n o m i n ated i n co n str ucti o n are ge n er
ally P ar ti ci pl es or Adj ecti ves used wi t h o ut an y S ubs tan ti ve to
wh i c h th ey c an h e j oi n ed an d are t h erefore i n con struction c on
S i dered as S ubst an ti ves
Act n m d o n e
Act
(al i q uid so m et h i n g )
F at um spoke n
F ate
(ali q uid so m e th i n g )
Post um pl ac ed
P ost
(ali q uid so m et h i n g )
M i ssum , se n t
P re m iss
(al i q uid so m et h i n g )
V erse
V ersum t ur n ed
(al i q ui d so m et h i n g )
El ect
ch ose n
Lectum
(al i q ui d so m et h i n g )
F l ux
Fluxum fl o wed
(al i q uid so m et h i n g )
C redi tum trusted
C redi t
(al i q uid so m et h i n g )
Poli te
Poli tum p oli s h ed
(al i q uid so m et h i n g )
L apse
Lapsum glided
(ali q uid so m et h i n g )
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G R EEK D ER I V ATI V ES
p ast p arti ci pl e of Aggellei n to an n o un ce
p ast p arti ci pl e of Epistellei n to se n d
p ast p art i ci pl e of Apostellei n to se n d out
p ast p arti ci p l e of Pei rei n
to go beyo n d
.
An gel
E pistle
Apostle
Pore
the
th e
the
the
,
,
,
,
.
,
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,
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,
,
.
F R EN C H D ER I V AT IV ES
th e p ast p ar ti ci ple of Las c h er to t h ro w out
L ash
C h an ce t h e p ast parti c n ple of C h eoi r
to befall
D esti n y t h e past p arti ci ple of Desti n er , to p urpose
.
,
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,
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,
.
,
S axo n Preposi ti o n s used i n t h e co m positi o n of t h e words
to wh i c h refere n ce i s m ade are t h ese
The
,
A
Be
For
Fore
sig n ifies on or i n
sig n i fies abo ut or b efore
d en i es or d ep rives ,
sig n i fi
es b efore
M is de n otes defeet or error
Over de n otes e m i n e n ce or s uperi ori ty
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
fo ot,
“
,
.
17
13
as BEsti r, BEfor e,
12
as F
oR bi d, FoR sak e,
18
as FoR Esee,
13
as M Istak e, M IS deed,
asO vER com e, O vER h asty 1 5
as Afoot , on
,
,
T h e L ati n Prep osi ti o n s referred to , are t h ese
A ab or abs, S ig n i fyi n gfro m or
away
as to ABsorb
Ad si g n i fi es to or at
as to As cen d
C on , c om co col sig n i fy toget h er ,
as C oN c ussi on
D e si g n i fi
es d o wn
as DEcrease
D i d is asun der as
as DIsperse
E ex out of or t h ro w out as
to Ej ect to Elect
In , b efore a verb h as i ts S i m pl e m ean
in g
as to INfect
Ob d en o tes opp osi ti o n
as O Bstruct
Per t h ro ug h o r t h oro ug h l y,
as to PER forate
Pro fort h or for wards ,
as to PR O j eet
R e ag ai n or b ack
as R E volve
S e , ap art or wi t h o ut ,
as S Eparate,
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59
T h e Greek Pre positi o n s
t h ese
An a
wh i c h t h e st ude n t is referred
,
,
,
,
are
as AN Alysi s,
as S Y N th esls,
s der
toget h e r
a un
,
S yn
to
Deri v ati ves fr om t h e L ati n words to wh i c h t h e St uden t
fe r red
i s re
.
FTom
PAGE
(C ompoun ded of )
Ab sorb ere, (ab 85 sor b eo) absorb ,
Accen dere, (ad Sc can deo) acce n d ,
Ac q ui rere, (ad 8: q uoero) ac q ui re ,
add,
Addere,
(ad Sc d o )
agi t ate,
Agit ar e , (ad 8 c o)
Al lev are , (ad Sc l evo )
allevi ate ,
29
30
38
32
32
:
5
Aperi re
perture
a
,
22
(al i quid,
,
tum ,
so m et h i n g ) ap er
ope n ed
,
,
Asce n dere (ad 85 sc an do ) ascen d
fac i o ) c alefy
C alefacere, (c al eo
C ap ut
c api tal,
C an ere
c an t
(al iq uid ) can tum s un g 2 7
C apere
c apt u r e
(ali q uid ) captum t ake n 4 3
C eleb r are ,
cel eb r ate
39
C ess ar e ,
cess ati o n
20
(cessati o)
ci bari o us
42
Gi b us
C oarctare (c on 8: ar cto ) co arct
44
C ogere,
c o acti ve ,
(con 85 ago)
(al i q uid ) c oactum for e
ed
C oi r e
coi ti on
coi ti o a ve r b al n o un ,
(con 85 co)
C on cutere (c on 8: q uati o) co n c ussi o n
stern o)c on stern ati on
con ste r n at i o n , a verb al
n o un ,
C on terere,
co n trit i o n
(con 8: ter e)
C r epi t are (fr o m c rc po)
c r epi tati o n ,
,
,
-
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,
,
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,
Decrescere , (de Sc cresco ) d ec r e ase ,
Dispe r se, (dis 8: sp ar go ) d isperse ,
D ivide r e , (di s 8: vi deo ) di vide,
Dole re
dolorus,
,
(e 8: h ulli o)
(e 8c fl ue)
E b ulli re,
E i uere,
Eligere ,
fi
(e 85
l ego )
31
34
37
dol o r oris p ai n , gri ef,
,
eb ull iti o n ,
fi
i ux
e
,
elect
d
F acere
(e x 8: p aud o )
,
(al i quid ) electum ,
,
,
,
out,
,
fact
fi
ss u r e
foss e
fr acture
,
Fi n dere,
Fodi re,
Fr an gere
exp an d
,
,
,
en
Gr am e n ,
gram i n eo us
c h os
34
33
(al i q uid ) fact um , d o n e , 4 6
ssum , cl eft ,
31
(al i q uid , ) fi
(al i q uid , ) foss um , dug,
(al i q uid , ) fractum , brok
,
,
41
40
40
'
en
Exp an
,
,
,
60
From
(Compoun ded o
f)
Heb etare,
Hum i li tas,
I m m ergere
In
fie e
c r
,
I n vest
J udi c are
J n uge r e
L oc us
L ucere
M acer are
,
,
(i n 85 m erge)
(i n 85 faci o )
(i n 8: vesti o)
(f r o m j udex )
,
,
4]
42
i m m erge
i n fect
i n vest “
j udi c at ur e
j un cti o n
l o c al ity
l uci d us, a um — b r ig h t
l ucid
m acer ate
m ixt ure
(aIIqui d, ) m i xt um , m i x
ed ,
48
30
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
h eb etate ,
h um i lti y,
,
,
M i scere
P AGE
36
43
33
14
23
29
,
44
20
8
39
29
39
Prep ar are , (pre Sc p aro )
R ecl udere , (re 8:
claudo)
(al i quid , ) r eclusum , s h ut
up,
R evo l vere, (re 8c vo l vo )
R os e us ,
(a um )
S ati sfacere, (s ati s Sc faci o )
Sep ar are (se 85 pare)
S ucci n gere , (sub Sc ci n go )
,
(al iq uid , ) succi n
gi rded
ctum ,
,
tepidus, a, um ,
(al i q uid , )
tractum ,
dr awn ,
V e n dere,
V e r us
ve n
,
,
V i ci n
us,
V i si tare
,
V overe,
d,
veril y
vi ci n ity ,
vi si t
vote,
(fro m vide o )
,
(al i q uid , ) vot um, Wis h ed
for,
DER I V ATI V ES F R O M GR EEK
.
