Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Consumer Products Hazardous Author: Naseem Mohammed Rafee Institute: Dubai Municipality, UAE E‐mail: [email protected]/ [email protected]/ [email protected] 1 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Consumer Products Hazardous ABSTRACT There is no doubt that consumer products and daily use products are highly related to
human health as there are 1001 chemicals in their ingredients which may cause a lot of
diseases and health problems as they may be toxic or carcinogenic. So it must be
controlled and this is done through formulating & applying efficient strategies, policies
and controls to maintain & enhance health and safety and this is achieved by two parallel
methods. Methods: First one is through approving and registration of all consumer
products in the market and to get this approval; the products must pass many tests to
ensure their safety requirements and then it could be placed in the market as safe items.
Second method which is parallel to the first one is done through inspection and
monitoring the market to ensure that there is not any non-approved items through
controlling companies, factories, distributers and the market survey. Results: Through our
research we found out that from 3000 products, Lead, Chromium, and Arsenic
concentration were 30%, 20%, 25% respectively and so these products were totally
banned as they are not safe to use. Discussion: by applying these control strategies and
with co-ordination with companies, most of these hazardous products were banned or
their formulation changed by manufacturing companies to comply with our regulations.
Conclusion: safety of consumer products is done through professional strategies to keep
them as safe as possible to avoid any harmful effect on human health.
INTRODUCTION This research will study the consumer products tests, its components, scope and
procedures at my organization, Dubai Municipality (DM). In fact, there is a necessity to
initiate a safety program via inducing different methods and techniques to ensure that the
negative aspects of the products are minimized. This paper is divided into five chapters in
which the first chapter discusses the objectives and significance of this study. As well,
2 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla certain relevant literature review is presented to highlight on the popularity of the concept
on international level. In chapter two certain concepts of consumer products are discussed
and the research proceeds to highlight on the DM as an organization. In chapter 4,
research methodology, data collection and analysis is presented and at last, the study is
concluded and several points are recommended.
ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW The Municipality was established in the 1940s with total staff strength of three persons.
The Municipality kept up its steady growth since its inception and has now become a
large organization with more than 10,000 employees working in 34 organizational
departments (DM, 2010).
OBJECTIVES As the consumer products’ industry is dynamic, the number of products and the variety of
uses for which they are promoted have increased significantly in the last few years. In
this modern era of globalization and competitive international trade, there is an urgent
need for consumer products importers, suppliers, and distributors, retailers to supply their
customers with the safest and most wholesome consumer products.
Thus, the Consumer Products Safety Section (CPSS) at DM is aiming at ensuring
consumer products supplied to consumers is wholesome, safe and complies with
international standards. This guide is intended to give Healthy Supplements companies a
glance at some of the procedures involved in importing and exporting consumer products
to Dubai Community market. The objective of this research is to find out the best solution
to achieve consumer products safety through implementing efficient regulatory control
system as well as to promote public awareness of the importance of safety procedures of
consumer products implemented also to guarantee high level of protection for consumers
and to facilitate their choice (DM, 2010).
3 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla SIGNIFICANCE Guarantee entry of fit consumer products for human consumption to the Emirate of Dubai
and make sure that imported consumer products comply with specifications approved by
the local orders. Also ensure high level of protection for consumers and to facilitate their
choice, consumer products put on the market should be safe and adequately labeled
(Salman, 2010).
LITERATURE REVIEW In fact, internationally there are many governmental and non-for-profit firms that perform
the consumer products safety assessment. For example, in California, this program exists
where the primary goal of the California Safe Cosmetics Program is to gather information
on hazardous and potentially hazardous ingredients in cosmetic products sold in
California and to publicize to the public. The danger that cosmetics may pose to
consumers is usually unidentified because of limited information on exposure or lack of
studies on potential health consequences. Barbers and hair stylists, beauty salon
professionals, and others who work in cosmetics, skin and body care may be at amplified
risk for unpleasant health consequences from using these products because they handle
greater quantities of them, and with greater frequency. The California Safe Cosmetics Act
was signed into law in 2005. For all cosmetic products sold in California, the Act entails
the manufacturer, the packaging firm, and/or distributor named on the product label to
provide to the California Safe Cosmetics Program in the California Department of Public
Health (CDPH) a list of all cosmetic products that contain any ingredients known or
suspected to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm (CDPH, 2010).
