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"
opensandendsa
tA
rt
h
u
r
'
sc
o
u
r
t
，
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a
m
e
l
o
t
.1
na
d
d
i
t
i
o
n，
ak
n
i
g
h
ts
e
t
so
u
t
fromt
h
ec
o
u
r
tf
o
rh
i
sa
d
v
e
n
t
u
r
e
s，
f
i
n
a
l
l
yr
e
t
u
r
n
stot
h
ec
o
u
r
ti
ng
l
o
r
i
o
u
s
h
es
t
o
r
ya
l
s
oopensandc
l
o
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e
sa
tC
a
m
e
l
o
t
.However
，
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
.1
nSGGKt
unlikeotherArthurianheroes，Gawainreturnst
oCamelotnoti
n
ns
e
l
f
c
o
n
f
e
s
s
e
dshame.Throughh
i
sblunderi
n
c
o
n
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e
n
t
i
o
n
a
lg
l
o
ηT buti
c
h
i
v
a
l
r
y
，
her
e
a
l
i
z
e
sh
i
sf
r
a
i
l
t
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m
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
i
o
n，
thenretumst
oArt
h
u
r
'
s
o
rt
h
emoment
，d
i
s
c
u
s
sGawain's
c
o
u
r
ta
sashamefulp
e
n
i
t
e
n
t
.Letus，f
enlightenmentthrought
h
epoem，
t
h
a
ti
s，
howGawaini
sd
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
da
tt
h
e
，
“
おrme，
"whyhecommitsthef
a
i
l
u
r
e，
and，
a
saconsequenceo
f
b
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
，
whatGawainleamsa
tt
h
eending
，
“
ちmismentプ
i
t
1
nMiddleE
n
g
l
i
s
hRomances，
Gawainseemst
obecomee
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
da
s
an
o
b
l
e
s
tr
e
p
r
e
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e
n
t
a
t
i
v
eo
fknighthood，
a
si
ssuggestedbyChaucer's
“
S
q
u
i
r
e
'
sTale，
"
“ThatGawayn，withh
i
so
l
d
ec
u
r
t
e
i
s
y
e
.
'
品 1
nSGGK
Gawain'sp
e
r
f
e
c
t
i
o
ni
na
l
lv
i
r
t
u
e
si
s，
f
o
rexample，suggestedbythe
，
t
h
ep
e
n
t
a
n
g
l
ec
a
l
l
e
d“
t
ee
n
d
e
l
e
sk
n
o
t
"(
6
3
0
)
.Ont
h
e
d
e
p
i
c
t
i
o
no
fh
i
sc
r
e
s
t
s
u
r
f
a
c
eo
fh
i
ss
h
i
e
l
d(
a
n
da
l
s
oonh
i
ss
u
r
c
o
a
t
)t
h
ep
e
n
t
a
n
g
l
ei
sp
r
i
n
t
e
d，
andont
h
er
e
v
e
r
s
es
i
d
et
h
eimageo
fMary.Theformert
y
p
i
f
i
e
sGawain's
chivalrousv
i
r
t
u
e
s，thel
a
t
t
e
rh
i
sr
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
sf
a
i
t
h
.Accordingt
othe
n
p
o
e
t，
t
h
ep
e
n
t
a
n
g
l
ei
s“
bytoknyngo
f
t
r
a
w
t
e
"(
6
2
6
)，
andhespends
G
αwαi
4
7l
i
n
e
st
oe
x
p
l
a
i
ni
t
ssymbolism(
6
1
9
・6
5
)
.Thef
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
gi
sap
a
r
to
ft
h
e
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
s
:
tf
Y
u
et
a
t1f
i
n
d
et
a
tt
ef
r
e
kvsed
Te今f
加 n
chyseandf
e
l
a
J
s
c
h
y
pf
o
r
b
ea
ltyng
，
Watzf
r
Hisc
l
a
n
n
e
sandh
i
sc
o
r
t
a
y
s
y
ec
r
o
k
e
dwereneuer，
Andp
i
t
e
，
t
a
tp
a
s
s
e
za
l
l
ep
o
y
n
t
e
z，
t
y
s
epuref
y
u
e
5
)
Wereharderhappedont
a
th
a
t
e
ltenonanyo
t
e
r
. (
6
5
1・5
Gawaini
st
h
eo
n
l
yk
n
i
g
h
twhohase
v
e
r
yoneo
ft
h
ev
i
r
t
u
e
ss
y
m
b
o
l
i
z
e
dby
Fr
om“
'
t
e
f
o
r
m
e
"
ω予
‘eちm
i
自m
e
n
t
"
3
3
t
h
ep
e
n
t
a
n
g
l
e，
andhencet
h
eo
n
l
yknightwho“
a
c
o
r
d
e
z
"(
6
3
1
)withi
t
.