An aluei n , (an a 8c luo)
Em eei n
,
KrIn eIn ,
S un th ei n ai , (
sun 85
an al yti c ,
e m eti c ,
kri tikos E on
c r i ti c
em eti k os, E, on ,
ti th em i )sy n t h eti c,
,
,
,
,
45
61
P R AC TI C E
Th e Derivation of t h e words i n S M ALL C AP ITAL S i s to b e tr aced
an d t h e sign i cation of t h e Pre po si ti o n s used to be told
T h ese be am s of i n tellige n ce wi ll be ABS O R BE D T h e fl am e C R E
Ful l of C O NT R IT IO N
In g r e at C O N S T E RN ATIO N
Asud
PITAT Es
den C O N CUS S IO N
C ES SAT IO N fro m h osti liti es Sy m p at h y ALLE
As i f to ACC END t h e se as Th e FLU X an d R E FLUX
V IAT Es gri e f
of t h e ti de H e was ELEC T ED
W h at i s IMM E RS IO N ? T h e J UN C TIO N of t h e b eauti ful ri vers
I NV ES T t h e e wit h a r oy al robe
To i m pede i s n otto O BS IR UC T T h e d oor Was P E R FO R AT ED H e
i s a P R O J EC T O R b ut h e h as n ot fo r m ed a proj ect A S UC C IN C T
acco un t
A waste T R AC T o f l an d Wh o wo ul d VEND h is h o n o ur
fo r ge wg aws ? In the V IC IN ITY of L o n do n
N O wise acre S h all
h ave m y V O T E Ad m i r ab le C R IT IC
W h at i s t h e de r i vati o n of t h e wo r d E M ETIC ? H e tre ats t h e
s ci e n ce b ot h AN ALY TIC ALLY an d S Y N TH ETIC ALLY
A h un dred
L AS H ES CH AN CE h i g h Arbi ter ! A h ard D ES TIN Y P O L ITE L i t
A good AN GEL Al etter i s n ot an
Th e L AP S E of ti m e
erature
EPIS TLE P aul t h e AP O S TL E H e bl ed at every PO R E
A P O S T i n t h e gro un d
A m i l itary P O ST
To t ake P O S T
A P O S T un der Gover n m e n t
T h e P O S T for l etters
P O ST c h ais e or P O ST h orses
To tr ave l P O S T
EX AM P L ES FO R
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G EOFF R EY C H AU C ER
fi
Geo
y C haucer was born i n
th e sec on
re
d year
.
Edwar d [ I]
f
(
,
AD
.
B ALE s ays h e was a Berks h i r e m an Pitts wo uld e n ti tl e Oxford
S h i re to h i s bi r t h
b ut i t is prob ab l e t h at h e d r e w h is fir t b r e ath
i n t h e C ity of L o n do n
(See h i s Test of L ove )
W e m ay re fer to t h e age of C h auce r for t h e ge n ui n e co m m e n ce
m e n t of o n r L iterat ure for t h e e ar l i est d i f
fusi o n of free i n q ui ry
an d for tlre first g re at m ove m e n t of th e n ati o n al m i n d to ward s
n d hi m f r e q ue n tl y
e m an ci p ation fro m s pi r i t ual t y r an n y W e fi
r eof i n di g n ati o n
(s ays C am pbel l) us i n g s ati re as th e m oral warfa
an d ridi c ule ag ai n st t ur pit ud e an d abs urd i t
n d h e n ce h e h as
a
y
b ee n cl ai med as a Pri m i tive R efo r m er His appe aran ce co n sid er
i n g t h e laps e of our poet r y after h is t i m e h as bee n com p ared to
a pre m at ure da i n a
o o m of
t
h
e
gl
n En gli sh spri n g after wh i c h
y
W i n ter ret ur n s an d t h e buds an d bl osso m s wh i c h h ave b ee n c al l
ed fo rth by a t ran s ie n t s un s h i n e are n i pt by frosts , an d scattered
by sto r m s
In t h e C an terb ury T al es i t appe ars to h ave bee n t h e d esi gn of
C h auce r to com pos e a co m pan y of i n di vi dals of differe n t r an ks i n
order to prod uce a g r e at v arie ty of di sti n ct ch ar acter as m a be
y
"
a
n
r
d
m
he
e fr o
t h e Prol og ue wh i ch h e h as pr efixed to t h e m
In o r der to t race t h e p rogress of an y l an g uage i t i s n e cess ar y
t h at we s h o uld h ave before us a co n ti n ued se r i es of aut h o r s ; that
,
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'
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:
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‘
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,
,
,
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,
,
,
those authors sbould h ave
should
b ar e been
been
e,
u
t
a
b
l
p
an
re
wr i ti n gs
guage we
d [ bat th ei r
t h e E n gl is h L an
h ave n ot an app r oved aut h o r wh o se wri ti n gs h ave bee n preserved
b efore th e ti m e of C h aucer
In h is wri ti n gs th e ar ti cP
AT waslai d asi de an d THE
e SE SO E W
our defi n i te art i cle us ed i n i ts ste ad
exactl
y
p i ed
co
.
In
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
to THE b igh c God
T h e decle n si o n s of n o un s s ubst an ti ve were reduced fro m si x to
on e ; an d i n ste ad of a v ari ety of c ases i n bot h n um be r s t h ey h ad
o n l y a ge n i tive c ase si n g ul ar wh i c h was ded uced fro m t h e n o
m i n ati ve b y addi n g to i t es or S o n l y i f i t e n ded i n e fem i n i n e ;
an d t h e s am e for m was u ed t o exp ress the p l ur al n um b er i n all:
”
.
‘
,
‘
,
,
,
,
s
»
,
63
s h o ur gen s h o ures p l ur sh om es—n om n am e,
n am es pl ur n am es
en
g
"
Peters wo rdes
C h ristEs secr ee th i n gEs
So m e n o un s retai n e d t h e term i n ati o n c n f rom th e s eco n d de
as oxe n
h o sen bret h re n
c len si on of th e S axo n
A few see m to h ave b ee n al ways i rreg ul arl y decli n ed as m en
wi m m e n m i ce feet
T h e n o un s adj e cti ve h ad l ost all d isti n cti on of ge n der , case
an d n um ber
i ts c ases
as n on
,
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)
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r
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To yi el d J esu h is propR E re n t
Th e pri m i ti ve p ro n o un s ret ai n ed on e obl i que c ase i n eac h n um
ber as m e us ; t h e you ; h i m h i re hem or t h em
T h e ge n i ti ve c ases m i n t h i n o u r e your e were h ardl y e v er
distigui shab le f r o m pron oun s possessi ve as i n L ati n t h us
Am er M EI
Th e l ove I hear to m yself
Am or M EUS —T h e l ove I b ear to an ot h er
In t h e pl u r al n um ber t h e ge n i tive case so m eti m es retai n eddts pro
per po wer
O ur ALLE R (of all) h o use
t h e h o use of us all
C h aucer uses t h ey or h e , b ut n ever t h e m or t h ei r
T h e p ro n o un s possessive were i n t h e s am e state wi th t h e adjecti ves
m in t h in
h is h i r e o u r e yo u r e h i r or t h ei r T h e last fo ur of
t h es e pro n o un s were so m eti m es expressed a l ittl e di fferen tl y
h i res o ures youres an d h i r or t h ei rs as t h ey are st i l l used
wh e n t h e n o un to wh i c h t h ey bel o n g i s un derstood W h ose b ook
i s t h is ? “ e an s we r h ers o urs y o urs or t h ei rs or we d ecl are
t h i s book i s h ers o urs See
T h e i n te r rog ati ve an d re l ati ve wh o h ad a ge n iti ve an d accus
ti ve c ase wh ose an d wh o m , b ut n o v ari ety of n um ber
T h e de m o n str ative p ro n oun s th i s an d t h at, h ad a plurale xpres
s i o n t h ise an d th o b ut n o v ari ety of c ase
T h e ot h er words wh i c h are ofte n (t h o ug h i mproperly ) p l aced
i n t h e cl ass of pro n o un s we re all uudecli n ed l ike t h e adj ecti ves
except eyth er n eyth er ot h er wh i c h h ad a g en i ti ve c ase si n g ul ar
eyth er es n e th eres oth eres; ot h er an ot h e r al i us h ad a ge n iti ve
y
e as e si n g ul ar an d a pl ural n um ber oth eres ; an d aller a corr up
ti o n of EALR A was i n use ast h e gen i ti ve pl ur al of all S elf i n the
S axo n l an g uage was de cli n ed like o th er adj ecti ves an d j oi n ed
i n co n st r ucti o n wi t h per so n al pro n o un s an d s ubst an ti ves T h ey
said Io sylf m i n s lfes m e s lfn e Peter s lf
y
y
y
Self, l i ke ot h er adj ec ti ves was un de cli n ed wh e n Ch aucer wri te
.
