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CHAPTER
Review
02
WHAT ARE PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION, WHAT ARE THE
CAUSES, AND HOW HAVE THEY BEEN FOUGHT? 23
• Prejudice is a collection of attitudes and beliefs that arise out of a
tendency to make assumptions about people based upon a single
characteristic. Often, but not always, prejudice is coupled with
discrimination, the act of treating someone of another group
differently based solely upon a single characteristic like race.
• Prejudice has three forms: cognitive, affective, and conative.
• Many groups fought against prejudice and discrimination during the
Civil Rights Era from the 1940s through the 1980s. Although many
rights were gained during this time, prejudice and discrimination, on
both the micro and macro level, persist even in 2011.
Racism 29
Antilocution 29
Avoidance 29
Active discrimination
Extermination 29
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a.
b.
c.
d.
social learning.
having a high educational level.
scapegoating.
having an insecure socioeconomic status.
3. According to Merton’s typology, a person who holds prejudices but
doesn’t discuss these beliefs with others or act on them for fear of
appearing politically incorrect would be classified as a(n)
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CHAPTER 02
• Organizations like the ACLU and the NAACP work independently
and together with other civil rights organizations to advance
policies and social structures that counteract prejudice,
discrimination, and racism.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Martin Luther King Jr.’s
Rosa Park’s
Angela Davis’s
Emmett Till’s
5. An “ism” is the selective discrimination of a dominant institutional
structure against a(n)
Theory
CONFLICT THEORY 37
• Conflict theorists believe that discrimination allows dominant group
members to maintain power, influence, and resources where competition occurs. Discriminatory ideologies stem from discriminatory
distribution practices.
a.
b.
c.
d.
7. What are the differences between micro and macro discrimination?
Is it possible for a minority group to express an “ism” against a
dominant group? Why or why not?
8. Describe how institutional structures discriminate against minority
groups.
9. Describe one of the civil rights movements discussed in this chapter.
How did this movement help shape the way that race and ethnicity
is treated in 2011?
10. Describe a contemporary event in which prejudice and discrimination
are exhibited. How are they exhibited?
WHERE TO START YOUR RESEARCH PAPER
To learn more about the Black Civil Rights Movement, go to:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/fd.html
For more information on the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, go to
http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano.html
To read more about the American Indian Movement, go to
http://www.aimovement.org/
To learn more about the Yellow Power Movement, go to
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/souls/vol3no3/vol3num3art3.pdf
For more information on the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, go to:
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board/index.html
For more information on documented civil rights, go to
minority.
individual.
specific group.
competing institutional structure.
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/documented-rights/
For more information on the implicit association test, go to
http://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit
structure that requires the inequality of citizens to function or as a
latent manifestation of competition.
Key Terms
Conative prejudice 24
Ethnocentrism 25
Social learning 25
Agents of socialization 25
Selective exposure and modeling
Internalization 25
25
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Out-groups 26
Discrimination 27
Sheer contact 28
Competition 28
Accommodation 28
26
the
THINK SPOT
www.thethinkspot.com
Answers: 1. a, 2. c, 3. c, 4. d, 5. c
Prejudice 23
Overcategorization 23
Stereotypes 23
Racial profiling 23
Cognitive prejudice 24
Affective prejudice 24
Remember to check www.thethinkspot.com for additional information, downloadable flashcards, and other helpful resources.
Social Inequality: Prejudice and Discrimination
unprejudiced nondiscriminator.
unprejudiced discriminator.
prejudiced nondiscriminator.
prejudiced discriminator.
4.
murder sparked the beginning of the Black Civil Rights
Movement in 1955.
6. Describe one of the causes of prejudice and explain one possible
solution for combating it.
43
a.
b.
c.
d.
HOW DO ORGANIZATIONS ADDRESS INSTITUTIONAL
DISCRIMINATION? 41
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY 37
• Functionalists view discrimination as arising either out of a societal
30
ESSAY
1. The three forms of prejudice that can be exhibited mutually exclusive
of one another are
a. conative, cognitive, and affective.
b. passive, fear, and cognitive.
c. affectionate, passive, and active.
d. cognitive, affective, and disordered.
2. All of the following are likely causes of prejudiced tendencies except for
• Some sociologists believe that discrimination and prejudice can
be overcome through legal challenges, by changing the laws that
create institutional discrimination. Others believe that to overcome
racism conflict between groups must be eradicated.
• Other sociologists believe that racism and discrimination is the
foundation of U.S. life and culture, and that the only way that it
can be overcome is through change to the social structure.
the foundation for the U.S. way of life. Race is a social, not biological,
construction.
29
Social institutions 30
Protestantism 30
Hate groups 32
Hate crimes 32
Ethnic stratification 37
Sample Test Questions
HOW DO SOCIOLOGISTS VIEW DISCRIMINATION BASED UPON
RACE AND ETHNICITY? 37
CRITICAL RACE THEORY 37
• Critical race theorists see discrimination, and especially racism, as
Micro discrimination 29
Ism 29
Institutionalized discrimination
Minority group 30
Macro discrimination 30