OFFICE,
CHIEF
OF
Fort
350.05/56(DOCI)(C)(29
SUBJECT:
Dissemination
.IIn
accordance
and necessary
action.
to take
agencies
it may
be desirable
on a particular
item
serves
2.
them
These
Processing
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our
in certain
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In-
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EXTRACTS
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applicable
Field
FORCES:
AGC
Adjutant
clas-
compatible
intent
which
appear
are
CHATHAM
Lt Col,
Asst
which
classification
to paraphrase
E,XTRACTS
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at the company-battery
THE
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No effort
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Forces
Information
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upon
to develop
concerning
SECRET.
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with
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command.
3.
sified
action
to reaffirm
informed
29 August
SR 525-85-5,
It may
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52)
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Attn: Ground Forces Officer
UNCLASSIFIEP
UNCLASSIFIED
SOURCE:
Command
March
DATE:
Report
- 223d
Infantry
Regiment
Source
1952
No 440
(RESTRICTED)
FINDING
WIRE LINE
has proven
extremely
tion,
ficulty
When
and time.
tor
into
tor
tone.
that particular
When
built by the Radio Sec- The oscillator,
in finding a line break with minimum
difoperator
plugs the oscillais out, the switchboard
BREAKS.
helpful
wire
A lineman
jack.
he no longer
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
April
Report
hears
- 40th
in checking
the tone,
Inf Div
the line
he has
will
the break
hear
the oscilla-
bracketed.
Arty
1952
Source
No 441
(CONFIDENTIAL)
PREPARATION
those
selected
to determine
prepare
against
Construction
installations,
was
undertaken,
exercise
tactical
was
fast
high
that
moving
and the
successfully
nor
Headquarters
defense
of atomic
the fear
against
against
atomic
weapons
of atomic
adequate
attack
for
as
under
were
elaborate
conditions
A solution,
conducted
as this
less
without
would
static
an enemy
bombing;
for
all
installations,
protection
for
entire project
completed
on 30 April.
completed
within the time prescribed
functions
all
to
of
vital
and
Although
the
and current
impairment,
it
in a
the present.
ondly,the
when threatened
by atomic
attack,
would be to assign
high
to construction
of, first,
the minimum
vital installations
and, secnecessary
personnel
shelters
and to continue
less
vital construction
as time
and the tactical
priority
situation
permit.
UNCLASSIFIED
Over
to
personnel
not be possible
than
of
by education.
cover
nonvital
one
designed
and the means
overhead
and overhead
was
‘I a program
in operations
and revetments
all-round
an installation
situation
passive
to include
walls
providing
- This
MUSHROOM,
engaged
effects
and to dispel
and administrative
is obvious
for
the
of shelters
roof
shelters
of a unit
with
them;
ATTACK.
in “Exercise
adequate
personnel
suitable
ATOMIC
the capability
installations
familiarize
defense
FOR
to participate
UNCLASSlFlED
A portion
of the final
Man-hours
Steel
pickets
wire
as incoming
and outgoing
and all wire
heads
ground
only
one
and one half
placed
miles
from
of wire
of the
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
January
the
The
radio
wire
placed
stations
relay
all
lines
as
in a bunker
were
placed
under-
station
established
during
the period
the FSCC.
required
requirements
Report
was
during
to install
all local
switchboard
and a remote
exposed,
operations
necessary
attack,
were dug to cover
lines:
circuits
special
to permit
it was
underground.
the antenna
Maintenance
exclusive
of the installation
an atomic
Ditches
underground.
with
of a complete
defensive
installation
affords
and in many cases
has permitted
the demonstra-
of ingenuity.
the design
following
circuits
well
construction
examples
with
6” x 16’ )
111 hours
opportunities,
of noteworthy
(average
574
used
that
training
or immediately
13,797
56,384
operator
It is apparent
follows:
3, 278
used
In keeping
on the exercise
used
Logs
Bulldozer
tion
statistics
required
Sandbags
excellent
2
891
man-hours
of Exercise
MUSHROOM.
- I US Corps
1952
Source
No 442
(RESTRICTED)
BATTLEFIELD
of a 5-gallon
nade,
oil
WP;
can
prima
(filled
approximately
cord
inside
with
grenade,
cord;
oil
WP
the blasting
with
the wire
‘to the
5-gallon
the
oil
blasting
in a hole
ground
flare.
6% napalm;
level.
can with
caps,
which
This
expedient
and Ml5
No 8.
permits
Wind single
one end free;
consists
incendiary
Put the
the can
gre-
5-gallon
to protrude
strand of prima
attach to this loose
cap.
Remove
the fuze from the Ml5 Incendiary
a No 8 electric
blasting
cap into the fuze well in the
and insert
grenade
with
electric
5-gallon
blasting
ing cap
- 5-gallon
filled
gal napalm)
above
the lip of the
Secure
can
and two
4-l/2
2 inches
end a No 8 electric
nade.
ILLUMINATION.
lubricating
cap to the
attached
oil
can
UNClASSrFlED
grenade
to the blasting
carrying
handle
by making
cap.
with
a half-hitch
Secure
wire.
around
the grenade
Join
one
grethe
and blast-
end of the
UNCLASSIHED
wire
from
cap that
the blasting
is attached
double
strand
battery
BA70
is-ready
Corps,
60-mm
an area
50 yards
containers
Spiral
Wire,
shell
cans.
mortar
These
MLR
blasting
machine
This expedient
detonation.
suitable
flares
to one end of the wire of the blasting
Attach the remaining
two wires
to the
cord.
When connected
wire.
lo-cap
illuminate
Other
Signal
to the prima
detonating
or
for
and will
cap in the grenade
should
utilizing
the procedure
No 4 Can;
enemy
W 130 detonating
wire
and
the munition
30 minutes
in diameter.