,
,
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,
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,
v
.-
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c
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-
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,
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,
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f
,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
,
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,
“
,
(
it
s el f se l v an d se l ve n t h o se v ari eti e s d o n otde n ote an y d isti n cti o n
of c ase or n um ber for h e uses i n d i ffere n tly h i mself an d h em selven
h e m sel f an d h em selven
I n ste ad of d ecl i n i n g t h e p erso n al p ro
h e co n st an tl y uses m yself for I sel f an d
n o un s p refixed to sel f
h i m s elf an d h i reself
m e self t h y self for t h o u sel f an d t h ee self
for h e self an d sh e self ; an d i n t h e p l ur al n um ber o urself for
we self an d us sel f yo urs elf for ye se l f an d you sel f, an d h em
sel f for t h ey sel f
Th e verb h ad on e m ood t h e i n di c ati ve ; an d two te n ses t h e
A
l
a
rese
t
h
e
ot
h
er
v
ri
l
eti es of m ood an d ti m e
n t an d t h e p as t
p
T h e gram m a
r of a l an g u
were expressed by auxi l i ary verbs
age i s on e t h i n g i ts c ap acity of expressi o n i s an ot h er
In t h e i n fl e ct i o n s of t h ei r verbs t h ey di ffered very l ittl e fro m
us i n t h e si n g ul ar n um b er I l ove t h o u l oves h e l ovet h , b ut i n t h e
u
l
a
n for m
o
d
e
l
r
l
s
e
d
h
ered
to
t
h
e
S
xo
l ovet h ye l ovet h
a
o
m
a
W
p
t h ey l ovet h , ot h ers adopted wh at see m s to h ave bee n th e Te n t e
n i ck we l ove n
y e l ove n , t h e y l ove n
In t h e pl ur al of t h e p as t
te n se t h e l ater for m p rev ai l ed we l eved ou ye loveden , t h ey l ove
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
.
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
“
,
.
,
,
den
.
T h e seco n d perso n pl ural of t h e i m p er ati ve ter m i n ated i n et h
T h e S axo n i n fin i ti ve i n an h ad b ee n c h an ge d i n to en —to l ove n
to l i ve n an d t h ey were begi n n i n g to d rop t h e n — to l ove to l i ve
T h e prese n t p arti ci pl e b eg an to be term i n ated i n i n g as l ovi n g
t h o ug h t h e o l d for m i n e n de or an d e was sti ll 1 11 use, asloven de
lovan de an d t h e p ast p arti ci p l e (as i t i s so m eti m es c al l ed ) c on
except
ti n n ed to b e for m ed as t h e p ast te n se i tself was i n ed
am o n g th e i rreg ular verbs i n wh i c h i t ge n er al l ter m i n ated i n E N
y
T h e gre ates t p art of t h e auxi l i ary verbs were used an d i n fl i ct
ed i n t h e prese n t an d p ast te n ses of t h ei r i n di c ati ve an d subj un c
tive m oods an d p refixe d to t h e i n fi n i ti ve m ood of t h e verb to
wh i c h t h ey were auxi li ary I W 011 l ove n I m ow or c on l ove n
we sh ullen or wi l l e n l ove n We m o we n or c on n en l ove n
In
t h e p ast te n se I sh ulde l ove n I wold e , m i gh te or m ough teloven
we sh ulden wolden m i gh ten or m ough ten or co ude n l ove n
T h e auxi l i ary to h ave n was a co m p l ete verb an d prefixed to
t h e p arti ci pl e of t h e p ast ti m e was used t o express (wh at so m e
gram m ari an s are p l e ased to c al l ) t h e preterp erfe ct an d preter
pl uperfect te n ses
T h e auxi li ary to b en was a co m p l ete verb an d i t prefixed to
t h e s am e p arti ci pl e wi t h t h e h el p of th e ot h er auxi l i ary ve r b sup
pli ed t h e pl ace of t h e wh ol e p assive voi ce
W i t h reg ard to th e i n decli n eable p arts of sp eec h , t h ey re
m ai n ed eit h er p ure S axo n , or abbre vi ati o n s
.
,
.
,
,
,
‘
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
‘
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
'
~
.
(
56
at m avn ot be red uced to
C
h
cer
s
verses
t
h
a
u
y
j ust m e as ure b y t h e us ual practi ces of m oder n poets
Agre at n um ber of C h aucer s verses l abo ur un d er an ap p are n t
deficie n cy of a s yl l ab l e or two b ut t h i s verse m ay b e m ad e c or
rect by adopti n g i n cert ai n words a pron oun ci ati on wh i c h we
h ave re aso n to bel i eve was used i n h is ti m e for i n stan ce t h e
ge n i ti ve c ase si n gul ar an d pl ur al of n o un s t h e reg ul ar t er m i n
n i
ati o n of t h e p ast Verse an d i ts p arti ci p l e ; e fe m i n i n e ; t h e i n fi
tive m ood an d t h e p l ur al n um ber of verbs were all p ro n o un ced
T h us sh ourEs c roppES sh i rES lordEs percED b ath ED werED ;
superfl uiti es i n
an
’
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
h oe
,
,
,
,
,
faeE, largE ; slepeN , m ak eN , lon geN ,
,
,
sek eN
.
C h aucer ap pe ars n ot to h ave acce n ted t h e s am e sy ll ab l es t h at
we d o on t h e co n tr ary i n h i s Fre n c h words h e m ost co m m o n l y
l ai d h is acce n t accordi n g to t h e Fre n c h c usto m on t h e l ast syl
lable or th e last b ut on e In Fre n c h words e n d i n g i n e fe m i m i n e
t h e p ro n un ci ati o n we k n o w i s sti l l t h e ve ry reverse of o urs
T h us l i co ur eorages reson vi age v i s age us age m an ere la
bo ure prelat l an g age m ar i age co n tree
In t h e s am e m an n er h e accen ts t h e l ast sy l l ab l e of t h e p arti ci
—
in G
w
i Nc
V IN G
l
l
i
n in
d
d
o
m
l
l IN G
b l em m IN G
The
e
c
C
e
p
g
y
old p arti ci p l e of t h e prese n t te n se i n an d appe ars to h ave bee n
origi n al l y accen ted on t h at syl l able T h us b el aND spryn gAND,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
'
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
'
.
fl eAN D,
,
seAN D
.
H e seem s to h ave fo ll o wed t h is practi ce i n t h e m iddl e of ver
T h us
ses wh en ever i t g ave a m ore h ar m o n i o us fl owto h is m etre
,
.
vertuE,
n
atuR E, aven tuR E, h on oUR
.
I t i s s urpri si n g t h at C h aucer wi th o ut m asters ei t h er Fren ch
or I t al i an to g uide h i m h as so s el dom fail ed to pl ace h i s ac ce n ts
i n s uc h a m an n er as to p rod uce t h e c ade n ce b e st s ui ted to t h e n a
t ure of h is verse
,
,
,
.
E
VE C AS E ALD PLUR AL N UM BE R , IN Es TO BE P R O NO UN CED
PEES q uod our H oste for CH R IST ES m oder dere
Tell fort h t h y t al e an d S p are i t n ot at all
In s h ri ft i n prech i ug i s m y dili ge n ce
An d st udy i n Peters wordEs an d i n PAULEs
An d m ore we see n of CH R IS T ES secree t h i n g
T h an bore l fo l k al t h o ug h t h at t h ey b e ki n gs
G N ITI
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
AND
E R US ED
T h i se c ur ates b EN so n egl ige n t an d sl o w
To gropEN ten drely a co n s ci e n ce
I d are wel saw t h at er t h an h alf an h o ur
Afte r h i s dcth 3 I saw h i m bo r n e to blisse
VE
O LD IN FIN ITI
PLUR A
L N UMB
,
.
.
.
(57
S O M ETIM ES n
N
uorr m
.
lam e to an h o n s t h e r h e was wan t
R efres h ed m o r e th an i n a h un d r ed
to BE
pl aces
I0 yi eld our L o rd J esn hi s p r op r e re n t ;
To spreadE h is word i s sette all m i n e n te n t
,
.
'
.
E P R O N O UN C ED
H e l ooked as i t were a wi ldE b ar e
An d g ri n te wit h h is teet h so was h e wrot h
B ed r ed u po n a c ouch E low h e lay
But b y yo ur gretE good n ess by yo u r l eve
I woldE pr ay you t h at ye n ot you greve
E FEM IN IN
.
,
,
-
.
.
°
.
