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B.Sc. GEOGRAPHY
SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS
FIRST YEAR
Paper
I
II
I
Paper Title
Core Courses - Main Subjects
Physical Geography
Practical - I Cartography
Core Course - Allied Subject
Geology
Hours
Marks
3
3
100
100
3
100
3
100
3
3
100
100
3
3
100
100
3
100
SECOND YEAR
III
IV
II
Core Courses - Main Subjects
Economic and Social Geography
Practical - II
Representation of Relief,
Climatic and Economic data
Core Course - Allied Subject
Basic Computer Science and
Application
THIRD YEAR
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
*
Core Courses - Main Subjects
Geography of India
Geographical Thought
Computers, Remote
Sensing and GIS
World Regional Geography
Practical - III
Map Interpretation and Surveying,
Weather Maps, Projection, GIS & GPS
Application Oriented Subject
Socio-Economic Studies and PRA
Records marks will be awarded at the respective centres after
the evaluation of practical exercises.
2
INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
B.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN
GEOGRAPHY
SYLLABUS
FIRST YEAR
PAPER I - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Part – A Geomorphology
Unit I
: Rocks : types and classification – Igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, folding,
faulting, earth quake and volcanoes
Unit II
: Forces of gradation and weathering – mechanical
and chemical weathering, mass wasting and
mass movement
Unit III : Agents of Gradation – Fluvial processes, erosion,
transportation, deposition, resultant topography,
glacio fluvial action – erosion and depositional
work at the glaciers - resultant topography
Unit IV : Aeolian landscape – erosion – depositional work
of the wind – resultant topography, wave action
– erosive work of the waves, depositional work
of the waves – shorelines of submergence and
emergence.
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Unit V
: Underground water – water table – spring and
their types, karst topography, normal cycle of
erosion – Davis, Penk.
Part – B Climatology
Unit VI : Definition – weather, climate, climatic elements
– surface composition and structure of the
atmosphere – Insolation, Horizontal and vertical
distribution of Temperature, Range of
Temperature
Unit VII : Atmospheric Pressure – winds – horizontal
distribution of pressure, planetary – periodic and
local winds. Atmospheric moisture condensation, Forms of precipitation – types
Unit VIII : Airmasses and fronts – concepts – classification
– cyclones – tropical – anti cyclones – climatic
classification – Koppen’s – Basic of classification
and types
Part – C Oceanography
Unit IX : Surface configuration of the ocean floor –
continental shelf, slope, deep, sea plain and
deeps – distribution of salinity in the seas and
oceans
Unit X
: Circulation of oceanic water – waves, tides and
currents – currents of the Atlantic, pacific and
Indian Ocean – Coral reefs – types
REFERENCES
1. Worcester, 1965, Text book of Geomorphology.
2. Arthur L. Boom, 1978 – Geomorphology.
3. Monkhouse F.J. Principles of physical geography.
4
4. Wollridge and Morgan – An outline of Geomorphology.
5. Das Gupta and Kapur, 1955 – Physical Geography.
6. Phillip Lake – Physical Geography.
7. Richand, H. (1954): Tropical Meteorological, McGraw
Hill Book Co., Ltd., New York.
8. Garbell, M.A., (1947): Tropical and Equatorial
Meterology, Bitman Publishing Corporation, New York.
9. Trewartha, G.T. (1968): An Introduction to climate,
McGraw Hill Book, Co. New York.
10. Das, P.K. (1968). The Monsoon, Edward Arnold Ltd.,
London.
11. John F. Griffith, Climate and Environment, London.
12. P.K.Das, Monsoon climate.
13. J.E.Hobbs, Applied Climatology, Butterworths, London.
PAPER II – PRACTICAL – I - CARTOGRAPHY
Unit I
: Definition – Nature and Scope of cartography –
Maps, classification and uses – development of
cartography – use of Thematic cartography.
Unit II
: The earth as a cartographic problem – shape,
size and dimension – co-ordinate systems; Plane,
spherical and rectangular – map projection –
choice of projection.
Unit III : Maps : definition of a map – Types of maps –
representation of scale on the map: statement
scale – graphic scale – Representative Fraction;
Comparative scale – pace scale – time scale –
diagonal scale.
