1332
Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing
Metric Conversion Factors
The following list provides the conversion relationship between U.S. customary units and SI (International System) units. The proper conversion procedure is to multiply the specified value on the left
(primarily U.S. customary values) by the conversion factor exactly as given below and then round to the
appropriate number of significant digits desired. For example, to convert 11.4 ft to meters: 11.4 x 0.3048
= 3.47472, which rounds to 3.47 meters. Do not round either value before performing the multiplication, as accuracy would be reduced. A complete guide to the SI system and its use can be found in
IEEE/ASTM SI-10, Metric Practice.
To convert from
to
multiply by
Length
inch (in.)
inch (in.)
inch (in.)
foot (ft)
yard (yd)
mile
micrometer (µm)
millimeter (mm)
meter (m)
meter (m)
meter (m)
kilometer (km)
Area
square foot (ft2)
square inch (in.2)
square inch (in.2)
square yard (yd2)
square meter (m2)
square millimeter (mm2)
square meter (m2)
square meter (m2)
0.09290304 E
645.2 E
0.00064516 E
0.8361274
Volume
cubic inch (in.3)
cubic inch (in.3)
cubic foot (ft3)
cubic yard (yd3)
gallon (gal) U.S. liquid**
gallon (gal) U.S. liquid
fluid ounce (fl oz)
fluid ounce (fl oz)
cubic millimeter (mm3)
cubic meter (m3)
cubic meter (m3)
cubic meter (m3)
liter (L)
cubic meter (m3)
milliliters (mL)
cubic meter (m3)
16.387064
0.00001639
0.02831685
0.7645549
3.7854118
0.00378541
29.57353
0.00002957
Force
kip (1000 lb)
kip (1000 lb)
pound (lb) avoirdupois
pound (lb)
kilogram (kg)
newton (N)
kilogram (kg)
newton (N)
Pressure or stress
pound per square
foot (psf)
pound per square
foot (psf)
pound per square
inch (psi)
pound per square
inch (psi)
pound per square
inch (psi)
Mass (weight)
pound (lb) avoirdupois
ton, 2000 lb
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m2)
pascal (Pa)†
kilogram per square
centimeter (kg/sq cm)
pascal (Pa)†
megapascal (MPa)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
25,400
25.4
0.0254
0.3048
0.9144
1.6093
E*
E
E
E
453.6
4,448.222
0.4535924
4.448222
4.8824
47.88
0.07031
6,894.757
0.00689476
0.4535924
907.1848
Metric Conversion Factors
1333
To convert from
to
multiply by
Mass (weight) per length
kip per linear foot (klf)
pound per linear foot (plf)
kilogram per meter (kg/m)
kilogram per meter (kg/m)
Mass per volume (density)
pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)
pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
Temperature
degree Fahrenheit (°F)
degree Fahrenheit (°F)
degree Kelvin (°K)
degree Celsius (°C)
degree Kelvin (°K)
degree Celsius (°C )
Energy and heat
British thermal unit (Btu)
calorie (cal)
Btu/°F hr • ft 2
kilowatt-hour (kwh)
British thermal unit
per pound (Btu/lb)
British thermal unit
per hour (Btu/hr)
Permeability
darcy
feet per day (ft/day)
0.001488
1.488
16.01846
0.5933
tC = (tF – 32)/1.8
tK = (tF + 459.7)/1.8
tC = tK – 273.15
joule (J)
joule (J)
W/m 2 • °K
joule (J)
calories per
gram (cal/g)
watt (W)
centimeter per second (cm/sec)
centimeter per second (cm/sec)
1055.056
4.1868 E
5.678263
3,600,000
0.55556
E
0.2930711
0.000968
0.000352
* E indicates that the factor given is exact.
** One U.S. gallon equals 0.8327 Canadian gallon.
† A pascal equals 1.000 newton per square meter.
Note:
One U.S. gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds (U.S.) at 60°F.
One cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds (U.S.).
One milliliter of water has a mass of 1 gram and has a volume of one cubic centimeter.
One U.S. bag of cement weighs 94 lb.