ETIM ES S ILENT
Gr an d m er cy Dam E t h at h ave I fo un d al way
N ow by yo ur fai t h 0 de r e si n : I q uod s h e
E SO M
“
.
-
-
i
,
.
,
.
,
H AV E W ITH THE IN FIN IT IV E
I h ave up on t h is b euc h e farEN ful well
H ere h ave I etEN m an y a m erry m el e
AU X IL IAR Y
,
.
i
,
.
AU X
L
I IAR
Y
C O UL
H U
W ITH THE IN FIN IT IV E
O dere m aister I q uod t h is S i ke m an
How h ave ye farEN si n t h at M arc h beg an
I co uld of i r e say so m o c h e l sorwe
M y t ale s h ul de lastEN ti l to m or we
T h is C am b usc an of wh i c h I h ave you told
In re al vesti m e n ts si t on h is d ei s
W i t h di ade m ful h ig h i n h i s palei s
An d h olte h i s feste so solem pn e an d so r i c h e
T h at i n t h i s wo r ld n e was t h e r e n on i t l i c h e
Of wh i c h i f I s h all tellEN all t h e ar 1ray
T h an wold i t oc c upi e a so m e r s day
S HALL ,
IV ILL,
D, S
O
LD,
'
.
'
,
.
,
- -
-
.
,
'
,
,
-
,
,
.
E CH
E M P L O Y ED
An d dron k en uesse 1S eke a fo ul e recon n
Of an y m an an d n am ely of a loi d
We l i ve 1 11 povei te an d 111 absti n EN C E
An d borel folk i n r i ch ESS E an d dispEN CE
G od wot q uod h e l abo u r ed h ave I feel sore
An d speci ally fo r th y s alv aT IO N
H ave I sayd m an y a p1 eci ous o r i so n
FR N
ACCEN T
.
,
,
‘
.
,
,
,
.
C O N DITIO N AL FO R M O F THE V ER B
An d after t h at a ro ast ed pi gges h ed
(But I n e wolde for m e n o beest W ER E (led)
AS s ai th Se n ek t h at d u r i n g h is estat
U po n a day out IldEN k n igh tes two ;
An d as I ortun e W old t h at i t W ER E s o
T h at on of h em c am e h o m e th at o th er n o ug h t
.
,
.
,
,
‘
,
‘
,
,
,
.
68
r on
—Nor
P ER S O NAL BUT PO SSESS IV F P R O N O UNS
An d t h erefore m ay y e see t h at our prai eres
Ben to t h e h i gh e G od m ore accept abl e
T h an youres wi th Y O UR festes at yo ur t ab l e
as & c
.
,
.
.
.
,
R T IC IPLE
I’A
.
Accord an t to h is wordes was h i s c h ere
As h el pet h art of speec h h em t h at i t l ere
,
.
H EE HIM TH IN K ETH US ED BY C H AUC ER
M E t h i n ket h t h ey h en l ike Jovi n i an
Fat as a wh ale an d walke n as a S wan
U s t h o ug h t i t was n ot wo r t h to m ake i t wise ,
An d gr an ted h i m wi t h oute n m ore avi se
M E, T
.
,
,
.
,
.
ALLE R — GEN
S h all h ave
.
OF
ALL
.
s pper at y our allER cost
H ere i n t h is pl ace si tti n g b y t h i s p ost
U p rose our H oste an d was our allER cok
An d gadered us toget h er i n a fl ock
a u
,
.
,
,
.
IM PER A
T IV E IN
ETH.
or t h at ye fart h er twi n n e
H e wh i c h t h at h at h t h e S h ortest s h al begi n n e
N e studi erH n o ug h t ; lay h an d to every m an
An o n to drawe n every wi g h t beg an
N ow draW E rH
'
eutte
.
'
,
.
E XAMP LES FO R P R AC T ICE
We m ay h ave a T aste of C h aucer s styl e i n h i s Des cri pti o n
of t h e s udde n sti r an d fe ar t hat h appe n ed on th e C ook sb ei n g
ri ed away by a Fox
T h e sel y W i do w an d h er D aug h ters two
H erde t h e Hen n Es cri e an d m ake wo
An d at t h e Dor E sterte t h ey an o n
An d saw th e Fox towarde t h e wood goN
An d b are upo n h i s b ack th e C o cke away
An d cri ed out H aro w an d we ll away
Ah a t h e F O X E an d after HEM t h ey ran
An d eke wi t h stavEs m an y an ot h er m an
R an C ol l or Dog T al bot an d eke Garlon de
An d Malki n wi t h h er d istaff i n h er h o n de
R an C ow an d C alfe an d eke t h e very HoggES
For t h ey so sore aferde were of t h e DoggEs
An d s h o uti n g of m en an d of wo m e n eke
T h ey ran so h er h ertE t h o ug h t to breke
T h ey yellEN as fe n des d o i n h el l
T h e Duck es cri eD as m en wo ul d t h e m q uell
.
’
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
!
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
In at t h e h alle dore al S oden l ,
y
T h er cam e a k n ig h t upo n a sted e of bras,
G AV I N DO UGL AS
BIS H
,
O F D UN K E L D
O P
.
G AWIN D O UGL AS B is h op of D un keld was bor n i n t h e en d of
1 4 74 or t h e begi n n i n g of 14 75 two ye ars after t h e b i rt h of
J ames IV
,
,
,
,
.
D L i n ds ay wh o was con tem p or ar y wi t h Bish op D o ugl as
D em p
i n form s us t h at “ th e Bis h op s work s are m ore t h an five
ve b ut t h e Bis h op h i m self all udes to a sixt h
ster spe ci fies o n l y fi
Si r
.
,
,
’
.
T h e five of wh i—
b h De m pst er g i ve s us a part i c ular li st are
Pa
lati um H o n ori s Aurem N arr ati o n es
C o m edi es S aerae V i r
l
(
E
i
i
i
n ei s S coti ci s r th m i s tr an s l at a L i ber de R eb us S c oti ci s
g
y
Th e Pal ac e of Hon our wh i c h t h e Bis h op wrote wh en h e was
‘
ab o ut 2 7 y ears of a e is an Allegor i c al Poe m , desi g n ed to S h o w
g
th e van i ty of worldl y p o m p an d t h e Fe l i city o f V i rt ue
Of t h e Aurem N arrati o n es an d t h e C o m ed i a S acrae we can giv e
n o o th e r ac co un t t h an t h at t h e fo
r m er was prob abl y a s h ort Tre a
ti se orr Heat h en M yt h ol og y an d th e l atter an am usi n g descri p
ti o n of great an d vi r tuo us c h aracters taken fro m S acred an d
Profan e H istory ;
"
Th e Book de R eb us S coti c is
A Treatise on S cotis h Affai r s
was prob abl y t h at se n t to Polyd ore, i n 135 20, or 152 1, t h e ye ar
of Gawi n D o u lass d e at h
g
'
,
s
,
,
,
'
‘
-
.
,
’
,
.
“
'
.
,
,
,
,
'
,
,
,
'
’
AN ALY S IS
.
OF
His Ort h ograp h y i s
I
.
II
.
HE,
S HE,
BIS H O P DO UGLA
s sS TYL E
n ot
’
.
U NIFO R M
~
.
HIM, m s, O UH AM, are appl i ed
to t h i n g s i n am
mate , as,
An d l yk e as t h e g rete ro c h e cr ag wi t h an e so un
F ro m t h e top of sum m o n tan e tum lyt doun
Quh en th at i t i s o uer sym te wi t h wi n di s bl ast,
Or with t h e dr um l y sc h ouris sp ate d o wn c ast
O r t h an b e l an g proc es of m o n y z eri s
L o wsi n g away t h e e r d an d away we r i s
Is m ad e to fal an d tom bi l wi t h all HIs S \V e0ht,
L yke til an e wi k k yt h i l of h uge wec h t ,
'
,
,
,
,
.
~
71
Haldyn g Hrs farde t h e discen
of t h e b ra
VV yth m o n y sk yp an d ste n d b ai th to an d fra
Quh yl t h at H E sch outys fer 0 11 t h e pl an e gro un d ,
An d all t h at h e ower r ek ys d oys co n fo un d
W oddys h ei rdis fl ok k ys c attal an d m en
O uer welteran d wyth HY M i n t h e depe gle n
ce
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
e
i s us ed for u or y wh e n u or y b egi n s a syl l able or i s
a co n so n an t (as so m e ter m i t ) as Z E Z EAR for ye ye ar an d
S UL Z E ch ei uz es for sul e ch ei n
re n ow spe l t
o
r
a
t
h
ey
a
s
e
s
,
y
y
S oi l c h ai n s
T h e plan i s ei k an d S ULZ E of C e l e n e
I V Y i s so m eti m es o m i tted for t h e s ake of t h e vers e ; as, 5 3
for say da for day
III Z
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
V Wi i s so m eti m es used i n ste ad of
eo n s wran gwis for wran gous
.
