Methane Migration
Methane (CH4) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas found underground. It can be
present in groundwater as a result of decaying organic matter (biogenic), septic systems
(biogenic) or from water wells that are completed in shallow rock units such as coal beds
and shales (thermogenic). Many water wells actually produce groundwater from these
shallow shale or coal beds that often contain methane.
An Example of Naturally Occurring Methane Gas in Water Well
Unrelated to Oil and Gas Drilling
Methane can occur dissolved in the groundwater or as a gas in the soil and rock zones
below the surface. Methane migrates from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
Gas migration in the subsurface can also be influenced by an increase or decrease in the
water level of an aquifer as a result of drought or periods of high precipitation.
At atmospheric pressure, methane is soluble in water between 26-32 mg/l. It is sometimes
recognizable as effervescent gas bubbles in water drawn from a faucet. In some cases, the
release of methane in a water well may be recognized by a sound similar to that of
boiling water. However, methane is a colorless and odorless gas, and may accumulate
undetected in water well bores and water well enclosures that are not properly vented.
Methane may also move into basements of homes and other structures through plumbing
and piping containing electrical connections. These conditions could lead to an explosion.
Methane is lighter than air with a specific gravity of 0.555. As such, methane will not
accumulate in the water well bore if the water well is properly vented to the atmosphere.
Venting is an inexpensive and effective way to prevent methane accumulation in water
wells, water well enclosures and other confined spaces, such as basements. Proper
venting eliminates the potential for methane gas to seep into homes or structures from
water wells.
In rare instances methane has migrated into groundwater through improperly constructed
oil and gas wells. Potential causes include:
• Inadequate depth and integrity of surface casing to isolate potable fresh water
supplies from deeper gas-bearing formations;
• Inadequate cement in the annular space around the surface casing, which may be
caused by gas channeling or insufficient cement setting time;
• Gas channeling in surface casing annular cement may occur as a result of
naturally occurring shallow gas or from installing a long string of surface casing
that puts potable water supplies and shallow gas behind the same pipe;
• Excessive pressure in the annulus between the surface casing and intermediate or
production casing. Such pressure could break down the formation at the shoe of
the surface casing and result in the potential creation of subsurface pathways
outside the surface casing. Excessive pressure could occur if gas infiltrates the
annulus because of insufficient casing cement AND the annulus is not vented in
accordance with required casing and cementing practices. This is thought to be
the possible cause of methane at Bainbridge Ohio and possibly Dimock although
gas was known to be present in groundwater near Dimock before drilling.
NOTE: NY forbids pressure buildup in the annulus except during casing integrity tests!