The prefixes and symbols listed below are commonly used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of the SI units.
Multiplication Factor
1,000,000,000 = 10 9
1,000,000 = 10 6
1,000 = 10 3
1=1
0.01 = 10 –2
0.001 = 10 –3
0.000001 = 10 –6
0.000000001 = 10 –9
Prefix
giga
mega
kilo
—
centi
milli
micro
nano
Symbol
G
M
k
—
c
m
µ
n
1334
Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing
LENGTH
m
mm
in
ft
yd
mi
km
111
1000
39.4
3.28
1.09
6.21E-04
0.001
0.001
1
0.039 4
0.003 28
0.001 09
6.210E-07
1.00E-06
0.0254
25.4
1
0.0833
0.0278
1.58E-05
2.54E-05
0.305
304.8
12
1
0.333
1.89E-04
3.05E-04
0.914
914
36
3
1
5.68E-04
9.14E-04
1610
1.610E+06
6.34E+04
5280
1760
1
1.61
1000
1.00E+06
39400
3280
1090
0.621
1
lb
oz
t
US TON
g
carat
2.2
35.3
0.001
0.0011
1000
5000
0.454
1
16
4.54E-04
5.00E-04
454
2270
0.0283
0.0625
1
2.83E-05
3.13E-05
28.3
142
1000
2200
35300
1
1.1
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
907
2000
32000
0.907
1
9.07E+05
4.54E+06
0.001
0.0022
0.0353
1.00E-06
1.10E-06
1
5
0.0002
4.41E-04
0.00705
2.00E-07
2.20E-07
0.2
1
m2
in2
ft2
yd2
ha
acres
cm2
1
1970
10.8
1.2
1.00E-04
2.47E-04
10000
6.45E-04
1
0.006 94
7.72E-04
6.45E-08
1.59E-07
6.45
0.0929
183
1
0.111
9.29E-06
2.30E-05
929
0.836
1,300
9
1
8.36E-06
2.07E-04
8,360
10,000
1.55E+06
1.08E+05
12,000
1
2.47
1.00E+08
4,050
6.27E+06
7.99E+06
4,840
0.41
1
4.05E+07
0.0001
0.16
0.00108
0.00012
1.00E-08
2.47E-08
1
in3
ft3
yd3
gal
l
pints
1
61000
35.3
1.31
264
1000
2110
1.64E-05
1
5.79E-04
2.14E-05
4.33E-03
0.0164
0.0346
1730
1
0.037
7.48
28.3
59.8
27
1
202
765
1620
4.95E-03
1
3.79
8
0.264
1
2.11
0.473
1
MASS
kg
11
AREA
VOLUME
m3
0.0283
0.765
3.79E-03
0.001
4.73E-04
46700
231
61
28.9
0.134
0.0353
0.0167
1.31E-03
6.19E-04
0.125
Metric Conversion Factors
1335
DENSITY
kg/m3
g/cm3
lb/ft3
lb/gal
oz/gal
kg/l
t/m3
1
0.001
0.0624
8.35E-03
0.134
0.001
0.001
1000
1
62.4
8.35
134
1
1
16
0.016
1
0.134
2.14
0.016
0.016
120
0.12
7.48
1
16
0.12
0.12
7.49
7.49E-03
0.468
0.0625
1
7.49E-03
7.49E-03
1000
1
62.4
8.35
134
1
1
1000
1
62.4
8.35
134
1
1
SPEED
m/s
11
0.305
ft/s
m/h
ft/h
mi/h
km/h
MACH
3.28
3600
11800
2.24
3.6
3.02E-03
1100
3600
0.682
1.1
9.19E-04
3.28
6.21E-04
0.001
8.38E-07
1.89E-04
3.05E-04
2.55E-07
1.61
1.35E-03
11
11
2.78E-04
9.11E-04
8.47E-05
2.78E-04
0.305
0.447
1.47
1610
5280
0.278
0.911
1000
3280
0.621
332
1090
1.19E+06
3.92E+06
742
11
11
11
1190
8.38E-04
11
FORCE
N
kgf
lbf
kip
tf
stonf
dynes
1
0.102
0.225