Unit IV : Map scale – determination of map scales –
enlargement and reduction – direction
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Unit V : Measurement of distances on maps : Latitudes
and longitudes. Instrumental method – thread
method; measurement of areas : graphical
method – instrumental method.
Unit VI : Map data : Collection and classification –
compilation and genralization of map information
– compilation processes – principles of
generalization
Unit VII : Map symbolization – point , line, and area
symbols – qualitative and quantitative method.
Unit VIII : Enlargement and reduction of maps – square
method and similar triangle – reduction by
pantograph – combination of maps of different
scales;
Unit IX : Representation of direction on maps : true north,
grid magnetic north – magnetic declination –
bearings – true bearing and magnetic bearing –
map setting in the field – map reading.
Unit X
: Representation of relief on maps : spot heights,
bench mark, triangulation station, layer colouring,
hachures, hill shading and contours –
interpolation of contours; contour exercises:
section drawing.
REFERENCES
1. Robinson, H. Elements of cartography Students friend,
Allahabad, 4th Ed. John Wiley, New York
2. Misra, R.P. and Ramesh A., Fundamentals of
Cartography, Heritage co., Delhi.
3. Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H.R. Maps and
Diagram, Meuthun & Co., London.
6
4. Ragunandhan Singh, Practical Geography
5. Singh R.L. and Dutt, P.K., Elements of Practical
Geography
6. Bygott, Practical Geography
7. Johnson and Ormsby, Surveying and Map reading
SECOND YEAR
PAPER III - ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
GEOGRAPHY
Part - A Economic Geography
Unit I
: Scope and content of economic geography –
basic concepts – nature of resources
Unit II : Farming in the world – shifting - subsistance
commercial and plantation farming – mixed
farming – horticulture – market gardening –
production and distribution of rice, wheat,
sugarcane, coffee, tea, cotton and jute – major
forest types and distribution, conservation of
forests.
Unit III : Animal husbandry in the world – cattle – sheep
and goats – dairy and wood regions of the world
– fisheries – types – inland and marine location
and favourable conditions for major fishing
activities – problem in fishing and conservation
measures.
Unit IV : World minerals mining – Iron ore – bauxite –
manganese – copper – power resources coal,
petroleum, natural gas, atomic minerals – major
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region of hydel power generation – conservation
of power resources – manufacturing industries
of the world – localisation factor – Iron and steel
– textiles – chemicals – automobiles – ship
building.
Unit V
: Transport system – road – rail – air ways – water
ways – major ports and airports of the world –
international trade routes of the world – trade –
national – international trade – modern trade
development.
Part – B Population Geography
Unit VI : Nature and Scope of population Geography and
its significance – development of population
studies in India. Source of Population Data –
problems relating to reliability and comparability
of data.
Unit VII : Factors influencing the distribution and density
of population – growth of world population –
factors affecting the growth of population in the
world – birth and death rates population explosion
– population cycle
Unit VIII : Movement of population – migrations – types –
national and international, rural to urban – causes
and consequences of migration.
Part - C Settlement Geography
Unit IX : Introduction : Rural settlement – siting factors of
rural settlement, rural settlement types and
pattern – houses and house types – rural
landscape of India.
8
Unit X
: Urban Settlement : Factors – Classification
according to size and functions – Nelsons, Harris
Classification.
REFERENCES
1. Economic Geography – J.L. Guha and Pr.Chatterjee
2. Economic and Commercial Geography – R.N.Dubey
and L.R. Singh
3. Economic Geography, S.K. Sadhukon
4. Economic Geography – Dr.M.R.Chandhran
5. Economic and Commercial Geography – K.K. Khanna
and V.I. Gupta
6. Nelsons, Harris Classification
7. Bougue Donald, J. 1969 Principles of Demography,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
8. Clarke, J.I. (1972). Population Geography, Second
Edition, Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford
9. Clark, J. I. (ed.). 1984. Geography and Population:
Approaches, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
10. Chandha, R.C. (1986). A Geography of Population :
Concepts, Determination and Patterns, Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
11. Wilson, M.G.A. (1968). Population Geography, Thomas
Nelson, London
12. Trewartha, G.T. (1969). Geography of Population:
World Patterns, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
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13. Demko, G.J. Rose, H.M., 1970. Population Geography
and Schnell, G.A. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
14. Wegi, B.S. (1991). Rural Geography Kedar Nath Ram
Nath, College, Road, Meerut
15. Northern R.K. Urban Geography, John Wiley and Sons,
New York
16. Misra M.P. (1978). Million cities of India, Vikas
Publishing
PAPER IV - PRACTICAL-II-PRESENTATION OF
RELIEF, CLIMATIC AND ECONOMIC DATA
Part - A : Representation of Relief Data
Unit I
: Contour Diagrams
Unit II
: Profiles
Unit III : Spot Height and Interpolation of Contour
Unit IV : Slope Maps and Slope Analysis
Part – B : Representation of Climatic Data
Unit V
: Diagrammatic representation of climatic data –
climatic diagrams – Hythergraph – Climograph
– Ergograph – Wind Roses
Unit VI : Study of Weather reports and Weather map
Interpretation
Unit VII : Representation of economic and population data
– line graph – bar diagram – pie diagram –
spheres – block piles.