Chemical
be emplaced
so as to silhouette
with
as an electrical
source,
will burn approximately
Corps,
a minimum
troops
outlined
above
Chloride
of Lime
of 100 yards
and not blind
friendly
include:
forward
Can;
of the
groups.
(RESTRICTED)
DEMONSTRATION
demonstration
effect
was
of VT
emphasize
enemy
fuze
that
storms
is felt
that
courses
OF
presented
against
our
our
OVER
This
exercise
AND
3d Infantry
in tanks
Division
down
permits
should
- A firing
to show the negative
Purpose
was to
on our
own troops
us to remain
be added
in the United
TANKS.
and bunkers.
can be brought
positions.
in training
BUNKERS
by the
personnel
own fires
a similar
used
VT
in our
to the battle
when
the
positions.
It
indoctrination
on
States.
(CONFIDENTIAL)
TANK
drive
Battalion.
the
FINAL
output
Four
3d Division
Two
tanks
compresses
resistant
DRIVE
shafts
are
OUTPUT
output
the molecular
to fatigue
tested
t anks having
M46
30 January
have
SHAFTS.
to be field
cracks
for
the new
field
shafts
testing
which
structure
which
- Two
in the near
type
of the
usually
been
shaft
radiate
type
final
64th
Tank
output
by this
have
experimental
future
by the
shafts
were
is sued
to
tank battalion.
“shot
peened.
which
should
inward
from
”
This
make
process
it more
the outside
splined
surfaces.
The
diameter
shaft
remaining
has
is being
should
reduce
The
routine
distance
64th
two tanks
been
drilled
tested
preventive
travelled
of this
Battalion
to be kept
output
of the
that hollow
shafts.
shaft
shafts
A hole one-inch
in
to a depth of 18 inches.
will
have
more
torque
This
which
unit.
is to give
maintenance
are
hollow
in the center
on the theory
the failures
Tank
have
the tanks
of them.
Records
by the battalion.
Over
UNCLASSIFIED 3
normal
Korean
on length
Monthly
usage
of time
inspections
and perform
operated
are
and
to
UNCLASWED
be pulled
down
by the
the final
fatigue
drive
cracks
Output
with
703d
Ordnance
Company
assemblies
This
(3d Div).
and inspecting
the
ircludes
shafts
for
tearing
indications
of
or failures.
shaft
M46
4
failures
tanks
have
operating
SOURCE:
Command
Report
DATE:
February
1952
been
one of the major
in the Korean
troubles
experienced
theater.
I US Corps
Source
No 443
(CONFIDENTIAL)
MAINTENANCE
about
AND
maint enanc e,
OPERATION
and operation
OF
M46
of the M46
TANK.
tank
- The
are
following
presented
for
points
informa-
tion:
1.
Final
drive
gear
2.
Final
drive
output
ment
output
spacers
the
spacers
ment
shafts
are
are
a press
from
output
Master
junction
relays,
sticking
Muffler
pipes
and increases
5.
are
Gas
pipe
subjected.
danger
tanks
develop
break
because
break,
These
units
to remove
spacers.
Replace-
at the units.
of sticking
and burning
clamps
using
the
arrive
because
Replace-
spacers.
for
damaging
should
to operate
of engine
cracks
without
and shear.
shaft
impossible
breakers,
clamps
cracks
the output
spacers
fail
When
radial
virtually
shafts
circuit
exhaust
they
without
with
boxes
or break..
develop
output
complete
3.
4.
shafts
received
current
which
shear
fit and it is
broken
shafts
teeth
reverse
out of ballast
of the intense
flames
escape
bulbs.
heat
from
to
muffler
fires.
along
one
or more
of their
too numerous
seams.
6.
prevent
7.
during
great
Track
center
thrown
tracks
Auxiliary
cold
deal
guides
generators
weather.
to keep
are
on rough
too narrow,
or hilly
develop
rod
In static
situations
the battery
charged.
UNCLASSlFlED
too pointed,
and too
short
to
terrain.
and piston
failures
the auxiliary
Since
the
speed
particularly
generator
is run a
of the auxiliary
it speeds up to the governor RPM upon
generator is governor controlled,
This high initial
starting and takes over the load of the main generator.
It is recommended
that a hand throttle be
RPM is hard on a cold engine.
installed on the auxiliary generator to keep down the RPM during the warm
up period.
(CONFIDENTIAL)
COMPARISON
OF CENTURIAN
III AND M46.
POWER
good but not powerful enough
CENTURIAN
III. - Engines are considered
it
has
been
noted
that this tank does have
for the weight of the tank; however,
a good cruising speed on hard surface roads and has been able to climb steep
hills.
M46. - The power of the engine is adequate to propel the tank at relatively
When climbing steep hills or
high speeds on flat or gently rolling terrain.
when towing another M46 tank the power of the engine is not fully utilized
because of the gear ratio in the final drive and slippage in the transmission.
MOBILITY
CENTURIAN
III.
1.
The tank has adequate
2.
The hill climbing
speed on flat or gently
ability
rolling
terrain.
of the tank is excellent.
4 feet deep.
3. The tank has forded water approximately
Rice paddies
with mud 10 inches deep were easily traversed.
Four tanks were seen to
maneuver over an earth dyke with a vertical face 4 feet high.
The top of the
dyke was 7 feet wide with a gully 2 feet deep running through the middle.
The
far side of the dyke was approximately
12 feet high with a 65O slope leading
into a soft rice paddy 10 inches deep.
The four tanks in trace negotiated
this obstacle with no difficulty.
4.
The tank makes gradual turns as compared
turns of which the M46 tank is capable.
with the sharp abrupt
5. The Centurian III Tank has safely traversed
the US M2 Treadway
Bridge; however,
because of the weight of the tank, the safety factor for the
bridge has been materially
reduced.
When a Centurian III crosses
a pontoon
bridge,
the bride Ie almost submerges.