i
sconducti
nthef
i
r
s
th
a
l
fo
fthepoem
Assuchas
p
l
e
n
d
i
dhero，h
deservesthehonoro
fthep
e
n
t
a
n
g
l
e
.Forinstance，whentheGreen
Kn
i
g
h
tc
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
sA
r
t
h
u
r
'
sc
o
u
r
tt
ot
h
eBeheadingGame，
eventhough
“
nonwoldekepehymwithc
a
r
p
"(307)，Gawainalonebravelyo
f
f
e
r
s
h
i
m
s
e
l
f
t
oa
c
c
e
p
tt
h
et
e
r
r
i
b
l
er
e
q
u
e
s
t
.Moreover，
Gawain'sw
i
n
t
e
rjoumey
fromCamelott
oB
e
r
t
i
l
a
k
'
sc
a
s
t
l
ea
l
s
ot
e
s
t
i
f
i
e
sh
i
sc
o
u
r
a
g
e
.Hei
ss
t
r
o
n
g
r
o
l
l
s，
andb
o
l
d
enought
od
e
f
e
a
tv
a
r
i
o
u
senemiessucha
sw
o
l
v
e
so
rwoodt
明
enought
op
e
r
s
i
s
ti
nh
i
ss
e
v
e
r
ej
o
u
r
n
e
y
.
Noto
n
l
yi
np
h
y
s
i
c
a
lc
o
u
r
a
g
ea
ss
t
a
t
e
dabove，
Gawaina
l
s
oe
x
c
e
l
si
nt
h
e
，asi
sproperf
o
rtheheroI
nc
o
u
r
t
l
yromance.His
v
i
r
t
u
eo
fc
o
u
r
t
e
s
y
supremec
o
u
r
t
e
s
yi
se
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
yemphasizeda
tB
e
r
t
i
l
a
k
'
sc
a
s
t
l
e
.Fort
h
r
e
e
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
hhecomesbacka
tn
i
g
h
t，
B
e
r
t
i
l
a
kg
o
e
so
u
th
u
n
t
i
n
g
.An
d
days，
eachday
，
w
h
i
l
et
h
eh
o
s
ti
sa
b
s
e
n
t，
h
i
sw
i
f
ev
i
s
i
t
sGawainanda
t
t
e
m
p
t
st
o
persuadehimt
oa
c
c
e
p
therl
o
v
e
.I
ns
p
i
t
eofheramorousapproachg
e
t
t
i
n
g
moreopendaybyday
，
her
e
f
u
s
e
sherl
u
r
ei
no
r
d
e
rt
oo
b
s
e
r
v
eh
i
sl
o
y
a
l
t
y
，whileheevadesthel
a
d
y
'so
f
f
e
r
，a
tt
h
esametime，he
t
oB
e
r
t
i
l
a
k
.Yet
maintainsh
i
smannerwithc
o
m
p
l
e
t
ec
o
u
r
t
e
s
yt
oh
e
r
.Thus，hed
o
e
sn
o
t
f
a
i
li
ne
i
t
h
e
rl
o
y
a
l
t
yt
ot
h
eh
o
s
to
rc
o
u
r
t
e
s
yt
ot
h
el
a
d
y
.
