9
EMANCIPATION OF
ASIA AND AFRICA
Q.1. (A) Complete the following statement by choosing appropriate
alternatives from those given in the brackets :
*1.
*2.
*3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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After 1945, ................ fought for freedom against the French under the
able leadership of Ho-Chi-Minh.
(Burma, Indo-China, Indonesia)
East Indies islands had to fight against their ................ rulers after 1945.
(French, Dutch, British)
The Indian constitution was drafted by the committee headed by ................
(Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar)
Decolonisation means the end of ................ .
(imperialism, democracy, colonialism)
In Asia ................ was the first colony to be freed from colonial rule.
(India, Ceylon, Burma)
The British granted independence to ................ in 1948.
(Burma, America, Ceylon)
East Pakistan came to be called as ................
(Bangladesh, Pakistan, West Bengal)
................ took an initiative in establishing the Indian National Congress.
(A.O.Hume, Nelson Mandela, Rabindranath Tagore)
The weapon used by Gandhiji to fight against the British was ............... .
(Non-co-operation, Satyagraha, revolution)
The western traders reached Asian and African countries in search of
..................
(Goods, Spices, markets)
................ served as a platform against Colonialism.
(The United Nations Organisation, The League of Nations,
The World Trade Organisation)
The Civil Disobedience movement began with the ................
(boycott, oppressive measures, Dandi March)
A Parallel Government was set up in ................ district.
(Satara, Kolhapur, Pune)
The ................ army was led by Netaji Subashchandra Bose.
(Indian National, State , Union)
In South Rhodesia, the Patriotic front led by ................ fought for
independence.
(Robert Mugabe, Nelson Mandela, Dr. Sukarno)
SCHOOL SECTION
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(B)
I
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HISTORY
Match the following :
‘A’ Group
1. Aung San
2. Ho-Chi-Minh
3. Dr. Sukarno
‘B’ Group
(a) Led China’s freedom struggle
(b) Led Ceylonese freedom struggle
(c) Led Indonesia’s freedom struggle
(d) Led Indo-China’s freedom struggle
(e) Led the Burmese nationalist movement
Ans. (1 - e), (2 - d), (3 - c)
II
‘B’ Group
(a) Radical nationalist of Kenya
(b) Freedom struggle in South Rhodesia
(c) Fought against apartheid in South Africa
(d) Leader of the national movement in
Gold Coast
Ans. (1 - d), (2 - a), (3 - b), (4 - c)
Q.2
‘A’ Group
1. Kwame Nkruma
2. Jomo Kenyatta
3. Robert Mugabe
4. Nelson Mandela
Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words.
*1.
Why is the later half of the 20th Century called an ‘era of decolonisation’?
(Sept. ’09)
Ans. 1) Decolonisation means the end of colonialism.
2) It is a process, which began after the end of the Second World War
and ended by the turn of the 20th century.
3) During this period, a large number of Afro-Asian nations which had
been ruled for years by the western powers, like England, France,
Holland, Portugal etc. attained freedom one by one.
4) As colonialism came to an end during the later half of the 20th century,
it is called an ‘era of decolonisation’.
*2. Which factors did contribute to strengthening of nationalist sentiment
in the colonies ?
Ans. The factors that contributed to the strengthening of nationalist sentiment
in the first half of the 20th century were as follows :
1) Enunciation of the principle of self determination by American
President Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt roused hopes among
oppressed, colonised people.
2) Soldiers from Asia and Africa had fought for Allied powers during the
First and Second World Wars and so the colonies naturally expected
political rights, as a price of their co-operation.
3) The myth of western invincibility was shattered by Japan during the
Second World War.
4) The colonial powers, though emerged victorious in the world war II,
became weak due to tremendous economic losses and could not
suppress the opposition in the colonies.
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*3.
Why the European imperialist nations had to quit from the colonies?
(March ’08)
Ans. 1) The colonial powers, though emerged victorious in the World War II,
were enfeebled by the tremendous economic losses, and were no
longer in a position to hold the colonies in the teeth of opposition.
2) U.S.A. and U.S.S.R., the two super powers, were openly opposed to
colonialism. Even before the war, U.S.S.R. was supporting nationalist
movements in the colonies.
3) The U.N. Charter included the principle of self-determination for
oppressed people.
4) The nationalist movements in colonies were stepped up in the post
Second World War period.
Thus, the European imperialist nations had to quit under the weight of
growing nationalist force and pressure of world opinion.
*4. What was the role played by the United Nations Organisation in decolonisation?
Ans. 1) The United Nations Organisation served as a platform against colonialism.