Over
IED _"
UNCLASSIF
UNCLASSIF'IED 6
M46.
The tank has considerable
1.
speed on flat or gently
rolling
terrain.
2. The tank has climbed hills approximately
30°; however,
when negotiating turns on steep slopes all the power is diverted to one track which then
to back the tank in a direction tangent
spins in place . It is then necessary
to the turn and then start uphill in the direction of the turn.
tends to overheat.
3. When climbing long steep hills the transmission
The transmission
is cooled by braking the tank and running the engine for a
few minutes.
4.
Neutral steer for pivoting the tank in place is seldom used because
it places a severe strain on final drives and output shafts and tends to cause
thrown tracks.
Traction is fair on muddy hills, in rice paddies or in heavy muddy
Traction would be improved if the per-square-inch
ground pressure
ground.
were decreased
and if the track blocks had deeper chevrons.
5.
6. Tracks. are thrown easily
guides of the track are considered
the tracks.
when traversing
lateral slopes.
The center
to be too narrow and too pointed for securing
ARMOR
CENTURIAN
M46.
III.
- See page
PROTECTION
- Unknown but believed
13,
TM 9-718,
FUEL
CENTURIAN
April
to be good.
1951.
ECONOMY
III.
1. Unknown but reportedly
with the M46 tank.
by a British
Officer
to compare
favorably
M46.
1.
.Approximately
3 gallons
per mile
under average
2. Because of cold weather warm up periods
and difficult terrain average gasoline consumption
per mile.
conditions.
and maneuvering
is approximately
over hilly
4 gallons
UNCLASSIFIED 8
MECHANICAL
RELIABILITY
CENTURIAN
III. - Based on the tank deadline rates, the Centurian
Tank appears to be as mechanically
reliable as the M46 tank.
III
M46.
the tank is not mechanically
reliable; however,
the mechan1. In general,
ical unreliability
can be pinpointed to the following features:
final drives,
outand master junction boxes.
put shafts, oil cooler fan assemblies,
2.
Final
drive
gear teeth shear
or break.
3. Output shafts develop radial cracks and eventually
believed that this shaft is under designed in strength.
shear.
It is
4.
Oil cooler fan assemblies
are the most unreliable assembly
of the
The
parts
of
the
oil
cooler
fan
assembly
which
frequently
fail
are
the
tank.
Oil cooler fan assembly
shafts, magnetic clutches,
and beveled gears.
failures if not promptly detected cause overheating
and damage to the main
engine and transmission.
It is believed that the junction
5. Master junction boxes fail frequently.
box is too complicated
and controls too many of the electrical
features of the
tank.
The chief failures in the junction box are sticking reverse current relays,
and burning out of ballast bulbs.
sticking circuit breakers
ENGINE
CENTURIAN
M46.
III.
- Unknown
- The engine is the most
reliable
major
assembly
of the tank.
TRANSMISSION
CENTURIAN
III.
- Unknown.
M46.
1. The transmission
by itself is
to overheat when climbing steep hills
transmission
quickly overheats when
inoperative.
This overheating burns
1"c'"?
I,i$b-*.d-
I-vttlr)
generally reliable;
however,
it tends
or when towing other M46 tanks.
The
an oil cooler fan assembly
becomes
out a babbit bearing in the transmission.
+!
UNCLASSIFIED
When the shift linkage
is out of adjustment
2.
transmission
bands occur because
the transmission
than
one gear
oil
seals
are
a moderately
EASE
CENTURIAN
relatively
and wear
is trying
of
to drive
in more
at a time.
Leaking
3.
slippage
- The
III.
long
OF
recurring
defect
in the transmission.
HANDLING
tank is
reported
driving
lever
to handle
very
well.
Turns
are
easy
and
and gradual.
M46.
1.
The
simple.
manual
New
2.
The
drivers
dual
net necessary.
subject
are
control
learn
driving
controls
Because
to extreme
to drive
simplified
fatigue
and,
of the tank
in a relatively
driving
therefore,
short
drivers
time.
compartment
control
the driver
assistant
driver
are
is not
controls
not needed.
FIRE
CENTURIAN
1.
very
the tank
driving
in the assistant
of the
driver
makes
The
2.
cannon
of a bow
in fighting.
machine
3.
is considered
as an artillery
Lack
close
III.
tank
effective
guns
POWER
defect
on the tank
The
life
The
90-mm
weapon
machine
This
an excellent
against
gun reduces
of the tube
personnel
and
weapon.
bunkers
the effectiveness
can be partially
commanders
antitank
overcome
It is
.
of the tank
by mounting
.30
for
Cal
cupola.
is
reported
to be approximately
is
considered
100 rounds.
M46.
1.
types
cannon
an excellent
weapon
against
all
of targets.
2.
The
gun furnish
coaxial
machine
excellent
small
gun,
arms
antiaircraft
fire
support
Over
UNCLASSIFIED
9
machine
gun,
for
in and distant
close
and bow
machine
firing.
10
CNCLASSIFIED
(CONFIDENTIAL)
FLAIL
A conference
1.
ical
TANK.
details
Rebuild
The
in the flail
following
rotation
which
flail
motion
along
mine
by the
Engineers
will
be tried
and incorporated
the
transmission.
in absorbing
flail
drum
It is
expected
and countering
is
caused
that
any
to rotate
reverse
in reverse
will
gear
can
be used
absorb
to transfer
some
power
reverse
from
motion
drive
if blast
in reverse.
will
be used
in reverse
the reverse
A prestone
high
expected
Auxiliary
caused
f.
mines
a fluid
gears
type
clutches
rotates
with
with
worm
to rotate
to handle
e.
dust
the mechan-
type
on ends
thus
helping
worm
gears
of flail
absorb
drum.
the
and fluid
The
reverse
discs
drum
transmission
of
motor
d.
motors
to be constructed
modifications
when
This
Disc-type
if drum
auxiliary
to decide
of a mine.
type
drums.
drum
c.
slip
tanks
be effective
occur
detonation
Reverse
to flail
engine
will
might
upon
b.
will
mechanical
An auxiliary
transmission
causes
in flail
on 31 January
tank:
a.
shaft
in Tokyo
of JLC.
the fluid
direction
held
to be incorporated
Depot
2.
was
motor
by the
The
in front
pressure
high
will
use
system
will
be used
in auxiliary
temperatures.
two air
cleaners
because
of excessive
flail.
flail
drum
will
of the flails.
detoxn
cooling
operating
between
rotate
Opposite
the flail
forward
so that
rotation
flail
of drum
and the tank which
chains
would
was
detonate
have
considered
caused
unsatisfac-
tory.