10
Unit VIII : Located diagrams – bars – climatic graphs – dot
maps and pie maps – Isopleth, Choropleth –
Stendigeer and Stilgenbauer, Pyramidal and
pictorial diagrams
Part – C : Representation of Economic Data
Unit IX : Quantitative methods – histogram – frequency
polygon, frequency curve – scatter diagram –
mean, median and mode – standard deviation
Unit X : Correlation : Pearson’s Prdouct Moment
Correlation – Rank Correlation.
REFERENCES
1. Monkhouse, F.J. Maps and Diagrams, Mutheun & Co.,
Ltd., London, 1984
2. Hugh Mathew & Ian Foster, Geographical Data :
Sources, Presentation, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
1989
3. Mecullah, Quantitative Techniques in Geography
4. Rahunathan Singh, Practical Geography
5. Singh, R.L. & Dutt, Practical Geography
THIRD YEAR
PAPER V - GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
Unit I
: India as geographical Unit – India’s location –
Physical contrasts – Physiography – relief, coasts
and islands – water resources of India : Rivers –
distribution and development of irrigation; tanks,
canals, wells and tube wells – major irrigation
and multipurpose river valley projects.
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Unit II
: Climate : seasons – temperature and rainfall –
Indian monsoon – climate regions.
Unit III : Soils – types and distribution – Soil erosion and
conservation – natural vegetation – forests ; types
– forest as a resource : Agriculture : major food
crops and regions – rice, wheat and millets,
plantation agriculture – sugarcane, tobacco, jute,
cotton, groundnut, castor and mustard –
agricultural regions
Unit IV : Problems of Indian Agriculture – livestock wealth
of India – Indian fisheries.
Unit V : Mineral resources : Iron Maganese, Bauxite,
Limestone, Copper, Zinc and Gold – distribution
and production – power resources : Coal, oil,
hydro-electricity, Thermal and atomic power
development – distribution and production,
Industries : Agro-based industries – textiles –
cotton, jute, woollen – sugar ;
Unit VI : Metallurigical industries: Iron and Steel,
aluminium, engineering and machine tools,
automobiles and locomotives, ship building,
chemical industries, paper and fertilizer
Unit VII : Transport : roadways – railways and airways –
trade : Inland and foreign – export and import.
Unit VIII : Population : distribution and density – rural and
urban growth – migration.
Unit IX : Tamilnadu : Physiography – climate – drainage
– soil and natural vegetation – agriculture ;
distribution of paddy, sugarcane and millets –
plantation agriculture.
Unit X : Distribution of minerals and industries –
population ; distribution density and growth.
12
REFERENCES
1. Gopal Singh, 1970. Geography of India, Atma Ram Nad
Sols.
2. Singh, R.L. India, A Regional Geogrpahy, UBS
Publishers and Distributiors Ltd., Seena Publication
3. Spate, O.H.K. India and Pakistan
4. Sharma, Economic Geography of India
5. Singh and Memoria, Geography of India
6. Memoria, Agricultural Geography of India
7. Dubey, R.N. 1971, Economic Geography of India
PAPER VI - GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT
Unit I
: Geographical Thought – Definition – sources of
data for ancient people – Travel in ancient times
– purposes of travel. Pre-historical western
geographical thought – Greeks: Greek
Contribution to Physical geography, Human
Geography, Cartography, Mathematical
Geography.