2.25E-04
1.02E-04
1.12E-04
1.000E+05
9.81
1
2.2
0.0022
0.001
0.0011
9.810E+05
4.45
0.454
1
0.001
4.54E-04
5.00E-04
4.450E+05
4450
454
1000
1
0.454
0.5
4.45E+08
9810
1000
2200
2.2
1
1.1
9.81E+08
8900
907
2000
2
0.907
1
8.90E+08
1.00E-05
1.02E-06
2.25E-06
2.25E-09
1.02E-09
1.12E-09
1
psi
Pa or N/m2 MPa
mm Hg
atm
bars
1
14.2
98100
0.0981
736
0.968
0.981
0.0703
1
6890
6.89E-03
51.7
0.068
0.0689
1.45E-04
1
1.00E-06
0.0075
9.87E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E+06
1
7500
9.87
10
1.33E-04
1
1.32E-03
1.33E-03
1.01
1
PRESSURE
kg/cm2
1.02E-05
10.2
1.36E-03
145
0.0193
133
1.03
14.7
101000
0.101
760
1
1.02
14.5
100000
0.1
750
0.987
1336
Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing
ENERGY
kcal
J
kWh
Btu
HP.h
kgf.m
ft.lbf
1
4190
1.16E-03
3.97
1.56E-03
427
3090
2.39E-04
1
2.78E-07
9.48E-04
3.73E-07
0.102
0.738
860
3.60E+06
1
3410
1.34
367000
2.66E+06
0.252
1060
2.93E-04
1
2.93E-04
108
778
641
2.68E+06
0.746
2540
1
274000
1.98E+06
2.34E-03
9.81
2.72E-06
9.29E-03
3.65E-06
1
7.23
3.24E-04
1.36
3.77E-07
1.29E-03
5.05E-07
0.138
1
POWER
kW
11
2.93E-04
Btu/h
kcal/h
hp
MJ/h
kgf.m/s
ft.lbf/s
3410
860
1.36
3.6
102
738
0.252
3.98E-04
1.06E-03
0.0299
0.216
1.58E-03
4.19E-03
0.119
0.858
2.65
75
542
28.3
205
11
11
1.16E-03
3.97
0.735
2 510
632
0.278
948
239
0.378
9.81E-03
33.5
8.43
0.013 3
0.035 3
1.36E-03
4.63
1.17
1.84E-03
4.88E-03
11
11
11
0.138
7.23
11
HEAT FLUX
kcal/m2.h
Btu/ft2.h
W/cm2
W/m2
W/in2
W/ft2
J/m2.s
1
0.369
1.16E-04
1.16
7.50E-04
0.108
1.16
2.71
1
3.15E-04
3.15
2.04E-03
0.293
3.15
8 600
3 170
1
10 000
6.45
929
10 000
0.86
0.317
1.00E-04
1
6.45E-04
0.092 9
1
1 330
491
0.155
1 550
1
144
1 550
9.26
3.41
1.08E-03
10.8
6.94E-03
1
10.8
0.86
0.317
0.000 1
1
0.000 645
0.092 9
1
kcal/m.h.K Btu.in/ft2.h.F J/cm.s.K
W/ft.F
Btu/ft.h.F
W/cm.K
1
0.86
6.93
0.01
0.169
0.578
0.01
1.16
1
8.06
0.011 6
0.197
0.672
0.011 6
0.124
1
0.001 44
0.024 4
0.083 3
1.44E-03
693
1
16.9
57.8
1
0.059 1
1
3.41
0.059 1
0.017 3
1
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
W/m.K
0.144
100
5.91
86
5.08
40.9
1.73
1.49
12
0.017 3
0.293
1
100
86
693
1
16.9
57.8
Metric Conversion Factors
1337
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE
W/m2.K
kcal/m2.h.K Btu/ft2.h.C
Btu/ft2.h.F
cal/m2.h.K
kW/m2.K
W/cm2.K
1
0.86
0.317
0.176
860
0.001
1.00E-04
1.16
1
0.369
0.205
1 000
1.16E-03
1.16E-04
3.15
2.71
1
0.556
2 710
3.15E-03
3.15E-04
5.68
4.88
1.8
1
4 880
5.68E-03
5.68E-04
1.16E-03