The flail is to be designed
g.
at end of flail chains.
h.
tank hull.
suspension.
Round
The
tubing
tubing
will
will
This
will
interference
from
the flail
tubing
be less
would
be used
be mounted
allow
repairs
to carry
if available
pear
to mount
on the tank hull
to the tank
attachments.
susceptable
5-pound
the flail
rather
suspension
shaped
than
system
weights
drum
on
on the tank
without
It was also believed
that circular
than box-type
beams
to damage
from mine
blasts.
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
flail
i. Recoil springs of 155 guns will be used to absorb
system is blown upward by mine blast.
j-
Fuel
for the auxiliary
motor
will be piped from
shock when
main fuel tanks of
vehicle.
k.
cut barbed
Disc-type
wire cutters will be placed on both ends of flail drum to
wire and telephone wire which may wind up on the drum.
1. The flail drum will be built one foot wider on each end than the
width of the M4A3E8 tank.
m.
The M4A3E8
tank instead
of the M-46
will be used to mount the
flail.
n. The representatives
of JLC estimated that the first flail tank
would be completed in one month after necessary
material was assembled.
Subsequent flail tanks would follow at the rate of one a week.
(RESTRICTED)
FIELD EXPEDIENT
BRIDGE LAYING TANK.
- At the request of I Corps
G3 steps were taken to develop a bridge laying tank.
Such a tank would be
used during an advance to cross blown bridges, or AT ditches.
During WW II
a bridge laying tank had been developed from the old M31 recovery tank.
Present plans were to adopt the M32 recovery tank to lay standard engineer
M2 steel treadway and it was decided to build a steel adapter for the M32
This adapter would be designed to fit and be secured by steel
recovery
tank.
pins to the two front lifting hooks and the two front towing shackles of the
tank.
With this pin arrangement
the adapter could be easily removed when the
tank was not needed for laying a bridge.
The purpose of the adapter was to
serve as the rear support for the forked ends of the steel treadway when the
bridge was in the carrying position.
To provide stability to the bridging when being carried by the tank an
8” I beam was bolted across the treadways approximately
seven (7) feet from
the forward end of the treadways.
On the center of this I beam was welded
a lifting hook to which was attached the winch cable of the tank for lifting the
bridge.
For use of the bridge carrying tank during a tactical operation it was
agreed that the winch cable would have to be attached to the lifting hook by
means of a quick release clevice or pin.
The clevice or pin would be released
by pulling on a string or wire from inside the tank.
Thus it would be unnecessary for any crew member to dismount to release the winch cable while the
bridge was being laid in position.
The treadway spacer bars were modified
UNCLASSIFIED12
so that they could be pinned securely at each end to the steel
it was agreed that this modification
was not necessary.
treadway;
however,
The plans called for the M32 recovery tank to lift and carry twenty-four
Because of the weight of the bridging
feet of double track M2 steel treadway.
(about 5 tons) and the leverage
exerted on the boom the front bogie steel volute
springs compressed
considerable
and the back end of the tank raised slightly
To prevent
and the rear end of the tracks lost firm contact with the ground.
standard plates were bolted to volute spring
damage to the volute springs,
housing to prevent complete compression
and failure of the volute springs.
The tendency of the rear end of the tracks to raise off the ground was more
This
pronounced when the tank was going down hill or into depressions.
tendency places the entire weight on the front part of the track and increases
the per-square-inch
ground pressure
of that part of the track in contact with
the ground; therefore,
it is believed that the tank carrying the bridging would
the tank could carry the bridging on
bog down in soft ground.
However,
fairly level and firm roads.
To make the tank more maneuverable,
experiments
were conducted with
the tank carrying twenty-four
feet of single track steel treadway.
The twentyfour feet of single track treadway was mounted with the rear forked ends in
The front end of the treadway was lifted by
the center of the steel adapter.
attaching the winch cable to a chain fastened to the treadway at a point about
With the load to be carried
seven feet from the front end of the treadway.
thus cut in half, the tank became more stable and maneuverable
and the entire
tank track remained in firmer contact with the ground.
With training and
experience
a crew should be able to carry and place separately,
across a
ditch or blown bridge,
the two separate twenty-four
foot sections of the steel
treadway.
Training will enable the tank crew to space the two treadways so
that an M4A3E8 or M46 tank can fit on and cross the bridge.
Although no work was done on carrying or placing the center planking
for the treadway it was agreed and deemed advisable to have engineer troops
prepared and ready to install center planking on the bridge so that all types of
vehicles could cross the bridge.
CONCLUSIONS
carry and lay
1. An M32 recovery tank equipped with an adaptercan
across a gap twenty-four
feet of double track M2 steel treadway.
The ground
must be fairly firm due to high ground pressure
on the forward end of the
tank tracks.
UNCLASSIFIED
i
UNCI_ASSlFlED
2.
track
An M32 recovery tank can carry and lay separately,
two single
sections of M2 steel treadway each section being twenty-four
feet long.
3. A recovery tank of the weight and size of an M46 tank could carry,
with more facility than an M32 recovery tank, twenty-four
feet of double
track M2 steel treadway.