,
0 115 ,
as ri ch twi s for rig h t
.
i s ge n er all y e m ployed for o an d 00 an d on th e c on
trary o i s freq ue n tl y used for a as b uke for book , luffor J o ve,
to n e for t un e
VI
U
.
,
,
,
.
V I I V an d U are used pro m isc uo usly W i s used for
so m eti m es 11 for w, as b ewty for be auty , do un for d o wn
u, an d
‘
.
.
.
V I I I T i s ofte n omi tted before c h as cach e for c atc h T c h
or c h i s use d for k as pi k for pi tc h T i s so m etim es added to
t h e en d of words as c auch t for c atc h D i s freque n tl y c h an ge d
i n to t an d t i n t o d as st an d art for stan d ard boddoum for b otto m
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
’
,
I X S an d c
r ais for r ace
.
are
.
,
ofte n
used for
e ac h ot h er ,
as deci st for
d esist
,
.
X Quh i s al ways used for wh , as, qub yte for wh i te , or h yp o
criti c al
An d h i s dissi m i llit slek i t wourdes QUBY TE
XI Words wh i c h n ow h ave 11 afte r g h ave i t b efor g as, ri n g
for reig n
.
.
’
.
.
,
,
.
XI I L is S o m eti m es use d wh ere i t is n ow o m i tte d
ted wh ere i t i s n ow used as awalk awake , fou for full
.
,
XI I I
an
,
K
.
or
kk
i s ofte n
,
put
for ct ,
as,
c on
trak k
d o m it
.
for co n tr act
.
XI V I i s ge n er al l y p r i n te d as i I an d y are used prom i scu
ously for e ac h ot h er an d i i s ofte n used for e an d u as i n v
y for
en vy si n dry for S un dr y
.
.
,
,
.
,
X V H after s i s ofte n o m itt ed o r t ur n ed i n to
for b us h wi ssit for wi sh ed
.
,
.
an
ot h er
5,
as b us
79
X V I F i s freque n tl y used for v an d v for f as luf for l ove
wi flis for wives l i ve for li fe V i s g e n er al l y e m p l oyed i n ste ad of
f for t h e s ake of verse
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
frequen tly fo un d wh e n we n owuse ee ea ae eo y or
i e an d before 11 or w wh ere i t i s n ot n ow used as ke n e for kee n
tre for t re e pe ce for p e ace susten e for s ust ai n , b oun te for b o un ty
E1 is so m eti m es used for ea, as, rei k for re ac h
r o ul e for r ul e
X VI I
.
E is
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
X V I I I D i n i m it ati o n of t h e Fre n c h i s so m eti m es o m i tte d
D i s foun d for th an d th
as plege fer pledge avi c e for advi ce
for d as fad er for fat h er , tyth i n gs for ti di n gs D e i n i ti al i s
us ed wh ere we do n ot n ow use i t an d vi ce vers a, as defai d for
faded gre for d egree
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
X I X C i s put bet wee n s an d h b efore h wh e n we n ow
use g ge n er all y o m i tted before k an d so m eti m es t ur n ed i n to k
r i eh t for r i g h t , n ek for n e ck, sk atti r for
as sc h ort for S h ort
s c atter
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
XX A l etter i s added so m eti m es to t h e en d of a word or n ear
i t so m eti m es to t h e b egi n n i n g of i t an d so m eti m es take n away
arm on y for h ar m o n y
serm on d for s er m o n , ado un for d o wn
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
X X I
I t de n otes t h e P arti ci ple of t h e Perfect Te n se t h e t h i rd
u
n si n g ul ar of verbs an d ed
1
rso
t
h
i
s
e
p t for eth
p
.
,
.
,
.
H is feris al BAS IT t h e cl am o ur h i e
An d followan d t h ei r ch i ftan e, h e an d h e
.
.
XXI I Is i s t h e si g n of th e pl ural n um ber of t h e gen i tive
si n g ul ar an d t h e seco n d pers o n S i n g ul ar of verbs
.
,
.
,
XXI I I Two words n ow sep ar ated are j oi n ed i n to on e, words
n ow j oi n ed were t h e n
sep ar ated an d so m eti m es j oi n ed an d
so m eti m es sep ar ated as t oc am for to co m e wi t h all for wi t h al
over fl owi s for overfl owes
perordour for p er ordour
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
XXI V To i s prefixe d to ve r bs an d p arti ci ples as, to l am e,
for l am ed , to b ri sts for b ursts t o quaki n g for q uake
.
,
.
,
T h e d ere so dedeli e woun di t an d to L AM E
Un to h i s ky n d ressett gan fl ei n g h ame
,
.
To before al si g n i fies altoget h er
get h er sh ake n
,
as, all
to s c h ai k t h at i s
,
,
al to
.
X X V
.
Man y wo r ds
w fo r m ed fro m t h e s upi n e of L ati n
n o
e r bs we r e fo r m ed f r o m t h ei r p r ese n t te n se as expre m e for
press , pro po n e for p ropose di ffoun ded for di ffused
v
,
,
.
ex
74
t h at wh i c h
,
th e, I,
h ave is are
; afte 1 of as before S O O N as; d o b e
an d p ar ti cles of t h e s am e des cri pti o n
Quh am t h e Troyaui s so awfull felt i n ar m es
An d d red sa oft h is furour W R O C HT th aym h arm es
°
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
T h e accen t ge n e r all y falls upo n t h e s am e syll abl es except
t h e l ast syll abl e of t h e ve r se t h e n um ber of syll ables i n
on
t h e verses are un eq ual b ut t h is i n eq ual ity m ay i n a gre at m ea
s ure b e acco un ted for by co n tracti o n s or el isi o n s an d d i zereses or
d ivisi o n s of syll ables R utulian e m ust b e s c an n ed t h us
D o un bet an e R utl an e h ec h t Em ath i o ; an d br an e t h us ,
—
n
i
l
bl
u
de
d
r
a
b
u
h
a
en e all togi ddi r m i xt
Q
H uge i s ofte n of two s yl l ables as
Quh i lk was sa H UGE b ot to hi s est ate
I s at t h e en d of words S o m eti m es m akes a sep ar ate sy l l ab l e,
S o m eti m es n ot as
T h e BATTELLIS an d t h e m a
n I wi ll di scri ue
Fra T R O Y IS b oun dIs fi r s t t h at fugi ti ue
By fate to ltal i e co m e
X L
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
’ ’
,
’
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
’
-
.
EX AMPL ES FO R
P R AC TI C E
.
T h e words i n S M ALL C AP ITALS are to b e r eferred to t h e r ules
gi ven
T h e deriv ati o n of all t h e words m ay b e traced by refer
e n ce to S AX O N D ER IV ATIV ES
.
.
Or FO R to se th aym m ac h i t on t h e gre n e
Bere ue t h e b arg an e wyth t h are wappi n n i s ke n e
'
,
An d S o n e
As
he
rsaui s uh ar e
e
p
q
t h at we n t
be swere NO R S L AW to
Ty l our h ai sty un set we wyl begyn
N OR
Se
t h at
NO
m an
’
.
.
ri n
’
.
An d fei l ty m es defen di t t h e an d forb ad
To go t h e way t h o u BEGUN N Y IN G h ad
,
.
h ie Pri n ces q uh am to J upi ter h as GR AN T
To b ei l d an e n ew ci ete an d to d an t
T h e vi ol e n ce of proude folk by j ust law
0
,
,
.
h appy s aul is TELLITH m e
An d t h ou m ai st soueran e poet S CHEW q uod S C H E
0
z
e sa
,
,
,
,
,
An d th are eldari s of Troy wreik an d reve n ge
An d t h e tem pyl of Mvn erue P O LLU TE clen ge
.
,
.
75
An d wyth h yr S olis first did m ar k th e GR O U ND
"
a
r
it
h
d
ti
s ke n e an d lredi s sch arpli e GR O U N D
W
,
,
T h at un d er e r t h or law i n h e ] do un
O r i n t h e fom y seyi s strem es g re n e
E E
B N
,
.