Unit II
: Contribution of Homer, Aristotile, Heradoters,
Eueateslhenes, Alexander the Great, Hecataeus,
Role of Pheonians.
Unit III : Contribution of Romans : Strabe Ptolomy,
Porubonius mela, Lfirmanus. Ancient Indian
Geographical Thought : Sources of information
– Contribution of Indians to Information regarding
– geography of India, Dwipas, Seasons – earth
and sun, earth quakes etc.
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Unit IV : Contributions of Kalidasa, Aryabhatta,
Brahamgupta. Arab contribution to geography :
Contribution to physical geography, regional
geography, human geography, contributions of
Almasudi, Albirumi, Al Balakhi, Ibn-Frttenrta
Unit V
: Major exploitations and discoveries : Contribution
of Megallan, Vascodagama, Hume Cook,
Christopher Columbus.
Unit VI : Contribution of modern geographers varenius,
Immanual Kant, Alexander Von Humbold, Carl
Ritter.
Unit VII : Determinism,Possibilism and New determinism.
Unit VIII : Contributions of Radzel, Ellensemple, La
Blackehn, Ellsworth Huntington, Griffith Taylor.
Unit IX : Evolution of Man : Pethuneseman, Javaman,
Neandartalman, Cromagnonman, Jaboth and
Neolithic age.
UNIT X : Races of Mankind : Characteristics of racial
features – distribution of races, race as a mith.
REFERENCES
1. Ali, Geography of Peranas : Peoples publishing house,
Delhi
2. Evolution of geographical thought : Masjit Hussain,
Rawat Publication
3. Majumdar, Canningham’s ancient geography of India,
Calcutta
4. Harvey, Explanations in Geography, London
14
PAPER VII - COMPUTERS, REMOTE
SENSING AND GIS
Unit I
: Map Design and layout : components of map
design – constraints in map design.
Unit II
: Typography and lettering of the map; elements
of typographic design – methods of lettering –
geographical names and others.
Unit III : Map reproduction, printing and non-printing
processes – limited copy methods – xerography
– diffusion transfer – photographic print- single
sensitized layer – multiple senitized layers –
Interpol systems. Digital original – Hard copy –
soft copy – methods for many copies.
Unit IV : Thematic and complex mapping problem; Atlas
mapping, National Atlas of India – topographic
mapping
Unit V
: Remote Sensing – Definition – electromagnetic
spectrum – sensors – processing of remote
sensing data – development of aerial
photographs – photo mosaic – photo maps –
satellite imageries in cartography.
Unit VI : Introduction : Geography and computer
applications : Purpose, interacting with computer,
Storing information, network and data
communications -Computer Software : The
operating System, Word Processing, and Desk
top publishing, Spread Sheet concepts
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Unit VII : Database : Definition, over view, components of
data base, data base applications - Data base
and Management System ; Data base and
Information Systems ; Cartographic Data bases
and GIS
Unit VIII : Remote Sensing : Scope and Advantages –
Types of Environmental Remote Sensing –
Satellite Remote Sensing – Remote Sensing
Applications
Unit IX : GIS – Concept of GIS – Components of GIS –
GIS data types – GIS and Map Design layout.
Unit X
: GIS analysis – GIS software and Hardware – GIS
applications
REFERENCES
1. A.H. Robinson, Elements of Cartography, 6th Edition,
John Wiley, New York.
2. Misra, R.P. and Ramesh, A. Fundamentals of
Cartography, Heritage Co., Delhi.
3. Monkhouse F.J. and Wilkinson, H.P Maps and Diagram,
Muthen & Co., Ltd., London.
4. Peter Nortons (1995). “Introduction to Computers”,
Published by Gelncoe, New York.
5. Arthur H. Robinson, Joel L.Morrison, Phillip
C.Muehrcke, A.Jon Kimerbling – Elements of
Cartography, 6th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. George Bokorte, The GIS Book, 5th Ed. Onward Press
7. Paul J.Currian, Principles of Remote Sensing, ELBS.
16
PAPER VIII - WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
Unit I
: Definition of region – Physical elements – Space
relationships – Weather and climate – landforms
– hydrology.
Unit II
: Natural vegetation – Forest, Grasslands, Desert.
Unit III : The Associated animal life – Salient features of
their adaptation.
