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Unit 6 Review
Biographical and Document Glossaries
Unit 6 Biographical Glossary
John Marshall
Nominated as the Supreme Court Chief Justice by John Adams in
1801, under the Judiciary Act of 1801. Involved in many key
landmark decisions including: Marbury v Madison, McCullough v
Maryland, and Gibbons v Ogden. Decision in the Marbury case
led to the growth in power of the judicial branch by
incorporating the principle of judicial review. Decisions in the
Gibbons and McCullough case helped to grow the strength of
the court and federal government.
Congressman from South Carolina who was a War Hawk, prior to
the War of 1812. Was an advocate for Henry Clay’s American
John C. Calhoun System, especially for the internal improvements on
transportation.
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Henry Clay
John Quincy
Adams
Congressman from Kentucky who was a War Hawk, prior to the
War of 1812. Proposed what became known as the American
System which called for: a 2nd national bank to unify the
currency, a protective tariff to support U.S. manufacturing, and
government funded improvements to transportation (like the
Erie Canal). In 1820, he proposed the Missouri Compromise to
Congress.
Helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent, to end the War of 1812.
He also was the Secretary of State for Pres. James Monroe who
helped negotiate the Adams-Onis Treaty.
Unit 6 Document Glossary
McCulloch v.
Maryland
Supreme Court case heard by the John Marshall led court. The
case centered around a state tax on the 2nd National Bank of
the U.S. The head of the Maryland branch, McCullough, argued
that as a national institution they were not under the
jurisdiction of a state tax and refused to pay it. The state sued
and the court’s opinion was that only Congress can rule over
the federal government (the bank was established by
Congress) and the state tax was unconstitutional.
Gibbons v.
Ogden
Supreme Court case heard by the John Marshall led court. The
case centered around Thomas Gibbons wanting to utilize his
federal license to operate a steamboat from New York to New
Jersey. Aaron Ogden held a New York state license as the
monopoly on steamboat travel and sued Gibbons for
competition. The court’s opinion stated the state law was in
conflict with the Constitution and was unconstitutional; only
Congress could regulate interstate commerce.
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Unit 6 Document Glossary
Monroe
Doctrine
Due to the growing revolutionary ideas in the Spanish
colonies of North and South America trying to win their
freedom, President James Monroe issued this during his
annual address to Congress in 1823. Monroe built on
Washington’s precedent of neutrality saying the U.S.
would oppose (as a rising world power) any attempt by
Europe to establish new colonies or to restore Spanish
colonies in the Western Hemisphere.
Missouri
Compromise
Henry Clay engineered this compromise in Congress to
help ease the growing sectional tension over slavery.
Missouri wished to enter the union in 1820 as a slave
state but the northern states hoped to stop the
expansion of slavery and keep a balance of power in the
Senate. So, they allowed the entrance of MO, added
Maine as a free state to keep the balance, and banned
slavery in any new territory north of the (36° 30’ N)
parallel.
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