D
e
s
p
i
t
eh
i
sfamea
st
h
ef
l
o
w
e
ro
fc
h
i
v
a
l
r
y
，
however
，
Gawaincommitsa
s
e
r
i
o
u
sf
a
u
l
ti
nt
h
ek
n
i
g
h
t
l
yc
o
d
eont
h
et
h
i
r
dd
a
y
.Hisb
l
u
n
d
e
ri
st
h
a
the
breaksacompactwithB
e
r
t
i
l
a
k
.GawainandB
e
r
t
i
l
a
ka
g
r
e
et
oexchange
t
h
e
i
rd
a
y
'
swinningsa
tt
h
eendo
fa
l
lt
h
r
e
ed
a
y
s
.Att
h
en
i
g
h
to
ft
h
ef
i
r
s
t
day
，Bertilakpresentsvenisont
oGawain
，andGawainreturnsakisst
o
the
himwhichi
sg
i
v
e
nbythel
a
d
y
.Exceptf
o
rt
h
enumbero
fk
i
s
s
e
s，
o
u
t
l
i
n
ei
salmostr
e
p
e
a
t
e
dont
h
es
e
c
o
n
dd
a
y
;exchangeo
fb
o
a
randtwo
k
i
s
s
e
s
.
3
4
o
r
m
e
"t
刀“t
ef
Y
n
i
s
m
e
n
t
"
From加 f
Thec
r
u
c
i
a
lmomentcomesonthet
h
i
r
ddaywhichgenuinelyt
e
s
t
s
Gawain'sl
o
y
a
l
t
yt
oB
e
r
t
i
l
a
k
，asi
shinteda
tbyB
e
r
t
i
l
a
k
'
sp
r
o
v
e
r
b
i
a
l
16
8
0
)
.B
e
f
o
r
eherl
e
a
v
e
t
a
k
i
n
gfrom
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
:"
t
r
i
dtymetroweb
e
s
t
"(
Gawain'sroom，
t
h
el
a
d
ywhoa
tl
e
n
g
t
habandonshers
e
x
u
a
lt
e
m
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
e
r
shimherb
e
a
u
t
i
f
u
lgreeng
i
r
d
l
ea
sak
e
e
p
s
a
k
e
.Accordingt
oher
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
，whoeverwearstheg
i
r
d
l
e，he“
myjtn
o
tbes
l
a
y
nf
o
rs
l
y
j
t
18
5
4
)
.WhenGawainr
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
sthemagicalpowero
fthe
vpone
r
t
e
"(
g
i
r
d
l
eo
fp
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
n
gi
t
swearer企omdeath
，althoughhehaspreviously
a
l
l
si
n
t
othetrapo
f
s
a
i
dthathew
i
l
lr
e
c
e
i
v
enog
i
f
tfromher，hef
a
c
c
e
p
t
i
n
gt
h
eg
i
r
d
l
e
.ForGawain
，
whoi
sa
n
x
i
o
u
saboutt
h
eapproaching
theg
i
r
d
l
eseemst
obe“
aj
u
e
l
"(
18
5
6
)
.
dateo
ftheBeheadingGame，
Gawaini
sunderano
b
l
i
g
a
t
i
o
nt
og
i
v
ei
to
v
e
rtoBerl
i
1
ak
，y
e
theh
i
d
e
si
t，
andt
e
l
l
sal
i
ea
tt
h
es
c
e
n
eo
ft
h
eexchangeo
fwinnings，
“[
a
l
si
sp
e
r
t
l
y
payedt
echepezt
a
t1a
j
t
e
"(
19
4
1
)，andconsequentlyhebreaksh
i
s
k
.