Unit IV : Soil – human elements – population – economic
activities – cultural features
Unit V
: World Regions : Major climatic Regions of the
world.
Unit VI : Location and characteristics features Equatorial
Region: Highland and low land regions , Tropical
region; Monsoon, Tropical Grassland and
Tropical deserts
Unit VII : Warm Temperate Regions : Mediterranean,
Temperate Grasslands, China type. Cool
Temperate Regions
Unit VIII : British type of Marine West Coasts, Siberian Type
and Laurentian type.
Unit IX : Polar Regions : Highland or Ice Cap type,
Lowland or Tundra type.
Unit X
: Regions – Development of Regional Concept –
Formal and Functional regions – Regional
Hierarchy
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REFERENCES
1. Oliver, H. Heintzelman, Richard M. Highsmith, J.R.
(1965). World Regional Geography – Printice Hall of
India (P) Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Roger Minshull (1967). Regional Geography : Theory
and Practice, Hutchinson University Library, London
PAPER IX - PRACTICAL III – MAP
INTERPRETATION AND SURVEY, MAPS,
PROJECTIONS, GIS AND GPS
Part – A
Unit I
: Signs and symbols used in topographical
maps,Topographical maps and their referencing
by quarter inch, half inch and one inch maps of
survey of India.
Unit II
: Cartographic description of Survey of
India,Cartographic description of ordinance
survey, United States Geological Maps.
Unit III : Interpretation of 1:50,000 topographical maps
of survey of India (maps highlighting of typical
landforms including drainage and coastal areas
and cultural features should be done) a minimum
of 6 exercise.
Unit IV : Simple methods of surveying: surveying with
chain – open and closed traverse, Prismatic
compass – Recalculation of bearing – Bowditch
method of correction of closing error.
18
Unit V
: Plane table survey: Open and closed traverses
– Resection by two point and three point method,
Abney level – Indian Clinometer – height
determination by accessible and inaccessible,
Aerial Photo interpretation.
Part – B
Unit VI : Study of weather symbols, weather data and
codes – station model, Study and interpretation
of Indian Weather Reports Interpretation of
Weather reports according to seasons – study
of cyclonic tracks.
Unit VII : Cylindrical Projection: equidistant, equal area and
Mercator’s Projection ; Conical Projection; One
standard and Two standard parallels – Bonne’s
Projection and Polyconic Projection.
Unit VIII : Conventional (Whole World) Projections –
Sinusoidal and Mollwids Projections – their
interrupted types, Choice of map projections.
Unit IX :
Unit X
Definition of map projection – purpose of map
projections, Graphical construction and
properties of the map projection, Zenithal
projection – equidistant, equal area, gnomonic
and stereographic or orthomorphic projections.
: GIS – Raster Encoding, GPS – Location and
Routing.
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REFERENCES
1. Raghunandan Singh, Practical Geography
2. Kentkar, Elements of Surveying
3. Austin Miller, Skin of the Earth
4. Monkhouse, F.J. Maps and Diagrams
5. Her Majesty Publications, Map Reading.
6. Johnson and Ormsby, Surveying and Map Reading
7. Singh and Dutt, Practical Geography
8. Monkhouse, Maps and Diagram
CANDIDATES OFFERING GEOGRAPHY
SHALL OFFER ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
APPLICATION ORIENTED SUBJECTS IN
THIRD YEAR
1. Demographic Studies
2.Geography of Tourism
3. Medical Geography
4. Socio-economic studies
and PRA
1. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Unit I
:
Demography – Scope, contents and trends,
relevance of Demographic studies
Unit II
:
Demographic Studies and its applications
Unit III :
Population Information – Census and Sample
surveys – Fertility Services – Household surveys
20
Unit IV :
Study of Demographic structure – Population
distribution and structure - Age-sex variation
Unit V
:
Ethnicity – literacy structure – occupation
differences- Income variation.
Unit VI :
Growth dynamics – Growth estimation – Impacts
of death and birth growth
Unit VII :
Population movements – rural-urban
movements, intra - national and international
migrations- migration and growth
Unit VIII :
Population dynamics – Demographic transition
– mortality factors- Population changes
Unit IX :
Demographic Planning and problems:
Population Problems- Planning in Developed
and Developing countries.