(RESTRICTED)
INFANTRY-TANK
COMMUNICATION.
- Undue reliance must not be
placed on the SCR 300 radio for Infantry-Tank
Communication.
Alternate
A
510
radio
accompanying
the
means of communication
must be provided.
infantry could provide direct and alternate means of communicatinn
with
the tanks.
(RESTRICTED)
RADIO T/O&E
part,
CHANGE.
MP COMPANY.
1. Radio equipment currently authorized by T/O&E
(SCR 610 and SCR 619) is inadequate because:
a. Limited range in miles.
over one hundred and fifty miles.
19-37,
The road net now patrolled
for the most
extends
well
rough, making it impossible
b. All roads in the area are extremely
to keep the SCR 610 and SCR 619 in alignment.
It is normal to have a radio
fail after less than an hour on the road, although several hours may have been
spent getting the radio into operation.
c. The excessive
amount of maintenance
required in keeping
610 and SCR 619 in alignment and adjustment limits their availability
and ties up unit and higher echelon repair facilities.
the SCR
for use
2.
In view of the above, it is requested that the eleven SCR-610
and the
six SCR-619
currently on hand in this organization
be replaced by Radio Set
AN/GRC-9
and the 622d Military Police Company be authorized to draw an
additional six AN/GRC-9’s
for installation
in those patrol vehicles not now
authorized any communications
equipment.
3. Approval of the request contained in paragraph 3 above would authorize
the 622d MP Company to have a total of twenty-eight
AN/GRC-9
‘s.
Since the
company already has authorization
for five AN/GRC-9’s
all twenty-eight
patrol
vehicles would be similarly
equipped with a radio which has already proven
its dependability in this organization.
UN@
UNCLASSIFIED14
(CONFIDENTIAL)
FAILURE
OF OIL COOLER
1.
The
quarters
principal
is failure
cause
of parts
for
FAN ASSEMBLY
deadlined
of the oil
cooler
ON M46 TANK.
M46 tanks
in units
of this
head-
fan assembly.
2. Contrary to the report to GHQ Ordnance Officer by Mr F. Blair,
Technical Representative
of Allison Division GMC, and Mr L. Cass,
Technical
failures
are
also
occuring
in the
Representative
of Continental Motors Corp,
oil cooler fan assembly
of the M46Al tank.
3. As an example of the large number of failures
assembly,
the following figures are quoted:
UNIT
Number
64th Tank Battalion
73d Tank Battalion
of Failures
of the oil cooler
fan
NOV
DEC
JAN
23
16
22
27
32
35
4.
The parts of the oil cooler fan assembly
which fail most
are the magnetic clutches,
fan shafts,
and beveled gears.
frequently
5. It is the ansi&red
opinion of staff officers and the using units of this
headquarters
that the present performance
and design of the oil cooler fan
assembly
for the M46 and M46Al tanks are unsatisfactory.
6.
It is recommended
that:
a.
Urgent steps be taken to redesign the present oil cooler fan
and that redesigned assemblies
be shipped promptly to Korea.
b.
That steps be taken to insure an adequate supply for Korea
parts of the oil cooler fan assembly
now in use.
assembly
the principal
of
(RESTRICTED)
Z-INCH CHEVRON BLOCKS AS TRACK GROUSERS.
- It was finally
decided that spacing Z-inch steel chevron blocks every fourth block into a
regular steel track offered the best solution to the problem of more traction.
The battalion was issued two complete sets of T-80E4
steel tracks with 2inch chevrons.
The tracks were taken apart and the track blocks were spaced
into the regular steel tracks.
The battalion reports that the Z-inch chevrons
serve as track grousers
and the traction has been materially
increased.
It
was pointed out, however,
that the Z-inch chevron blocks do cause a vibration
in the suspension
system if the tank is driven on a hard surface road.
UNCIASS\FIED
(CONFIDENTIAL)
IMPROVING
HILL-CLIMBING
ABILITY
of the hill climbing
notes, for improvement
recommended:
1.
OF M46 TANK.
- The following
ability of the M46 tank, are
Final Drive.
a. The final drive gears should be geared lower to give greater driving
The present final drive gear ratio gives the tank
power but at slower speeds.
speed on flat or gently rolling terrain but does not give ideal or maximum
power for climbing hills.
b. Final drive gears have sheared or stripped while climbing hills
A lower final drive gear ratio as mentioned
or making turns in rough terrain.
in paragraph a above and stronger final drive gears are recommended.
c.
The output shafts of the final drive develop radial cracks and
The
output shaft has been known to shear when the tank is climbing
shear.
It is virtually impossible
to drive the
a hill or rolling along a level road.
The exact cause for failure of the
tank if one of the output shafts breaks.
A stronger output shaft is recommended.
output shaft is not known.
2.
Tracks.
A 2-inch chevron
a. The track blocks should have chevrons 2” deep.
will dig or scoop deeper into the ground and give better traction.
About five
sets of 2-inch chevron tracks have been received to date.
Units are disassembling these tracks and spacing individual blocks in their old I-inch chevron
tracks.
A larger supply of tracks with 2-inch chevrons is recommended.
b.
The M46 tank has a tendency to throw tracks when making turns
on hills or when traversing
the lateral slopes of hills.
The track center guides
are too narrow, too pointed, and too short to prevent the toad wheels from
riding over them when the tracks dig in or slip on lateral slopes.
3. Transmission.
- The transmission
oil tends to overheat when climbing
long steep hills.
The oil can be cooled by stopping the tank and running engine
in neutral for 2-5 minutes.
Crews in combat can not afford to stop and wait
that long.
A more efficient oil cooling system than the present troublesome
oil cooler fan assembly
is recommended.