Moreover, in Nigeria there is almost the same cosmetic program as the California Act in
which they follow a decree declares that cosmetics shall not be manufactured in Nigeria,
unless the factory is inspected, and a Certificate of Recognition issued by NAFDAC
(NAFDAC, 2009).
4 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Additionally, in Malaysia, the Government regulates the manufacture, sale and
importation of cosmetic products in the following ways: by requiring that all cosmetic
products be registered before they can be manufactured, supplied, distributed or used. As
well, by requiring the person carrying out the activities is licensed. In general, all
cosmetic will be controlled by registration process (pre-market approval) and licensing
requirements (ASEAN Cosmetics Association, 2008).
Moreover, in Singapore there is almost similar control program on cosmetic in which
cosmetic products are regulated under the Health Products Act and these include:
toothpastes, soaps, shampoos, make-up and perfumes. There is list of prohibited
substances and a specific permitted list of additives, for example – preservatives,
colorants and UV filters (HG.org, 2010).
PRODUCT REGISTRATION Product registration is done to ensure that all registered products are completely safe to
use by the public and so the registration process is done through a lot of procedures and
the most important step that the products must pass many tests to be sure it is clear of all
the above mentioned chemicals which affect human health and then the product pass
through a committee of professionals to ensure the full safety of the product. Also
registration process is very important to clear the market from all unsafe items as only the
safe and perfect products can pass the registration and any others will not be able to face
these requirements and so they cannot exist anymore (Salman, 2010).
INSPECTION This is the second method of controlling the consumer products and is done by
monitoring the market to ensure it is clear of any unsafe products and this done through
controlling companies, factories, distributers and the market survey. As inspection is
done by professional staff so by inspection and registration side by side the controlling
process will be highly effective and this all is done to ensure safety of the products and so
to ensure the safety of the consumer (Salman, 2010).
5 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla COSMETICS Cosmetic are not only make-up as most of people think but cosmetics could be identified
as any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external
parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs)
or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or
mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting
body odors and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition.
Also field of application of cosmetics are:
•
Epidermis.
•
Hair system.
•
Nails.
•
Lips.
•
Teeth.
•
External genital organs.
•
Mucous membranes of the oral cavity (DM, 2010).
As long as cosmetics and personal care products are daily in contact with human body
and as they contain a lot of chemical which are 1001 chemicals as we mentioned before,
so we have to give a spot of light on the most important and dangerous ingredients and
chemicals which may cause a great effect on health:
Cadmium: Cadmium can cause a flu-like illness with chills, headache, aching and/or fever. High
exposure to Cadmium may cause nausea, salivation, vomiting, abdominal cramps and
diarrhea (The Environmental Illness Resource, 2010).
In pigments: Cadmium forms various salts; cadmium sulfide is used as a yellow pigment.
Cadmium selenide can be used as red pigment. Cadmium and several cadmiumcontaining compounds are known carcinogens and can induce many types of cancer.
6 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Chromium:
Chromium may cause a skin allergy. If allergy develops, very low future exposure can
cause itching and a skin rash. Skin contact with certain chromium (VI) compounds can
cause skin ulcers. Some people are extremely sensitive to chromium (VI) or chromium
(III). Allergic reactions consisting of severe redness and swelling of the skin have been
noted (Hwang, M., et.al., 2009).