Unit X
Demographic studies: Policies – population
resources - Population geography in the 21st
century.
:
REFERENCES
1. Clark. I., (1984). Geography of Population: Approaches
and Applications. Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.
2. Chandna, R.C. (1984). A Geography of Population,
Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
21
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2. GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM
Unit I : Tourism – Definition – Development of tourism
– Model of Tourism : Origins, Destinations,
Transit – Factors of tourism
Unit II
: Physical, Historical, Socio-Cultural, Economic,
Environmental,
Education,
Political,
Recreational, Natural Wonders.
Unit III : Types of tourism : Cultural toursim, Eco Tourism,
adventure tourism, Heritage tourism,
Pilgrimages – Measurement of tourism
Phenomena
Unit IV : The need for measurement – Problems of
measurement – Method of measurement –
tourist statistics
Unit V
: Components of tourism industry – travel,
hospitality, visitors services – distance, modes,
cost – culture and hospitality – food, beverages
– stay and accommodation.
Unit VI : Accommodation – types of accommodation,
Chain accommodation, time sharing – tours,
tour operators – private and public tourism
development corporations.
Unit VII : Tourism promotion – Role of advertising and
publicity, audio-visual, photographs, posters,
information offices – Role of handicrafts, fairs,
festival, Exhibition
Unit VIII : World Tourism Organizations – WTO, IATA,
PATA, IUOTO – International tourists flows
22
Unit IX : Indian Tourism, major types - India as a paradise
for tourists -Importance of tourism in Indian
Economy
Unit X : Consultant of tourism development – Measure
of promoting tourism – Tourism Development
in Tamil Nadu.
REFERENCE
1. Maneet Kumar (1992). “Tourism Today “ , Kanishka
Publishing House, Delhi
2. Michael M.Coltman (1989) “ Tourism Marketing”, Van
Nostrand Reintold, New York
3. Fodder Hoddles, Fodder’s Guide of India, Hoden and
Strongton
4. Rosemary Burton (1995). Travel Geography, Pitman
Publishing, London.
3. MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY
Unit I
: Medical Geography – Introduction – Scope –
Contents – components of medical geography
Unit II
: Environment and diseases – water borne
diseases – air borne diseases – mineral
enrichment and deficiencies – diseases
Unit III : Culture and Health – food habits, family and
community life, traditional outlook,
Unit IV : Food and health:, habits, Food habits, family
and community life, traditional outlook, religion
and health
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Unit V
: Society and Health – Sanitation, modernization,
Western way of living and emerging
health
issues
Unit VI : Ecology and diseases – diseases epidemics –
communicable and contagious diseases
Unit VII : Disease mapping : disease related data –
disease mapping – disease analysis
Unit VIII : Natural hazards – disasters calamities and
health problems
Unit IX : Health Planning – Health Care Centers and
planning- Family and community health planning
Unit X
: Health and health care systems in Tamil Nadu
REFERENCES
1. Learmonth, Andrew (1978). Patterns of Disease and
Hunger – A Study in Medical Geography, David and
Charles, London.
2. Misra, R.P. (1969). Medical Geography of India, N.B.T.,
New Delhi
3. Howe, M. and Loraine (Eds.) Environmental Medicine
(2nd Edition), William Jeinemanu.
4. Pyle, G.F. (1979). Applied Medical Geography, W.H.
Winston-Sons, Washington D.C.
24
4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES AND PRA
Unit I
:
Socio-economic studies – Introduction - need scope and limitations
Unit II
:
Socio economic studies and its applications.
Unit III :
Social groups: social groups and culture - Village
and Urban community
Unit IV :
Religious and cultural groups- religious
communities – ethnic societies
Unit V
:
Assessment, Approaches and Integrated study
for Planning and Development
Unit VI :
PRA – Definition- scope - importance of the
study
Unit VII :
PRA - Conceptual understanding – Principles
of PRA – Advantages of PRA
Unit VIII :
PRA methods – space related social and
resource maps – transact – participatory census
Unit IX :
PRA and Time : Trend analysis – seasonal
diagrams – activity schedules
Unit X
PRA and relational methods - Network and
important diagrams – matrix and Venn diagrams
:
REFERENCES
1 . Somesh Kumar, Methods for Community participation.
Vistar Publication, New Delhi.
25