,
.
Th an lat vs
stri n e t h at realm e fo r to P O S S EDE
T h e Q UHILK was h ech t to Ab r ah am an d hi s sede
L ord t h at vs wroc h t an d bo c h t g r aun t vs t h at h al d
“
,
,
,
T h e c raggis al abo ut t h i s rolk WAS worn c
W i t h wedderis bl ast TO H O LK II an d TO S C H O EN E
,
'
’
'
A GO O D
‘
.
C O U NSE LL
FO R
DO N
Be
M AN T O DO
EUER Y
“
E UN TO
‘
AS
.
H EY WO LDE
T
'
.
o uer studyous to spy an e m ote i n m yn E
T h at i n z o u r awi n an e ferrye b ot C AN N O T se
An d d o to m e as W AL D be do n e to
N ow h ar k sc h i rri s th ar e i s N A m ar e ado
QUHA l is t atte n d GY FFIs aud i e n ce an d d r aw n ere
M E t hoc ht V i r g i l BEGO UTH i n t h is M AN E R E
n ot
.
,
,
,
,
,
'
,
.
THE S
P ACE
,
TYM-E,
AN D
DAT
O F THE TR A
NS LAC IO UN O F
E
.
UKE
B
.
C om pleti t was t h i s
we r k V i r gi li an e ,
t h e feist of Marye M agdalan e,
Apoun
Fra C ris ti s bi r t h t h e d ate Q Uh a l ist to h ere
An e t h o us an d fy ue h u n d r e th an d th retten e Yere
Quh i lk fo r vth i r g r ete oc c upaci oun lay
V n steri t clois beside m e m o n y an e day
An d n eui rth eles q ui dder l S ER F t h an k or wyte
Fra tym e I th areto set m y pen to wr yte
(T h oc h t God wate gi f t h i r boun di s wer ful wyde
To m e t h at h ad si c b esi n es b esyde )
Apoun t h i s wyse as god l ist LEN m e grace
I t was c om pi lyt i n an ch ten e m on eth i s sp ace
Set I fei l syi th si c twa m on ethi s i n fe r e
W r ate n eui r an e wourd n or m i c h t t h e vol um e stere
For g r aue m ateris an d g r ete solli ci t ude
T h at al si c lauboure fe r bes i de m e st ude
An d t h us grete sk an t of ti m e an d bes y cu r e
Has m ad e m y we r k m ar e s ubti l an d Ob sc ure
An d n ot S O PLES AND as i t auc h t to be
Quh arfore Z E c u r tes r edari s perdoun m e ;
Z e wri tari s a] an d ge n ti l redar i s ei k
O ffen dis n ot m y vo l um e , I b esei k ,
‘
,
,
,
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,
,
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,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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76
BOT
rode
l el e
an
,
d tak
g ude te n t
i n tym e,
Z e n outh i r m agi ] , n or m i sm eter m y ry m e ,
N O R alter N O T m y wourdi s, l 2 0 11 p ray
L o t h is is all, b ew schi rri s, h aue g ude day
.
.
C O N C LUS IO N .
fi
N ow i s m y werk al n IS T an d co m pl ete ,
QUHom Ioui S Y KE, n or fyris b i rN AND h ete ,
Y s, n or d o un
N or tren S C HEAN D s werd S AL defA
N or l an g proces of age, co n s um es all th i n g
QUh en t h at V n k n awi n day sal h i m addres ,
Quh i lk n ot b ut on t h is b ody po we r h as,
An d en dls t h e date of m y n e vn certan e ei ld
T h e b etti r p ar t of m e sal be vph ei ld
Abo ue t h e ste m s perpetualy to ri n g ,
An d h ere m y n am e re m an e , but em par ING 2
T h r owO UT th e yl e Y clepIT Albio n e
R ed sal I be , an d S oU n gwit h m o n y on e
T h us vp m y pen an d i n strum en tls ful z ore
O n V i rgi lli s p ost I fix for euerm ore,
N eui r fro m t h e n s si c m atterIs to discri ue
’
M y m use
w be
sal n o
clen e c on
tem plati ue,
An d soli tare as doi th t h e bi rd i n c age
S EN fe r by war n e all is m y cn yldls age
An d of m y dayi s n ere passi t t h e h alf d ate
T hat n at ure s ul d m e gran ti n g wel e I wate
T h us sen I fei le do un sweyAN D t h e b al l an ce
H e r e I r esi g n e up Zoun k eris obseruan ce ;
An d wy] derek m y lab ouris euerm oi r
V uto t h e c om m oun welth an d Goddls g l oi r
Ade w gud readerls God GIF Z ou al gud n ycht,
An d efti r dei th gr an t vs h is heui n ly lych t
,
'
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
THR
E DMU N D
was bor n
S P ENS E R
in
L o n do n
S P EN S ER
an d
,
.
ed ucated
at Pe m brok e
H all
,
Cam bridge
H e was created P oet L aureat to Q ueen El i z abeth butfo r so m e
ti m e s ays M r U p to n h e wore a b ar r e n l aurel an d p oss essed
i
i t h o ut t h e p e n si o n
on l y th e p lace
It 15 s ai d the Q uee n upo n h is prese n ti n g so m e poe m s to h er
ord ered h i m a gr at ui t y of a h un d red p o un ds b ut th at th e L o r d
Tre as ure r obj ect i n g to it s aid wi t h s cor n of t h e p oet, W h at
T h e Quee n repl i ed
T h e n give h i m wh at
ai l t h is for a son g
ca
S pe n se r waited for so m e ti m e b ut h ad t h e m orti fi
i s re aso n
n d h i m sel f dis ap poi n ted of t h e Q uee n si n te n ded bo un ty
ti o n to fi
U po n t h is he too k a proper opport un i ty to p r es e n t a p aper to
Q uee n El iz abet h i h th e m an n er of a peti ti o n i n wh i c h h e re
m i n ded h er of t h e orders s h e h ad give n i n t h e fol l o wi n g li n es
I was prom is d on a ti m e
To h ave re ason for m y r h im e
Fro m t h at ti m e un to t h is se aso n
I h ave recei v d n or r h i m e n or reaso n
T h i s p ap er p r od uced th e desi red effec t an d th e Quee n , n ot
wi t h o ut reprovi n gth e Tre as urer i m m ediatel y di rected t h e pay
m e n t of t h e h un dred p o un ds s h e h ad first ord ered
C h aucer an d S pe n ser are t h e two an ci en t En gli sh poets wh o
see m as a writer observes to h ave tak en deep root l i ke old B r it
i slt oak san d to fl o uris h in d efi an ce of all t h e i n j uri es of ti m e an d
we at h er T h es e two ge n i uses were of a ve r y di ffere n t ki n d
C h aucer exc elled i n h is c h ar acters Spe n ser i n h is d esc r i pti o n s
T h e l att er h as bee n t h e fat h e r of m or e E n gl is h poets th an an y
ot h er offour wri ters bec ause h i s e m bel lish m e n ts of des cri pti o n
the m os t striki n g p art of poetry , ar e r i c h an d l avis h beyo n d com
in
.
,
.
,
.
w
,
,
.
,
,
'
‘
,
,
,
”
"
,
.
’
.
.
,
,
,
’
“
,
v
’
“
,
‘
-
,
.
'
,
»
’
,
,
,
r
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
-
parisom
’
C o wley firs t c aug h t h i s fl am e b y re adi n g S pen
S cr; M il ton o wn ed h i m for h i s ori i n al ; Dryde n st udi ed an d c om
g
m e n ded h im ; G ray h abit uall y re ad h i m wh e n h e wis h ed to fram e
It
is sai d t h at
~
‘
“
’
79
for c om posi ti o n an d t h ere are few e m i n en t p o ets i n
th e l an g uage wh o h ave n ot b ee n esse n ti all y i n debted to h i m
h i s t h o ug h ts
'
'
,
.