Zinc:
It can cause acute toxicity, as it interferes with the metabolism of other minerals in the
body, particularly iron and copper. Used as a white pigment in watercolors, it is applied
as a thin coating on the exposed skin of the face or nose to prevent dehydration of the
area of skin. It can protect against sunburn in the summer and windburn in the winter.
Applied thinly to a baby’s diaper area (perineum) with each diaper change, it can protect
against rash.
Chloroform:
As might be expected for an anesthetic, inhaling chloroform vapors depresses the central
nervous system. It is immediately dangerous to life and health at approximately 500 ppm
according to the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Breathing about 900 ppm for a short time can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headache.
Chronic chloroform exposure may cause damage to the liver (where chloroform is
metabolized to phosgene) and to the kidneys, and some people develop sores when the
skin is immersed in chloroform (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2010).
Formaldehyde:
Reactions to formaldehyde depend on the type of exposure that has occurred.
Formaldehyde is not only a sensitizer but also a potent primary irritant. Exposure to
formaldehyde gas may cause burning sensations in the eye, nose and throat, skin rashes,
tightness of the chest and wheezing, fatigue and headaches. These symptoms may be a
result of a primary irritant effect or an allergic sensitization to formaldehyde (Safe
Cosmetics Action Network, 2008).
7 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Lead:
In case of long exposure to cosmetic that contain lead, the blood lead concentrations
increases to 10 µg/dl. It will induce the following symptoms: Lead can cause headache,
irritability, reduced memory, and disturbed sleep, and mood and personality changes.
Lead may cause Kidney and brain damage, and damage to blood cells causing anemia
(CDCP, 2009).
Moreover, a study conducted in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed
the hazardous effect of lead in cosmetics as below table:
(Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (2009))
8 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Arsenic:
Arsenic is a carcinogen in humans. It has been shown to cause skin and lung cancer.
Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen. Long-term
exposure can cause an ulcer or hole in the “bone” dividing the inner nose. High or
repeated exposure can damage the nerves, with “pins and needles” burning, numbness,
and weakness of arms and legs (Bentley & Chasteen, 2001).
Mercury:
Mercury compounds are readily absorbed through the skin on topical application and tend
to accumulate in the body. They may cause allergic reactions, skin irritation, or
neurotoxic manifestations (Hass, 2009)
Fluoride:
Dental fluorosis is a health condition caused by an overdose of fluoride. In its severe
form it is characterized by black and brown stains, as well as cracking and pitting of the
teeth. FDA required that all fluoride toothpastes sold in the U.S. carry the following
poison warning:
Warning: keep out of reach of children under 6 years of age. If you accidentally swallow
more than used for brushing, seek professional help or contact a poison control center
immediately. Potentially fatal dose is 5 mg of fluoride per kg of bodyweight (Fluoride
Action Network, 2009).
Hydrogen peroxide:
It is a highly reactive chemical containing the elements hydrogen and oxygen (H2O2).
Pure hydrogen peroxide is a colorless liquid, but it is sold on the market as solutions in
water, containing up to 33 – 37% pure hydrogen peroxide and other additives to prevent
product decomposition. In industry, it is mainly used in the production of chemicals and
in bleaching of cellulose pulp and textiles. It is used mainly as bleaches in consumer
products such as hair bleaches, hair products, hair relaxers, tooth whiteners. Low
concentrations may also be used in oral hygiene products such as mouth rinses and
9 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla toothpastes as a disinfectant to prevent plaque and inflammation of the gums (ATSDR
Information Center, 2010).
Hydroquinone: It considered the primary topical ingredient for inhibiting melanin production. Its
components have potent antioxidant abilities. Hydroquinone is a strong inhibitor of
melanin production, meaning that it prevents skin from making the substance responsible
for skin color. Hydroquinone does not bleach the skin, and can only disrupt the synthesis
and production of melanin hyper pigmentation. It has been banned in some countries,
because of fears of a cancer risk. Because of hydroquinone's action on the skin, it can be
irritant, particularly in higher concentrations of 4% or greater and predictably when
combined with tretinoin (EPA.gov, 2007).