Over
15
UNCLASSlFlED l6
4. OilCooler
clutch
magnetic
Fan
Assembly.
of the oil
- The
cooler
shaft,
beveled
fan assembly
gears,
frequently
up” to negotiate
obstacles
or hills.
the engine is “revved
fail on an M46Al
tank, the tank can not be driven under its
be towed;
when
these
parts
distances
and at slow
of the oil
cooler
5.
for
and then
start
modified
transmission
hills
is
tank,
if extreme
to correct
the tank
caution
own power
is exercised.
the weakness
and must
can be driven
for
short
A redesign
in the shaft,
beveled
recommended.
turns
which
on steep
either
the driver
climbing
is
only
making
track
necessary
steep
clutch
- When
Driving.
transmit-none
then
speeds
on an M46
fan assembly
and magnetic
gears,
fail
and
fail especially
when
When these parts
spins
to back
straight
to keep
the tank
into
the turn
power
in both
hills
much
in place
of the power
or digs
into
in a direction
with both
tracks
tangent
tracks
when
is
the ground.
A
pulling.
making
It is
to the turn
turns
on
recommended.
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
March
Report
- I US Corps
1952
Source
No 444
(RESTRICTED)
SKID
Tank
TANK
Battalion
broken
the
FOR
RECOVERY.
built
a metal
by an enemy
skid
have
track broken
battlefield.
mine.
proved
is
use
faster
of a skid
facilitate
to replace
Initial
successful.
apparently
The
skid
- To
also
a tank
tank
track
recovery,
the
which
had been
experiments
in towing
This
of recovering
method
than
attempting
prevents
a disabled
tank
tanks
to repair
additional
with
the tank
damage
245th
on
one
on the
to the
suspension
system.
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
March
Report
- I US Corps,
Artillery
1952
Source
No 445
(RESTRICTED)
ARTILLERY
-AIR
FIRE
the idea
be
and artillery
solved.
Infantry
has
COORDINATION.
Coordination
Center
in Korea;
however,
been
put into
is
practice
relatively
fire
UNCLASSIFIED
- The
concept
within
new and many
coordination
has
of a Fire
the divisions
problems
had a long
Support
and corps
are
yet
to
background
UNCLASSIFIED
of successful
artillery
operating
and air
mining
a flak
VT
fuzed
being
and which
as
safe
all these
strikes,
difficulties
efficient
have
as desired
be undertaken
produce
- That
tion
with
the
activities
the instruction
School.
teaching
in Fire
The
idea
Artillery
tion
of a functioning
School’s
teams
School,
and at division
with
airstrikes,
for
Field
deter-
aircraft
Support
be included
Support
operating
It is
training
further
the Air
Centers.
to students
emphasis
Force
Further
of The
that
that
Artillery
in conferences
should
Air
subject
to
in conjunc-
on the practical
Center
in this
and instruc-
coordination
in the curriculum
recommended
as instructors
from
Force.
with
Coordination’s
Coordination
presented
research
and artillery
that more
Support
to serve
of practical
together
have
coordination
and the Air
is presented
felt
which
of effective
Forces
in air
Support
Fire
problems
a program
doctrine
but it is
curriculum.
be trained
areas
artillery
of Fire
of Fire
The
are
the degree
between
by the Army
practical
however,
of planning
flying
and others
limited
RECOMMENDATION.
tion
is not the case,
problems
program,
and areas
being shelled
with
artillery
concentrations,
the timing
and duration
of silencing
artillery
fire to
with
projectiles,
air
The
suppression
in conjunction
permit
This
experience.
coordination.
at
applica-
be included
in the
Force-Artillery
both
at Service
Schools
in the field.
*
*
8
(RESTRICTED)
DEBRIEFING
Air
Section
Adjusting
OF
maintains
artillery
intelligence
ARTILLERY
is its
gathering
not c ontinuau
s,
for
Artillery
artillery
air
observers.
Artillery
Air
assisting
materially
ommended
Interior
tions
Strip
would
in intelligence
and division
from
make
emphasis
trained
available
that
a wealth
Corps
sections
front.
an excellent
regularly,
G2
though
coordinate
debriefing
personnel
of additional
picture.
on training
Artillery
of the front.
debriefing
and coordination
intelligence
fly
a routine
the intelligence
be placed
collection
and corps
air
recommended
Having
it is also
also
portions
on establishing
in forming
that more
information
Officer
over
Corps
of the corps
however,
G2 personnel
missions
- It is
Air
- The
surveillance
mission;
Corps
reconnaissance
OBSERVERS.
daylight
primary
source.
RECOMMENDATION.
the Corps
AIR
continuous
between
on the
at the Corps
information
It is further
within
the
with
program
Zone
artillery
extraction
recof the
air
sec-
of such
observers.
(RESTRICTED)
SUPPLY
It is
AND
EQUIPMENT
REQUIREMENTS
materials
ON A STABILIZED
FRONT.
that allowances
of Quartermaster
cleaning and preserving
be greatly increased to more nearly approach garrison
standards.
recommended
UNCLASSIFIED
OF
‘*
_
..
UNCLASSIFIEDD
18
Because all organizations
are more stabilized and are closer to garrison
of Quartermaster
cleaning
living than is normal in combat, the allowances
and preserving
expendable supplies for combat conditions have proved to
unit messes
now occupy prefabricated
be greatly inadequate.
In most cases,
The
issue
of
soaps, brushes,
steel
buildings , many with concrete floors.
wool, trisodium phosphate and other cleaning materials
cannot meet the
requirements.
Also, because of the stabilized
situation,
all organizations
are using
equipment not authorized by pertinent tables of organization
and equipment,
This equipment is authorized
such as squad tents, electric generators,
etc.
on an individual case basis.
It is also
headquarters,
recommended
that tables of allowances
be established
by higher
to standardize
such issues and prescribe
the allowances.
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
March
Report
- 14th Infantry
1952
Regiment
Source
No 446
(CONFIDENTIAL)
Warfare,in
our present
PSYCHOLOGICAL
WARFARE.