2) In the Bandung Conference of 1955, the representatives of 25 free
Afro-Asian countries who staunchly opposed colonialism raised their
voice against it.
3) Afro-Asian members of U.N. General Assembly passed a resolution
declaring that ‘colonialism was inconsistent with U.N. Charter’.
4) The General Assembly also set up a special committee of the U.N.O
on de-colonisation in 1961 and thereafter called upon the colonial
powers to withdraw from their colonies.
Thus, the UNO played a significant role in decolonisation.
*5. What were the causes of the rise of nationalism in India?
Ans. Rise of nationalism in India can be attributed to the following factors :
1) Indians became united as they were subjected to a common rule of the
British and had common cultural heritage, common history etc. The
Western education led to spread of liberal ideas like rationalism,
individualism, democracy, equality, freedom of thought and nationalism.
2) This introduced a period of intellectual renaissance in India. Educated
Indians began to analyse the causes of India’s subjugation, India’s
weaknesses and also the evil effects of foreign rule.
3) This emboldened them to voice their grievances and demand their
basic rights initially at the provincial level.
4) It also gave birth to Indian National congress in 1885.
Q.3 Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 25 words each.
*1. Dutch had to grant freedom to Indonesia.
Ans. 1) The East Indies Islands (Indonesia) had to fight for liberation against
their Dutch rulers after 1945 under the leadership of Dr. Sukarno
and his colleagues.
2) The Dutch crushed all nationalist movements.
3) But they failed in this attempt and finally had to quit due to growing
nationalist force and pressure of world opinion.
4) Thus, the Dutch had to grant freedom to Indonesia.
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HISTORY
*2 The radical nationalist youth in India set up secret organisation.
Ans. 1) The oppressive policies of the government led to the rise of
revolutionary nationalism.
2) The radical nationalist youth set up secret organisations like the
Abhinav Bharat, Yugantar, Anusheelan Samiti etc.
3) They trained the youth in revolutionary activities and assassinated a
few British officials who were persecuting Indians.
4) Their object was to protest against the Government’s anti-Indian measures.
*3. Indian public opinion became explosive when the Rowlatt Act was
passed.
(Sept. ’08)
Ans. 1) The British Government adopted a carrot and stick policy in India.
2) During the First World War, the British government sought India’s
co-operation for war efforts and assured Indians that their demand of
political reforms would be given due consideration.
3) At the end of the war the Government announced a fresh set of
political rights which soon turned out to be impracticable.
4) The Government simultaneously passed the Rowlatt Act severely curtailing
Indian Civil Rights. Thus, Indian public opinion became explosive.
Q.4
Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 40 words.
*1. Why did the process of decolonisation in Africa begin later than Asia?
Ans. 1) In Africa, the process of decolonisation began later than Asia.
2) The three main reasons were its rich natural resources, weak national
movements and division of African society into many tribes.
3) In this continent, national awakening came mainly after the First
World War.
4) Due to lack of western education, nationalist sentiment was not strong.
5) The African society, consisting of various tribes was not homogeneous.
6) As a result, the force of nationalism emerged in Africa later than Asia.
*2. What were the objectives of the Indian National Congress?
Ans. 1) The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885.
2) It became the chief channel of Indian nationalism.
3) A.O.Hume, a retired British civil servant helped in the establishment
of the Congress.
4) Enlightened Indians like Dadabhai Naoroji and Justic Ranade were
the moving force behind the Congress.
5) It had the following objectives :
a) To forge national unity irrespective of caste or creed.
b) To create a common national platform for discussing national problems.
c) To place Indian demands before the British Government.
*3. What was the contribution of the revolutionaries to the Indian freedom
movement?
(March ’08)
Ans. 1) The oppressive policies of the British government led to the rise of
revolutionary nationalism.
2) The revolutionaries set up secret organisations like the Abhinav
Bharat, Yugantar, Anusheelan Samiti etc.
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3)
They trained the youth in revolutionary activities and assassinated
a few British officials who were persecuting Indians.
4) Their object was to protest against the Government’s anti-Indian measures.
5) During the period between 1922 – 1934 the revolutionaries set up a
loose network in certain provinces of India.
6) They attacked not only British officials but administrative machinery
as well.
7) Great revolutionaries like Bhagatshingh, Sukhadev, Rajguru,
Chandrashekhar Azad, Surya Sen became objects of reverence.
8) The role of women like Madam Kama, Kalpana Dutt, Preetilata
Waddedar, Veena Das etc. in the revolutionary activities was also
remarkable.