Hit h er ,
t h ei r fo un t ai n ot h er st ars
R ep ai r an d i n t h ei r u r n s d r aw golde n li gh t
H i s Fai ry Q uee n is m ore k n ewn an d c elebr ated t h an an y of
h i s ot h er wri ' i n gs
I t i s an Allegory (co n ti n ued M et ap h or ) F abl e or Story i n
wh i c h un der i m agi n ar y pe r so n s or th i n gs i s s h ado wed so m e
re al acti o n o r i n str uctive m o r al In so m e i n stan ces the c h ar
n oters i n t h e
F ai ry Q uee n h ave a th reefold al l us i o n
Gl ori an a i s at o n ce an e m ble m of tr ue glory an Em press of
F ai ry l an d an d h er M aj es y Q uee n Eli z abet h En vyi s a perso n i
h ed p assi o n an d also a wi tc h an d wi t h n o very c h ari t abl e i n
si n uati o n a type of t h e un fo rt un ate Mary Q uee n of S cots T h e
wan d
K n i g h t i n d an ge ro us d istress i s H e n r y IV
of Fr an ce —
t h e K n ig h t of M agui fi
rt h ur —an an ci e n t B r i t
cen ce, P r i n ce A
i sh h ero i s t h e b ul war k of t h e P rotest an t fait h i n the N et h er
l an ds
U pto n i n t h e pre face to h is editi o n of t h e F ai ry Q uee n
oh
serv e
s t h at t h e fabl e h as a begi n n i n g a m idd le an d an en d
T h e begi n n i n g is t h e Bri ti s h P r i n ce saw i n a visi o n t h e F ai ry
Q ueen an d fell i n l ove wit h h er ; t h e m iddl e h is se arc h after
h er wit h t h e adve n t ures t h at h e un der we n t ; t h e en d h i s fi n di n g
wh o m h e so ug h t
lt i s t h e gradual advan ce of our l an guagei n to m o der n p olis h
In S pe n ser we
an d succ i n tn ess t h at h as n ow to be poi n ted out
m eet wit h b ut fewof the An glo Saxo n i di o m s wh i c h are so c om
m on i n C h aucer
Spen ser s ays C am pbell
t h re w t h e so u l of h ar m o n y i n to
c e n tl y
r m l y te n derl y an d m agn i fi
our verse an d m ade i t m o r e wa
wit h a few excepti o n s
descri ptive t h an ever i t was b efore
n d m o r e ai r
t h an i t h as ever bee n si n ce We S h al l n owh ere fi
y
an d exp an sive i m ages of V i s i o n ary t h i n gs a s weeter to n e of sen
ti m en t or a fi n er fl us h i n th e colo urs of lan guageh th an i n th i s
Hi s express io n t h o ug h an ti q uated
R ube n s of En gl i sh poetry
"
i s beauti ful i n i ts an ti quity an d like t h e m oss an d i t y on so m e
m ajesti c b ui ldi n g coverst h e fabri c of hi s l an g uage wi t h ro man ti c
an d ve n er able asso ci ati o n s
Wi t h reg ard to t h e ti m e of hi s de at h th e i n sc ri pti o n on h i s
m o n um e n t ere cted by R obert D evere ux , i n for m s us
H eare lyes (expe cti n g t h e seco n d com m i n ge of our S avi o ur
C h ri st J es us) the b odv of Ed m un d S pe n ser , thepri n ce of poetsi n
as to
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’
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'
‘
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~
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-
,
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,
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"
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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‘
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-
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”
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,
80
wh ose divi n e spi ri t n e e
ds n oe ot h er wi tn ess t h an t h e
works wh i c h h e l eft be h i n d h i m H e was bor n e i n L o n do n i n
t h e year 15 10 an d d i ed i n t h e yeare 15 9 6
His stan z a co n si sts of n i n e verses of the h eroi c ki n d i n wh i c h
t h e lst an d 3 d t h e 2 d 4 th 5 t h an d 7th t h e 6th 8 t h an d 9th ,
rh y m e to on e an ot h er , as i n th e fol l o wi n g i n st an ce
En forst to seek e so m e covert n ig h at H AND,
A sh adi e grove n ot farr away th ey S P IDE
Th at prom i st ayde th e tem pest to Wi thsTAND
W h ose lofti e trees y cl ad wi t h s um m ers P R IDE
Di d s pred so bro ad t h at h eave n s lig h t d id H IDE ,
N ot perce abl e wi t h p o wer of an y S TAR R ;
An d all wi t h i n were p ath es an d allei es W IDE
W it h footi n g worn e an d l eadi n gi n ward FARR E
F ai re h arbo ur t h at t h e m see ms, so i n t h ey cutt ed AR R E
wit h st an d
li st an d Si d—h an d—
2 d, 4 th , 5 th , an d 7th—
5 pi de— pri de —h i de —
wide
6th 8 t h an d 9th —st arr— farre—
arr e
h i s tym e ;
,
.
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,
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
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,
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.
.
.
,
,
order to preve n t so m an y J i n gl i n g ter m i n ati o n s i n on e
Stan z a h e so m eti m es i n trod uces h em isti cs t h us
An d aftert h e m h erself eke wit h h er we n t
To seke t h e fugi ti ve (co m p l eted i n th e seco n d edi ti o n ) b oth
farre an d n ere
In
,
,
.
He al so
m ak es two words ,
t h o ugh s p el t th e s am e, yet i f of di f
cati on s to r h y m e to e ach ot h er
feren t sign i fi
P h oeb us wh i c h is t h e sun H O TE,
T h at s h i n et h upo n eart h H O TE
.
,
,
.
An d c om m i n gwh ere t h e k n ig h t i n s l um b er
T h en see m ed hi m hi s l ady by h i m LAY
Y,
LA
.
B I
.
.
,
c. L , S T
.
47
.
0
Y et i s C leopoh s for earth l y FAME
T h e fai rest peece
T h at covet i n t h e i m m ort al booke of FAME
But on e of you a] b e h ym l ot h e or LE FE ,
H e m ust go pi pi h i n an i vi e LE FE
.
,
.
ters adds an d t akes away a l etter
But tem peran ce s aid h e wit h go l de n S QUIBE (s q uare)
B et wi xt t h em bot h c an m e as ure out a m e an e,
N eit h er to m eet i n ple as ures wh o desm n
l
even a
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
B
c . I. , S T.
.
58
.
So m e m outh d l ike greedy ostryges so m e FAS TE (faced )
L i ke l o at h l y toadcs, so m e fash i o n ed i n t h e waste
L ike s wi n e
’
,
.
a M
.
.
,
c.
S T.
58
.
89
T h o ug h S pen cer s sty l e i s n ot n ow R e p ut able Nati o n al an d
Presen t y et we h ave re aso n to i n fer t h at i t was o n ce deem ed
Eleg an t for i t is s aid by h is co n te m p or ar i es t h at to P uri ty an d
Pers pi cui ty h e added all t h e gr aces of Fi gure an d H ar m o n y
H is Metap h ors bot h Elev at i n g an d Perso n i fyi n g are ge n er all y
s ui t abl e W ell c h ose n an d stri ki n g H e seldo m cro wds t h em on
t h e s am e obj ect p ursues t h em too far or b l en ds M etap h o r i c al
an d Pl ai n l an g uage ; an d i f h is M et ap h ors are o cc asi o n all y m i x
ed i t i s because t h ey are agree abl e to n at ure , an d t h erefore
So m e of h i s Person i fi
cati on s are very bo l d ;
sui t abl y s uggested :
i n an i m ate obj e cts n ot o n l y l i ve b ut t h ey act an d evm cc e m oti o n ;
t h us ,
’
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,
,
U po n th e top of all h i s lofti e cres t.
ABO UN C H of n am es di scolon rd di versl y ,
W i t h spri n kl ed pe ar l e an d gold ful l ri c h l y d rest
D i d s h ake an d seem ed to DAUNC R for J O LL ITY
,
.
,
T h e obj e cts fro m wh i c h h e d re w his co m p ari so n s were aeco m
m odated to t h e n at ure of h i s s ubj ect an d m ust h ave bee n k n o wn
to m ost of h i s re aders
T h e rese m bl an ce di re ct or an al ogo us i n h is S i m i les IS seldo m
ei t h er too stri ki n g or too re m ote
Am o n g t h e All egori es i n C an to X i t i s i m possi ble n ot to
d isti n gui s h t h at ve n er ab le fig ure of co n te m pl ati o n i n h i s h er m i t
t wasted
age on t h e to p of a h ill , represe n ted as an old m an al m o s
away i n stud y
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
‘
s
”
,
Wit h s n o wy l ockes adown e h i s s h o ulders s h ed
As H O AR Y f r ost wi t h span gles doth atti re
un c h es of an oke h alfe DED
T h e m assy br a
,
‘
.