0.001
3.69E-04
2.05E-04
1
1.16E-06
1.16E-07
1 000
860
317
176
860 000
1
0.1
10 000
8 600
0.881
1 760
8.60E+06
10
1
SPECIFIC ENERGY MASS
kcal/kg
11
0.556
Btu/lb
kcal/lb
Btu/kg
kJ/lb
kJ/kg
kWh/kg
1.8
0.454
3.97
1.9
4.19
1.16E-03
1.06
2.2
1.06
2.33
6.46E-04
8.75
4.19
9.23
2.56E-03
0.479
1.06
2.93E-04
2.2
6.12E-04
11
11
2.2
3.97
0.252
0.454
0.114
0.527
0.948
0.239
2.09
0.239
0.43
0.454
0.948
0.454
860
1 550
390
3 410
1 630
3 600
11
11
11
11
2.78E-04
SPECIFIC ENERGY VOLUME
kcal/m3
kcal/ft3
Btu/gal
Btu/m3
Btu/ft3
kJ/gal
J/l
1
0.028 3
0.015
3.97
0.112
0.015 8
4.19
35.3
1
0.53
140
3.97
0.56
148
66.6
1.89
1
264
7.48
1.06
279
0.252
7.14E-03
3.79E-03
1
0.028 3
3.99E-03
1.06
8.9
0.252
0.134
35.3
1
0.141
37.3
63.1
1.79
0.948
250
7.09
1
264
0.239
6.76E-03
3.59E-03
0.948
0.026 8
3.79E-03
1
kg/day
lb/h
g/min
metric t/h
short t/h
oz/min
1440
MASS FLOW
kg/min
11
6.94E-04
7.56E-03
0.001
16.7
132
1000
0.06
0.0661
35.3
1
0.091 9
0.694
4.17E-05
4.59E-05
0.024 5
10.9
1
7.56
4.54E-04
5.00E-04
0.267
0.132
1
6.00E-05
6.61E-05
0.035 3
16 700
1
1.1
588
533
1
1.44
24 000
2 200
15.1
21 800
2 000
15 100
0.907
1
0.028 3
40.8
3.75
28.3
1.70E-03
1.88E-03
1338
Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing
VOLUME FLOW
m3/min
l/min
ft3/min
gal/min
yd3/h
barrels/min ft3/s
1
1 000
35.3
264
78.5
6.29
0.589
0.001
1
0.035 3
0.264
0.078 5
6.29E-03
5.89E-04
0.028 3
28.3
1
7.48
2.22
0.178
0.016 7
3.79E-03
3.79
0.134
1
0.297
0.023 8
2.23E-03
0.012 7
12.7
0.45
3.37
1
0.080 1
0.007 5
0.159
159
5.61
42
12.5
1
0.093 6
1.7
1 700
60
449
133
10.7
1
TIME
yr
11
0.0833
mo
da
wk
h
min
s
12
365
52.14
8760
525600
3.15E+07
30.44
4.348
730.48
43829
2.60E+07
0.143
24
240
86400
168
10080
604800
60
3600
11
11
2.74E-03
0.0329
0.019
0.23
7
1.14E-04
1.37E-03
0.042
5.95E-03
1.90E-06
2.28E-05
6.94E-04
9.92E-05
0.0166
3.17E-08
3.80E-07
1.16E-05
1.65E-06
2.77E-04
11
11
11
0.0166
60
11
COURTESY OF RICARDO MOSCI – RefrAmerica Inc.
Example of how to use this table:
To convert 20 km/h into ft/s, start from the dark blue cell in the km/h column, move left
towards the ft/s column, pick the factor 0.911 and multiple it by 20.
To change temperature given in Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C):
Start with (F); subtract 32; multiply by 5; divide by 9; the answer is (C)
To change temperature given in Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F):
Start with (C); multiply by 9; divide by 5; add on 32; the answer is (F)