*4. What important changes took place in the national movement under
the leadership of Gandhiji ?
Ans. 1) Gandhiji used the novel weapon of satyagraha to protest against the
Rowlatt Act, Amritsar massacre and atrocities in Punjab.
2) Congress too accepted his programme of non-violence, satyagraha,
swadeshi, boycott, removal of casteism, Hindu-Muslim unity, rural
upliftment etc.
3) Under his leadership the Congress became a mass organisation of
dedicated full time workers.
4) Nature and policies of the Congress were changed.
5) It became a real nationalist organisation encompassing various
nationalist groups.
6) Thus, a new chapter in India’s National Movement commenced under
the leadership of Gandhiji.
Q.5
Answer each of the following questions in 80 to 100 words.
*1. How did the decolonisation start in Asia and Africa?
Ans. Decolonisation means the end of colonialism. It began after the Second World
War whereby Afro-Asian nations attained freedom from the Western powers.
(1) Decolonisation in Asia :
i) India - In Asia India was the first colony to be free from colonial rule.
ii) Ceylon - Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) a British colony, was granted
independence at the end of 1947.
iii) Burma - The nationalist movement in Burma was headed by Aung
San. The British signed an agreement with Burmese, granting
them independence in 1948.
iv) Indo-China and Indonesia - Indo-China and Indonesia had to carry
on an armed conflict to gain independence. After 1945, the IndoChinese fought for freedom first against the French and later
against the U.S.A. under the able leadership of Ho-Chi-Minh. After
a long war, it became a united free country of Vietnam in 1975.
The East Indies Islands (Indonesia) had to fight against their Dutch
rulers after 1945 under the leadership of Dr. Sukarno and the
Dutch had to grant freedom only due to pressure of world opinion.
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HISTORY
Pakistan - Pakistan was born in 1947 as a result of the partition
of India.
(2) Decolonisation in Africa :
In Africa decolonisation began later than Asia on account of its rich
natural resources, weak national movements and division of African
society into many tribes. Decolonisation in Africa is explained with
the help of the following table :
v)
African Nation
Colonial
Leader of the
Year of
Power freedom struggle independence
i)
Gold Coast
Colony (Ghana)
British
Kwame Nkruma
1957
ii)
Kenya
British
Jomo Kenyata
–
iii) South Rhodesia
British
Robert Mugabe
1980
iv) South Africa
British
Nelson Mandela
–
Thus, by the turn of the 20th century practically all colonies gained
independence and the process of decolonisation came to an end.
*2. Give an account of the contribution of the moderates and the extremists
in the freedom struggle.
(March ’10)
Ans. The national movement under the leadership of the Indian National
Congress is divided into different phases. The period between 1885 to
1905 is called as moderate politics whereas the period between 1905 to
1920 is called as extremist politics.
(1) Contribution of the moderates in the freedom struggle :
i) Moderate leadership comprised of enlightened Indians like
Dadabhai Naoroji and Justice Ranade.
ii) They established the Congress in order to forge national unity
irrespective of caste and creed.
iii) They also wanted the Congress to become a common national
platform for discussing national problems.
iv) For about two decades, they appealed to the British Government
to fulfill Indian demands.
v) They believed in British liberalism and sense of justice.
(2) Contribution of theextremists in the freedom struggle :
i) Extreme leadership comprised of radical nationalist like Lokmanya
Tilak.
ii) Extremist leaders opposed the British Government through
agitational methods.
iii) These young members became dissatisfied and critical of
government’s apathy and emphasized the need of organising public
opinion to pressurise the rulers. They were called extremists.
iv) They opposed the partitioning of Bengal through demonstrations,
swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods.
v) The government persecuted radical nationalists like Tilak and
controlled the Indian press.
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vi) The extremists called upon the Indians to oppose the Rowlatt Act
passed by the British as it severely curtailed Indian Civic rights.
Thus, the moderates believed in petition and constitutional methods
whereas the extremists believed in pressure tactics and agitational methods.
*3. Discuss the Gandhian phase of Indian freedom movement? (Sept. ’10)
Ans. A new chapter in India’s National Movement commenced with the arrival
of Gandhiji.
(1) Congress under Gandhiji’s leadership:
i) Gandhiji introduced the novel weapon of Satyagraha to fight
against the British.
ii) People in large numbers responded to his call of satyagraha to
protest against the Rowlatt Act, Amritsar-Massacre and atrocities
in Punjab.
iii) Congress, too, accepted his programmes of Non violence,
Satyagraha, swadeshi, boycott, removal of casteism and HinduMuslim unity, rural upliftment etc.
iv) Under his leadership, the congress became a mass organisation
of dedicated full time workers.
v) Nature and policies of congress were changed and it became a
real nationalist organisation encompassing various national groups.