compactwithB
e
r
l
i
l
a
NowGawain
，whoi
sf
e
a
r
f
u
laboutt
h
ec
o
n
f
r
o
n
t
a
t
i
o
nwitht
h
eGreen
Kn
i
g
h
tand，
thus，
breaksh
i
swordt
oB
e
r
t
i
l
a
k，
impartsacompletely
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
timage企'Om t
h
ep
r
e
v
i
o
u
sonep
o
r
t
r
a
y
e
da
sani
d
e
a
l
i
z
e
dp
e
r
f
e
c
t
k
n
i
g
h
t
.AttheGreenChapelwhenher
e
a
l
i
z
e
sh
i
sf
a
u
l
t(and1s
h
a
l
l
hec
o
n
f
e
s
s
e
st
h
a
thei
sg
u
i
l
t
Yo
f“
unleq
話"
returnt
ot
h
i
sp
o
i
n
tl
a
t
e
r
)，
(
2
4
9
9
)t
oB
e
r
t
i
l
a
kcausedbyh
i
s“
cowardyse"(
2
3
7
9
)
.Toputi
tp
l
a
i
n
l
y，
Gawain'scowardicemakeshima
f
r
a
i
do
ft
h
emeetingwiththeGreen
Knight，andmakeshimhideandkeepthemagicg
i
r
d
l
ei
nordert
o
thenmakeshimt
ol
o
s
eh
i
sl
o
y
a
l
t
yt
oB
e
r
t
i
l
a
kby
p
r
o
t
e
c
th
i
sownl
i
f
e，
breakingh
i
sf
a
i
t
hontheexchangeo
fwinnings.GervaseMathew
remarkst
h
a
tt
h
emosts
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
tv
i
r
t
u
e
si
nc
h
i
v
a
l
r
ya
r
e“
prowessand
，，17 Gawainf
a
i
l
si
nt
h
e
s
ev
i
r
t
u
e
sbecauseo
fh
i
s“
unlewte"and
l
o
y
a
l
t
y
.
From“
t
ef
o
r
m
e
"t
o“
t
ef
Y
n
i
s
m
e
n
t
"
3
5
c
o
w
a
r
d
y
s
e
.
"
“
Changing企omab
r
i
l
l
i
a
n
th
e
r
ot
oacowardwhohast
h
ehumanf
e
a
ro
f
death
，
Gawainb
e
g
i
n
st
oshowu
n
c
h
i
v
a
l
r
o
u
sb
e
h
a
v
i
o
ri
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
et
oh
i
s
u
f
f
e
r
sfrominsomnia
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
simagei
ns
e
v
e
r
a
lways.Forexample，hes
ont
h
el
a
s
tn
i
g
h
ta
tB
e
r
t
i
l
a
k
'
sc
a
s
t
l
e(
2
0
0
6
0
8
)，
becauseh
i
sgrowingf
e
a
r
aboutt
h
eBeheadingGamed
i
s
t
u
r
b
sh
i
ss
l
e
e
p
.B
e
s
i
d
e
s
，
whenhep
r
e
p
a
r
e
s
hei
n
v
o
l
u
n
t
a
r
i
l
yf
1
i
n
c
h
e
sa
h
i
m
s
e
l
ft
obed
e
c
a
p
i
t
a
t
e
da
tt
h
eGreenChapel，
l
i
t
t
l
efromt
h
eGreenKn
i
g
h
t
'
sa
n
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
dblow(
2
2
6
5
6
7
)
.官 l
e
r
e
f
o
r
e，
a
f
t
e
r
hechangesi
n
t
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ymanwhoi
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l
t
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h
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h
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h
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et
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r
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ethe
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t
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f
切 sh
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l
u
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h
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o
l
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e
r
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ehafbene
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r
2
3
7
9
8
3
)
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r
e
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r
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es
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r
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e
..