- Psychological
It is difficult to determine if the propaganda leaflet
situation,
is worthwhile.
is the main reason for the number of North Korean prisoners
taken for the
period; however,
interrogation
of PW’s revealed that leaflets are being read
PW’s have informed us that it is very
and have produced the desired results.
risky to be caught with our propaganda leaflet; therefore,
any leaflets resembling
“Script, ” would be more effective.
Suggest something that looks on one side
like the money used to pay North Korean or Chinese troops.
Continued use
of this type of warfare is definitely desired by the regiment.
Apparently the enemy feels that the use of propaganda leaflets has merit,
for during the period the 14th Infantry received approximately
410 enemy
propaganda shells.
Some enemy leaflets were well written and some were
very poorly written.
The only effect these leaflets had on our troops was to
keep them amused,
and possibly to make them a little more cautious of the
enemy’s cunning.
UNCLASSlFlED
UNCLASSIFED
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
March
Report
- 140th Antiaircraft
Artillery
AW Battalion
Source
1952
(SP)
No 447
(RESTRICTED)
- In the present static situation to insure positive
WIRE COMMUNICATION.
telephone lines are laid to all gun positions.
In addition, lines
communication,
The
are laid from individual tracks to supported infantry-artillery
units.
T/O&E authorization
is eighteen per line battery which is entirely inadequate
under present conditions.
A minimum of eight more telephones per line battery
are needed.
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
J anuary
Report
- 40th Antiaircraft
Artillery
1952
(RESTRICTED)
COST CONSCIOUSNESS,
be stressed
in this command.
Brigade
Source
AAA.
- Supply economy
measures
No 448
continued
to
Organizations
are conducting campaigns to salvage and effect turn-in of
ferrous,
as well as nonferrous,
strategic materials
to appropriate
disposal
officers.
Continued emphasis and constant surveillance
is being maintained
to assure prompt return of scrap brass and serviceable
ammunition packing
containers . Operations
are continually analyzed with a view to reducing cost
of operations,
and returning to appropriate
supply channels those items which
are not required for performance
of the present mission.
(RESTRICTED)
All motor pools in this command are consolidated
to effect maximum
utilization of motor vehicles.
This program continues to result in more economical operation and increases
the effectiveness
of organizational
maintenance.
During the past month a total decrease
of 32, 211 miles was effected in this command as compared to the average month prior to consolidation.
This was accomplished without decreasing
effectiveness
of organizations
in their assigned mission,
and amounted to a monetary savings of $685.30
in POL supplies alone.
UNCLASWED
Over
19
UNCLASSlFlED
*
20
*
*
(RESTRICTED)
In furtherance
of the supply economy program,
the above mentioned
course includes a four-hour
period devoted exclusively
to supply economy,
its objective being to teach methods of conservation
and economy.
(RESTRICTED)
RECOMMENDATIONS
OF AAA BRIGADE.
- That responsibility
for
training AAA specialists
be placed on either the theater commander
or the
materiel,
personnel and accomZone of the Interior and that the means,
modations essential for the purposes intended, be furnished to the authority
designated .
Additional spaces and personnel be authorized to provide a centralized
AAA school for the training of AAA specialists,
not now available through
pipeline sources.
Consideration
be given to a review
capability of 24-hour operations.
of T/O&E
of AAA
units to insure
That cellular type units, similar to currently authorized Signal Maintenance Radar Units, be provided each AAA battalion by Engineer and Ordnanc e .
Field maintenance
capabilities
for Engineer gasoline generators
(M5,
M7, M15, and M38) be improved immediately
to prevent further reduction
in operational
effectiveness.
That a diesel-type
mobile generator be furnished each AAA unit to replace
current gasoline-type
mobile generators,
and that insofar as practicable
one
type replace the several types now issued.
(RESTRICTED)
SUPPORT DIFFICULTIES,
AAA ON AIR FORCE BASES.
- AAA units
stationed on or deployed in defense of Air Force bases have experienced
considerable
difficulty in operations due to lack of adequate logistical
support.
Support responsibilities
of both Army and Air Force toward tenant Army units
have not been clearly defined.
Directives
should be amplified to clearly establish AF responsibility
towards tenant Army units.
Local AIO’s should be furnished funds to support AAA units at the required levels.
UNCLASSIFIED
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
March
Report-Moji
Port,
8156th Army
Unit
Source, No 449
1952
(RESTRICTED)
- In our economy program,
savings of over
COST CONSCIOUSNESS.
The pooling of sedans
$10,000
has been effected by use of salvage dunnage.
has likewise conserved
gas, oil, and wear and tear.
In one month we were
Our management
program has been
able to save 300 gallons of gas alone.
and results in reduced manpower has been effected.
making continual surveys,
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
January
Report
- 21st Inf Regt
Source
1952
No 450
(RESTRICTED)
PATROLS.
- Forty-eight
security patrols were conducted during the
8- 14 January.
Six light engagements
were fought by the security patrols
with enemy squad to platoon size units.
The most significant action occured
on 13 January.
A Colombian Battalion patrol in position forward of Hill
observed an enemy patrol approaching at 2115 hours.
The Colombian
patrol leader ordered his men to hold their fire until the enemy was within
twenty yards of their position.
When the enemy closed the distance,
the
patrol delivered
simultaneous
concentrated
fires which resulted in an estimated 5 KIA and 10 WIA.
SOURCE:
Command
Report
DATE:
February
1952
- 45th Infantry
Division
Source
No 451
(RESTRICTED)
ADMINISTRATIVE
BURDEN.
- Recommend
that the tremendous
pressure
of reports and paper work be herd to a minimum.
All reports requirements
should be carefully considered
periodically
to ascertain if the results of the
report justify the requirement.