(2) Nationwide movements under Gandhiji’s leadership :
i) Non co-operation movement (1920-22) :
a) Objectives of the movement :
To refuse co-operation to the oppressive foreign rule, boycott
the administrative machinery, courts of justice, educational
establishments etc.
b) People’s Reaction :
Peaceful agitation was launched by the people. The day it
became violent Gandhiji withdrew it.
ii) Civil disobedience movement (1930-34) :
a) Objectives of the movement :
To violate unjust laws like the Salt law, forest laws etc.
b) People’s Reaction :
Thousands of men, women, youth, belonging to various
sections of society, peasants, workers voluntarily came forward
to break the laws and courted arrest.
iii) Quit India Movement (9th August 1942) :
a) Objectives of the movement :
To pressurize the government to leave India
b) People’s Reaction :
People participated in such large numbers that the government
fell short of prisons. Satyagrahis set up the ‘Parallel governments’
in Satara district, and in some places in Bihar and U.P.
Thus the Gandhian phase of Indian freedom movement holds a unique
place and has a deep impact on the freedom movements of the world.

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SCHOOL SECTION
S.S.C.
Marks : 20
CHAPTER 9 : EMANCIPATION OF ASIA AND AFRICA
SET - A
HISTORY
Duration : 1 hr.
Q.1. Complete the following statement by choosing appropriate
2
alternatives from those given in the brackets :
1.
The Indian constitution was drafted by the committee headed by
................. .
(Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad,
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar)
2.
East Pakistan came to be called as ................. .
(Bangladesh, Pakistan, West Bengal)
3
Q.2. Match the following :
'A' Group
'B' Group
1.
Kwame Nikruma
(a)
Radical nationalist of Kenya
2.
Jomo Kenyatta
(b)
Freedom struggle in SouthRhodesia
3.
Robert Mugabe
(c)
Freedom struggle in South Africa
(d)
Leader of the national movement in
Gold Coast
4
Q.3. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words : (Any 2)
1.
Which factors did contribute to strengthening of nationalist sentiment
in the Colonies?
2.
What were the causes of the rise of nationalism in India?
3.
Name four women revolutionaries?
4
Q.4. Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 30 words :
(Any 2)
1.
The radical nationalist youth in India set up secret organization.
2.
Dutch had to grant freedom to Indonesia.
3.
Indian public opinion became explosives when the Rowlatt Act was
passed.
Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 40 words: (Any 1)
1.
3
Why did the process of decolonisation in Africa begin later than
Asia?
2.
What was the contribution of the revolutionaries to the Indian freedom
Movement?
4
Q.6. Answer each of the following questions in 80 to 100 words : (Any 1)
1.
What was the contribution of moderates & Entremists to the freedom
Movement ?
2.
Discuss the Gandhian phase of Indian freedom movement?
Best Of Luck 
S.S.C.
Marks : 20
CHAPTER 9 : EMANCIPATION OF ASIA AND AFRICA
SET - B
HISTORY
Duration : 1 hr.
Q.1. Complete the following statement by choosing appropriate
2
alternatives from those given in the brackets :
1.
The Civil Disobedience movement began with the ................. .
(boycott, Dandi March, oppressive measures)
2.
The ................. army was led by Netaji Subhashchandra Bose.
(State, Union, Indian National)
Q.2. Match the following :
'A' Group
3
'B' Group
1.
Aung San
(a)
Led China's freedom Struggle
2.
Ho-chi-Minh
(b)
Led Indonesia's freedom struggle
3.
Dr. Sukarno
(c)
Led Indo-China's freedom struggle
(d)
Led the Burmese nationalist movement
Q.3. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words : (Any 2)
1.
What was the Era of Decolonization?
2.
Why did decolonization begin late in Africa?
3.
Why did events after 1945 disturb the British in India?
Q.4. Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 30 words :
(Any 2)
1.
The British government adopted Carrot & Stick policy.
2.
Indian National Congress was formed by leaders of India.
3.
Rowlatt Act was criticized by Indians.
4
4
Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 40 words: (Any 1)
1.
Describe the revolutionary phase between 1922 - 1934.
2.
What was the divide & rule policy of British & what was its effect?
Q.6. Answer each of the following questions in 80 to 100 words : (Any 1)
1.
Explain Gandhiji's role in freedom struggle of India.
2.
Explain how Africa gained freedom.
Best Of Luck 
3
4