. (
3
6
Fr
om“
t
ef
o
r
m
e
"t
o“
tef
:
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l
I
s
m
e
n
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g
h
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h
a
th
i
sf
a
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ti
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o
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e
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“
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G
a
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e
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y
t
e
ntouwatz
今r
s
tb
o
r
n
"(
2
3
9
3
・
9
4
)，
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r
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e
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s“
t
ef
a
u
t
l
e
s
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a
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r
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e
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e
"(
2
3
6
3
)
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e
v
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r
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s
s，Gawainr
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i
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to
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i
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i
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satoken
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i
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Atl
a
s
t，
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h
eg
i
r
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l
e，
Gawainr
e
t
u
r
n
st
oC
a
m
e
l
o
t
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g
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i
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i
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h
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Chapel，
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o
rthef
a
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h
i
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o
n
f
e
s
s
i
o
ni
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e
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ti
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fther
e
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o
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i
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s
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t
u
r
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st
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o
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r
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f
t
e
ro
n
e
'
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e
t
u
r
n
，Gawain'sadventurestoryi
s
n
o
tc
o
v
e
r
e
dwithg
e
n
e
r
a
lglorγbutwith"
g
r
e
fandgrame"(
2
5
0
2
)
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i
n
a
l
l
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heshowsthemt
h
egreeng
i
r
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i
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n
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o
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r
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，comfortinghim，agreest
oc
o
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s
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h
eg
i
r
d
l
ea
s"
t
e
renouno
f
t
eRoundT
a
b
l
e
"(
2
5
1
9
)
.
a
l
l
a
n
t
l
ydepartedfromCamelota
sapentanglehero
Gawain，whog
田
nowreturnsa
sadishonorableand
b
e
l
i
e
v
i
n
gi
nh
i
sp
e
r
f
e
c
tv
i
r
t
u
e
s，
i
st
h
i
sc
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
nr
e
a
l
l
yc
o
町 e
c
t
?I
no
t
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rwords，
i
s
d
i
s
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r
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e
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i
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h
t
.Yet，
Gawains
t
i
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lashamefulk
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ta
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r
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ti
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t
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h
a
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a
i
t
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r
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o
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i
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c
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n
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t
1
yv
i
r
t
u
e
s，
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o
y
a
l
t
y
.However
，s
i
n
c
ewehearGawain'sc
o
n
f
e
s
s
i
o
nt
w
i
c
e，
i
nwhichher
e
a
l
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p
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n
t
sh
i
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a
u
l
t，
andhumblyd
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c
l
a
r
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st
h
a
the
1
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r
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ea
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r
e
o
f
，i
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i
f
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i
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o
rust
o
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n
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i
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l
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，heseemst
ogrowupi
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s
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t
t
a
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n
smodest
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r
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e
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r
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h
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i
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n
tthanheusedt
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s
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e
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y
m
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Fr
om"
t
ef
o
r
m
e
"t
o“
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e今n
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n
t
"
37
thepentanglebutahumanlyimperfectmanwhohasf
r
a
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i
m
i
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ou
s
.官1Isi
swhyt
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i
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h
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r
a
i
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e
sGawaina
s
・
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l
ea
s“
t
erenouno
ft
e
"
t
ef
a
u
t
l
e
s
tf
r
e
k
e
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r
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eg
i
r
RoundT
a
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l
e
.
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ti
sworthn
o
t
i
n
gt
h
a
tGawainwearst
h
egreeng
i
r
d
l
eont
o
po
fh
i
s
s
u
r
c
o
a
t(
2
4
8
6
8
7
)，onwhicht
h
epentanglei
si
n
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
.Nowthegreen
g
i
r
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l
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r
e
s
s
i
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h
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l
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r
t
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e
s，
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h
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e
n
t
a
n
g
l
ei
semblematico
fh
i
sp
r
i
d
ei
nthem.Thus，
t
h
eimageo
f
Gawain，
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e
a
l
i
z
e
sh
i
sownf
r
a
i
l
t
y
，
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u
t
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i
n
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eg
i
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l
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e
n
t
a
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l
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
e
st
h
a
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i
shumblenessovercomesh
i
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l
f
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o
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i
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e
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e
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t
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e
s
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h
i
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t
a
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et
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eg
i
r
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l
eandt
h
epentanglet
o
g
e
t
h
e
re
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
l
y
吐
か Gawain'shumangrowth.