T h e R esem blan ce i m pl i ed or expres s
ed i n t h e foll o wi n g fig ures
n d reason s are to be assi g n ed for
a
i
t
raced
of
speec
h
to
s
b
e
)
(
t h ei r n atural an d h arm on isin g suggestion
,
,
,
.
T h e l ig h t wh i c h i s l et i n to t h e h o use of Ri c h es i s
S uc h As a l am p wh ose LIFE dot h FADE AW AY ;
O r as t h e m oo n , C LO ATHED wi t h cl o udy n i g h t
,
,
.
As an aged tree
A gi an t sfall i s
W h os e H AR T-S TR INGS wit h K EEN E steel e n i g h H EWEN be ;
T h e m i gh ti e trun ck h al f ren t wi t h R AGGED R IFT
D ot h rol l adown e t h e r ocks an d fal l wi t h fearefull dri ft
’
,
.
,
,
.
T h e fo ll owi n g ve rses are a be autiful m e m ori al of th e fri en d
sh i p wh i c h S pe n ser co n tr acted wit h S i r Walter R al ei g h , descri b
ed un der th e n am e of th e S h ep h erd of t h e O cean :
83
U n der
K ee pi n
I sate, as was m y tr ade ,
t h e FO O T of Mol e, th at m o un t ain here,
g m y s h eep am o n gst t h e cool y s h ade
Of t h e gree n alders b y th e M ull a s s h ore ;
n d m e out
T h e n a str an ge s h ep h e r d ch an c d to fi
V h i th er all ured wi t h m y pi pe s deli g h t
W
W h ose ple asi n g so un d ysh ri lled far ab o ut
O r t h it h er led by c h an ce I k n o w n ot ri g h t
W h o m wh e n I asked fro m wh at pl ace h e c am e
An d h ow h e h i g h t h i mself h e d id ycleep
T h e S h ep h e r d of t h e O ce an b y n am e
An d s aid h e c am e far from th e m ai ns-sea deep
H e si tti n g m e besid e i n t h at s am e s h ad e
Provoked m e to pl ay so m e p leas an t fit
An d wh e n h e h e ar d t h e m usi ck e t h at I m ade
H e fo un d h i m self ful l g r e atl y pleas il at i t
Y et ae m uli n g m y pi pe h e took i n h o n d
M y pi pe befo r e t h at ae m uled of m an y
An d pl ai d t h e r eo n for well t h at skil l h e co n d
Hi m self as ski lful i n t h at art as an y
’
,
’
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
.
T h e l ast C an to of t h e S eco n d Book bei n g desi g n ed to
t h e tri al of t h e vi rt ue of Te m per an ce abo un ds wi t h t h e m ost
pl eas urabl e ide as wh i c h t h e fan cy of t h e poet co uld s uggest
Spe n ser h as two st an z as desc r i pti ve of a g arde n an d fo un t ai n
In t h e l atter stan z a wh i c h is an i m it ati o n of T asso
he see m s
to m ake t h e m usi c h e des c r i bes
Eftsoon es t h ey h e ard a m ost m el odi ous so un d
Of all t h at m o r e delig h t a dai n ti e eare
S uc h as at o n c e m igh t n ot on l ivi n g g r o un d
S ave i n t h i s p aradi se be h e ar d else wh e r e
R i g h t h ard i t was for wig h t wh i c h di d i t h e ar e
To re ad wh at m an n e r m usi ck e t h at m ote bee
For all t h at pl eas i n g i s to li vi n g c ar e
W as t h ere co n s o r ted i n on e h arm on ee
Bi rdes voi ces i n str um e n ts wi n des waters all agree
T h e j oyo us b i rdes s h ro uded i n ch earfull s h ade
T h ei r n otes un to t h e voi ce attem pred s weet
T h an geli call s oft t r e m bl i n g voyces m ad e
T o th i n str um e n ts of d i vi n e respo n de n cc m eet ;
T h e si l ver s o un d ed i n str um e n ts di d m eet
W i t h th e b ase m ur m ur e of t h e water s fall
T h e wate r s fall wi th di ffere n ce di sc r eet
N ow soft n ow l o ud un to t h e wi n d d i d c all ;
T h e ge n tle war bli n g wi n d low an s we r ed to all
B M
C V III S T LV III
,
‘
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,
,
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,
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,
,
,
,
,
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-
'
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,
,
,
,
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,
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,
.
.
I t i s n ow reco m m e n ded to t h e Stude n t to exp l ai n the p ecular i
ti es of t h e style an d tr ace t h e Deri vati o n of t h e words fo un d
i n th e Frai eres T al e (of t h e C an te r b ury T al es ) an d t h e l ast
Can to of t h e Se co n d Book of t h e Fai r y Q uee n
,
,
,
.
8 44
D EFI N I TIO N S AN D
44
14
18
14
9
.
.
A m ess age of m ess ages
,
,
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,
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,
,
,
,
21
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
.
.
Be n e h e ar ty pleas an t fro m be n us (bo n us )
Bi n g h e ap pi le c um ul us
C o m pli n eve n i n g so n g s i n gi n g i n ge n e ral
C o n dig n deserve fro m c on dign er
C o ut h were n ot able i m p of C AN AN to be abl e
D ar d terri fi
ed fro m D E R IAN to h urt m ake de ar
,
.
.
,
’
.
,
,
,
.
S ee Sax
15
44
.
.
Ferth i n g, a very s m al l S pot
Few m e n y e , few i n n um ber
.
O
43
,
D er page 4 4
.
.
,
.
,
“
,
.
,
,
.
,
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Hyn t, s n atc h ed , fro m
HEN IAN
D er page 42
.
.
.
.
D er page 4 3
.
.
.
—
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.
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.
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See Sax
D er page 43
S ee Sax
D er page 4 4
.
49
.
24
.
.
.
.
.
M ydli t, m ixed , fro m
M E NGAN
.
.
.
.
.
.
N i ll , n e wi l l , wi ll n ot
F offeran des ; Lat ofl eran da
O fferan di s, o fferi n gs
R aug h t , c ared , i m p of R EC C AN , to r eek , c are
R ay, a rog ue , a k n ave , a poet aster
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
S ee Sax
R i c h t , n ow, j ust n ow, l ate l y
H e n ce rot atory
R ote , wh eel , fro m rot a
Ben c h , ro ug h , fro m R O W AN , to r ow
S am e n , at t h e s am e ti m e, toget h er
S c ei th , s h e at h
D er page 3 5
.
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35
35
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2 7— 43
.
S e h e s c h o seo h eo h i o
,
,
,
2 7 S el de , sel do m ,
9—10 S en , si n ce
.
-
,
she
.
an d
do n e
.
.
.
.
,
fro m sel d
.
27
30
S ee S ax
.
D er page 1 3
.
.
S wo n ke n fro m S WIN K AN to l abo ur bre at h e
a cleft pi e ce of woo d to s core an acco un t up o n
T all y
by n otc h es
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
See S ax
49
.
T urn es turfs fro m TUR FAN to dig or
Tyte q ui ck l y fro m TIAN to ti e
,
,
,
,
.
19
.
Y eftes,
Y wis ,
gifts
.
.
.
,
.
.
Der page 2 2
cut.
S ee Sax
51
.
.
.
.
.
' ‘
.
31
.
’ ‘
2 6 Kerved , c arved , c ut, i m p of K ER FAN
4 4 M ell e , co n test , fig h t, bat tl e , fro m m ellee
Lat B arb m ellei a
H e n ce Ch an ce M EDLEY
2 1 M ote , m ust , fro m m ustan , oportet, i t be h oves
2 5 M ott , m e as ured , i m p of M ETAN
.
.
.
,
See S ax
35
.
.
See S ax
.
page 4 5
d art j avelm or arro w
H an ti t f r o m h an t an to freq ue n t - H AUN T
Hi ddi r a l ur ker from R YDAN H e n ce H IDE an d seek
H ote n am ed t h e i m p of HAE IAN
e, a
,
.
.
.
.
F Gauz
16
21
D er
.
Sec S ax
.
.
D erivati ves
S ee S axori
P age
R EF ER EN C ES
D er page 22
.
.
.
S ee S ax
.
certai n l y
Y es
.
Gise , Sax
.
;
D er page 5
.
Y ea, Du
.
;
an d 6
I s C Br
,
.
.
.
.
See Sax Der page 19
.
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