Nitrite:
Nitrite poisoning should be considered along with iron toxicity, since nitrite produces its
toxic effect by reacting with the iron atom of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an ironcontaining protein that resides within the red blood cells. This protein is responsible for
the transport of nearly all of the oxygen, acquired from the lungs, to various tissues and
organs of the body. Hemoglobin accounts for the red color of our red blood cells. A very
small fraction of our hemoglobin spontaneously oxidizes per day, producing a protein of
a slightly different structure, called methemoglobin (Farsetta, 2006).
(The lethal dose of nitrite for humans is about 22 mg per kg body weight), the maximum
allowed nitrite concentration in meat products is 200 ppm.
1, 4 Dioxane:
It is clear liquid with faint odor. 1, 4-Dioxane is a clear liquid with a faint Pleasant odor
and mixes easily with water. It is a carcinogenic contaminant of cosmetic products. It is
used as a solvent in the manufacture of other chemicals and as a laboratory reagent. 1, 4Dioxane is a trace contaminant of some chemicals used in cosmetics, detergents, and
shampoos. Manufacturers now reduce 1,4-dioxane from these chemicals to low levels
before these chemicals are made into products used at home. Regarding health concerns,
10 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla research shows that 1,4-dioxane readily penetrates the skin (vii). 1,4-dioxane is
considered a probable human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(viii) and listed as an animal carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program (ix). It is
included on California’s Proposition 65 list of chemicals known or suspected by the state
to cause cancer or birth defects (x). The California Environmental Protection Agency also
lists 1,4-dioxane as a suspected kidney toxicant, neurotoxicant and respiratory toxicant
(Safe Cosmetics Action Network, 2008).
Diethylene glycol: DEG is often replaced by selected diethylene glycol ethers. Diethylene glycol is also
illegally used as counterfeit glycerin in some nations and sold internationally as a
component of cough syrup, toothpaste, and mouthwash. Because of its adverse effects on
humans, diethylene glycol is not allowed for use in food and drugs. The U.S. Code of
Federal Regulations allows no more than 0.2% of diethylene glycol in polyethylene
glycol when the latter is used as a food additive (FDA, 2010).
The above mentioned chemicals are the most effective chemicals on human health which
may form a part of cosmetic products and so we can imagine how these chemicals could
be harmful to our health.
“For June 1, 2007, the FDA warned consumers to avoid toothpaste from China, although
there was no information if these toothpastes had already entered the US, and started
testing any imported Chinese toothpaste. Days later, Colgate-Palmolive found counterfeit
toothpaste with its name, which contaminated with DEG and were found at dollar-type
discount stores in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The toothpaste
was labeled as “Manufactured in South Africa” and contained misspellings like
"isclinically" "SOUTH AFRLCA" and "South African Dental Assoxiation". Although
there were no reports of anyone harmed, several people in eastern US reported
experiencing headaches and pain after using the product. It was later discovered that a
great number of tubes with poison ended up in hospitals for mentally ill, prisons, juvenile
detention centers, other hospitals and many other state institutions.
11 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla In July, England detected counterfeit Sensodyne toothpaste on a sale at a car boot in
Derbyshire. Soon, authorities in Belize, Canada, Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, New
Zealand, Spain, Italy, Japan, Ireland and an Indianapolis hotel supplier that distributed
Chinese toothpaste in Barbados, Belgium, Bermuda, Britain, Canada, Dominican
Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland, Turks and
Caicos, the United Arab Emirates and United States were also recalling Chinese made
toothpaste. What began as a local alert revealed a global problem in more than thirty
countries and involving more than thirty brands. The world outcry made Chinese officials
ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste” (FDA, 2010).
The second field of consumer products is:
HEALTHY SUPPLEMENT Health Supplement (Dietary Supplement) is defined as products other than tobacco
intended to supplement the diet that bear or contain one or more of the following dietary
ingredients:
•
A vitamin.