s
i
g
r
80f
a
r
，wehaveseenthat，althoughthebasicpatternofthereturn
幽
motifi
sobservedi
nthepoem，t
h
eimageo
fthehero，Gawain，a
tthe
“
fynisment"i
scompletelyd
i
f
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e
r
e
n
tfromtheimagea
tthe“
forme，
"
becauseo
f
h
i
schangeandg
r
o
w
t
h
.
IV
Letusnowr
e
t
u
r
nt
ot
h
ep
r
o
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e
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a
t
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ctwol
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e
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o
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s
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r
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e
，and)
e
l
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e
zneuerlyke
，
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ot
e
戸lIs
mentf
o
l
d
e
zf
u
ls
e
l
d
e
n
"(
4
9
8
・
9
9
)
.Wh
enwec
o
n
s
i
d
e
rt
h
e“
f
o
r
m
e
"and
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t
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f
y
n
i
s
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e
n
t
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nl
i
n
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g
a
i
n
，withGawain'smentaldevelopmenti
n
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et
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tt
h
etwowordsnoto
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f
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h
ebeginningandendingo
fayearwhichseldomc
o
i
n
c
i
d
e，
but
，
a
l
s
oimplyGawain'sb
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
gandendingi
nt
h
epoema
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o
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c
o
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h
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n
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r
'
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u
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“
，death"and
I
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r
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r
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From“
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ef
o
r
m
e
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t
o“
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e
n
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"
3
8
“
r
e
b
i
r
t
h，
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e
r
e
.I
ti
semphaticallys
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
tt
h
a
t
Gawain'sadventurewhicha
l
t
e
r
sh
i
sc
h
a
r
a
c
t
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ri
sd
e
l
i
n
e
a
t
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nthe
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e
a
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o
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a
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a
r
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yb
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f
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f
t
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rNewY
e
a
r
'
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e
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a
k
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a
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r
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r
a
t
e
sh
i
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Y
e
a
r
'
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h
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fayea
r
'
sd
e
a
t
h
.Th
edaywhenhed
i
s
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r
n
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h
i
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o
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o
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e
s
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h
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sNewY
e
a
r
'
s
Day，thedayo
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r
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e
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l
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o
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l
l
y，Gawaind
i
e
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i
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t
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c
ef
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e
a
r
'
sEve，andowingtoh
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e
a
r
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a
t
h
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i
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sr
e
b
o
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t
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f
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e
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i
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s
u
p
e
r
i
o
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i
n
d
sh
i
m
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e
l
fo
u
t
.
Furthermore，
t
h
eshapeo
ft
h
ep
e
n
t
a
n
g
l
ea
l
s
oc
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
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g
r
o
w
t
h
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er
e
a
s
o
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t
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r
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tv
i
r
t
u
e
si
st
h
a
ti
thas
“
t
ee
n
d
e
l
e
sk
n
o
t
"(
6
3
0
)，
f
o
ri
ti
saf
i
g
u
r
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i
v
ep
o
i
n
t
s，
andeach
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l
a
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o
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e
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o
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r
，s
oi
se
n
d
l
e
s
severywhere(
6
2
7
s
2
9
)
.Thep
e
n
t
a
n
g
l
e
'
se
n
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l
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s
sknot，withnobeginningandending，i
untiedbyGawaina
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e
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e
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fGawain'si
d
e
a
lq
u
a
l
i
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y
，
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sn
o
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knightwithnobeginningandendingbutamanwhocantransform
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i
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r
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