•
A mineral.
•
An herb or other botanical.
•
An amino acid.
•
A dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total
dietary intake.
•
A concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or a combination of any
ingredients mentioned above.
As long as healthy supplements are strongly related to health by their intake and also may
contain a lot of harmful and dangerous ingredients such as hormones which affect the
hormone system balance, also may contain toxic herbs such as Kava Kava & Lobelia
herb. So there are some required tests to be done to ensure safety to be used by human
and some of these tests are:
12 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Salmonella typhimurium test: Salmonella symptoms may be Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, eye irritation & joint pain.
Alcohol fit test: Recommended alcohol level in juices & nectars is 0.3 % v/v.
Caffeine test: Recommended dose of caffeine is 300 mg/day and symptoms of excess caffeine include
flushed face, headache, accelerated heart beat and muscle stiffness (DM, 2010).
The third field of consumer products is:
DETERGENTS AND DISINFECTANTS Means any substance or preparation containing soaps and/or other surfactants intended
for washing and cleaning processes. Detergents may be in any form (liquid, powder,
paste, bar, cake shape, etc.) and marketed for or used in household, or institutional or
industrial purposes.
•
‘Auxiliary washing preparation’, intended for soaking (pre-washing), rinsing or
bleaching clothes, household linen.
•
‘Laundry fabric-softener’, intended to modify the feel of fabrics in processes
which are to complement the washing of fabrics.
•
‘Cleaning preparation’, intended for domestic all purposes cleaners and/or other
cleaning of surfaces (e.g.: materials, products, machinery, mechanical appliances,
means of transport and associated equipment, instruments, apparatus, etc.).
•
‘Other cleaning and washing preparations’, intended for any other washing and
cleaning processes.
Also detergents & disinfectant may contain some harmful ingredients which may be
carcinogenic by direct contact such as HHCB & AHTN which may release toxic &
carcinogenic gas if they are in high concentration (DM, 2010).
13 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla RESEARCH METHODOLOGY To start with, the list of the test applicable for consumer products must be identified and
the other sources of collection of data used so the concerned group to be targeted.
Moreover, in order to collect data and information, I decided to include secondary
research methodologies as it was the only available source for me. SCOPE This paper has been prepared on the references got from Consumer Products Safety
Section at public Health & Safety Department at DM.
LIMITATIONS The time limit was one of the biggest problems as many products were planned to be
targeted according to certain classifications like the country of origin of the product;
however; the investigator could not be able to do so.
As well, certain information and data were considered confidential and therefore could
not be used. Moreover, the research is only about the products been sent to the
laboratories for testing and not all the products available in the market of the Emirate of
Dubai or any other Emirates.
DATA COLLECTION Data collection is basically through the secondary research tools where all the
information was obtained from the database available at Consumer Products Safety
Section at Dubai Municipality.
DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis will be based on basic excel sheet.
14 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla RESULTS Cosmetic Cadmium containing products percentage
Total products tested
2122
Total Cadmium
contaminated products
243
Results:
11% of total tested products are above limit
Chromium containing products percentage
Total products tested
2122
Total Chromium
contaminated products
164
Results:
7% of total tested products are above limit
Zinc containing products percentage
Total products tested
2122
Total Zinc contaminated
products
216
Results:
10% of total tested products are above limit
Chloroform containing products percentage
Total products tested
1866
Total Chloroform
contaminated products
198
Results:
15 10.6% of total tested products are above limit
Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Formaldehyde containing products percentage
Total products tested
1866
Total Formaldehyde
contaminated products
132
Results:
7% of total tested products are above limit
Lead containing products percentage
Total products tested
2122
Total Lead contaminated
products
218
Results:
10% of total tested products are above limit
Arsenic containing products percentage
Total products tested
2122
Total Arsenic contaminated
products
Results:
98
4% of total tested products are above limit
Mercury containing products percentage
Total products tested
5
Total Mercury
contaminated products
5
Results:
16 100% of submitted items for testing were above limit.
Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Fluoride containing products percentage
Total products tested
130
Total Fluoride
contaminated products
3
Results:
2% of total tested products are above limit.
Hydrogen peroxide containing products percentage
Total products tested
124
Total Hydrogen peroxide
contaminated products
Results:
8
6% of total tested products are above limit
Hydroquinone containing products percentage
Total products tested
18
Total Hydroquinone
contaminated products
1
Results:
5% of total tested products are above limit
Nitrite containing products percentage
Total products tested
12
Total Nitrite contaminated
products
0
Results:
17 All samples submitted for testing were completely within limits.
Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla 1, 4 Dioxane containing products percentage
Total products tested
700
Total 1, 4 Dioxane
contaminated products
200
Results:
28% of total tested products are above limit
Diethylene glycol containing products percentage
Total products tested
130
Total Diethylene glycol
contaminated products
26
Results:
20% of total tested products are above limit
Healthy Supplements Salmonella typhimurium containing products percentage
Total products tested
30
Total Salmonella typhimurium contaminated
products
4
Results:
13% of total tested products were contaminated.
Alcohol containing products percentage
Total products tested
15
Total Alcohol contaminated
products
3
Results:
18 20% of total tested products are above limit
Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Caffeine containing products percentage
Total products tested
15
Total Caffeine exceeded
products
6
Results:
40% of total tested products are above limit
DISCUSSION Cosmetic In fact, according to the results obtained from tests performed for 2122 cosmetic products
for heavy metals, it is revealed that 11% of the products were contaminated with high
level of Cadmium and 7% were contaminated with Chromium where was the same as the
level of formaldehyde. Moreover, the percentage of products contaminated with Lead and
Zinc both accounts for 20 % of whole cosmetic products. Arsenic contaminated products
were found a few with 4% only. On the other hand, all the products tested for Mercury
were found contaminated.
The sum number of products tested for both Chloroform and Formaldehyde were 1866
cosmetic products in which 10.6% and 7% respectively.
Moreover, out of 130 mouth care products tested for Fluoride and Diethylene glycol, 2%
and 20% respectively were found in contrast with 6% out of 124 products tested for
Hydrogen peroxide for hair care product. In respect to Hydroquinone, only 5% of
whitening products were found to have more than recommended 2% level of
Hydroquinone whereas no product was found to be contaminated with Nitrite.
The 1,4-Dioxane had the highest share of interest and test performed in which out of 700
hair care shampoos and gels tested, more than 28% of them failed to be complied with
DM recommended limit.
19 Consumer Products hazardous on Health Naseem Abdulla Healthy Supplements Regarding healthy supplement products, many chocolate bars were tested for Salmonella
typhimurium contamination were around 13% of them were failed in the test. Moreover
around 20% of the energy drinks contained alcohol whereas the 40% of the healthy
supplements had caffeine levels above the recommended doses.
RECOMMENDATION It is highly recommended that all cosmetic and healthy supplement products to be tested
for all the below tests at accredited laboratories worldwide before importation to the
Emirate of Dubai and this to be a compulsory quality and safety procedure for all
consumer products companies wish to handle and trade with these products. As well, it is
recommended that the banned and hazardous ingredients to be publicized among people
so that everyone is aware of he/ she is consuming.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, consumer products can cause a lot of harmful effects on human health and
the ingredients and chemicals included in them are directly related to human health. So
the consumer has to know the effect of these products on his health and also to know how
to be sure of the safety of these products. On the other side to ensure the safety of these
products there are a lot of strategies and procedures to be done. By achieving the best
controlling strategies which must be done by professionals, only the consumer products
which are safe enough will be in the market and any other products which will not
comply with the specifications will not be able to exist and so the consumer will be sure
of his safety as he is sure of the safety of the products he consume.
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