UNClASSIFlED22
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
March
Report
- 40th Infantry Division
Source
1952
No 452
(CONFIDENTIAL)
- When the 40th Division
relieved the 24th
CONDITION OF EQUIPMENT.
Division in place, it exchanged most of the weapons and equipment in place.
This had the disadvantage
that equipment which was battle worn and in a very
It was found necessary
poor state of repair was turned over to this Division.
to devote major attention to repairing and replacing numerous items of equipBy the end of February
ment which were found to be entirely unserviceable.
much progress
had been made as a result of concentrated
efforts but even then
a tremendous
job still remained to be done to approach a satisfactory
overall condition.
Fortunately
the stable defensive tactical situation allowed time
for rehabilitation
program.
Had an enemy offensive been launched in January
or February
1952 much equipment would have been inoperative
and might have
been lost to the enemy.
(RESTRICTED)
SCOUT DOGS. - On the first of March, the 26th US Infantry Scout Dog
Platoon (-) was attached to the Division for operations and support.
Division
then attached squads of this unit to the 223d and 224th Infantry Regiments.
Dogs worked effectively
with patrols of these units and it is felt that the use
of dogs on patrols offers increased
security without hampering activity.
Best
results are obtained when dogs work with members
of patrol at lease two days
prior to actual patrol.
Some ambush patrols experienced
difficulty due to
nervousness
when the enforced inactivity necessarily
exceeded 3 hours.
(RESTRICTED)
GENERATOR
FOR AVIATION SECTION.
- The T/O&E makes no provision
for generators
for the aviation section,
but it does authorize power tools.
Generators
are also necessary
to provide lighting facilities
for the section.
The aviation sections work does not end with sunset.
Planning must be done
for the next days operation; photo studies must be made; administration
and
reports must be kept up to date.
cognizance
of this.
The T/O&E
needs to be revised
to take
(RESTRICTED)
QUARTERMASTER
COMPANY
ORGANIZATION.
- Approximately
three
months observation
indicates that the scope of operations of a Quartermaster
company
in a theater
personnel.
cream,
it is probably
In view
a.
and distributed
(lo-17N)
sufficient
ment
The
three
morale
this
other
sections,
and admin-
who
can
ill
level.
such
division
the normal
necessary
loss,
company
Quartermaster
the drawing
in order
troops.
of the Quartermaster
requires
of ice
to be issued
The T/O&E
it had been
afford
to supply
the issue
continue
at division
operation,
operate
in turn
from
will
this
cream
section
to properly
which
for
of ice
operating
resulting
product
companies
personnel
communication
theater,
additional
examples:
factor
to assume
amounts
personnel
in this
other
from
sufficient
b.
safe
requires
are
of the high
not provide
personnel
to provide
nature
by Quartermaster
does
to draw
of this
Following
strative
lacks
establish-
of personnel
from
sections.
c.
filler
In order
personnel
twenty-four
should
hours
operation
to adequately
d.
relative
It is
be added
at the
duty
same
recommended
to the
foregoing
SOURCE:
Command
Report
DATE:
March
to the
guard
basis,
maintained
perform
its
own
existing
cannot
security
mission
With
T/O&E.
be properly
additional
operations
carried
on a
on and efficient
time.
that
study
be given
to present
T/O&E
(10-17)
examples.
- 89th
Tank
Battalion
(Med)
1952
Source
No 453
(CONFIDENTIAL)
USE
OF
TANKS
in the present
nineteen
are
located
and on ground
positioned
bowl
ON
division
- Of particular
ridges
tanks
are
interest
Out of thirty-four
on the tops
generally
on the
and three
MLR.
sector.
of ridges,
considered
forming
in saddles
inaccessible
the west,
in position
is the location
firing
positions
between
to tanks.
north,
and east
on the northern
of tanks
on the
mountain
Fourteen
edges
extremities
MLR,
peaks,
tanks
are
of the Punchof Hearthbreak
Ridge.
In the present
as armor
The
protected,
mobility
in a firing
tactical
direct
of the tank has
position
in some
situation
fire
been
very
the tanks
weapons
utilized
difficult
Over
UNCLASS’lF\ED
-
23
are
being
to reinforce
only
to the
terrain.
used
almost
exclusively
other
firepower
on the MLR
extent
of placing
the tank
Although
little
if any maneuver
is involved,
UNCLASSIFIED
24
the tank-infantry
still
team
The
beside
the doughboy
on the MLR.
in a minimum
amount
of time and with
The
tanks
and friendly
ularly
To
have
infantry
careful
date,
the best
which
position
should
will
side
solution
is
forward
portion
engine
compartment
In several
and in these
maintenance
the month
schedule.
with
was
it has
it may
Range
or without
begun
of their
from
in an effort
reports
is proving
The
very
to the
past
summit
supplies
five
the
days
various
and the unusually
will
penetrated
sus-
the
on the back
a trench
position
under
In these
hatch.
be
into
in firing
established
the day
the
positions
a night
and firing
during
working
heavy
damage
and the
of darkness.
periods
during
has
some
spring
in position
of the
adjacent
parties
This
since
the
of return
unusual
difficulties
fire
program
vast
majority
Judging
of darkness.
volume
fir.ing
is conducted
the night.
the hours
by two M39’s.
tank positions
twelve
had to be
M39
of ammunition,
This
thaw.
the program
plus
With
units
been
During
as well
UNCLASSIFIED
either
as for
operable
high
engineers
during
has
period
presented
during
the
carry
cases
the tanks.
were
and water
true
by hand
In these
tanks
the aid of the
were kept
of this
carrier.
the attached
meters
food,
particularly
much
supplied
in logistics.
fuel,
hundred
has
as a cargo
infantry
battalion
created
amounts
at times.
of the
by use
for
place
by shell
the turrent
constantly
have
duri.ng
enemy
takes
of a mountain
infantry
MLR
deck,
to construct
the hours
on the
to harass
work
problem
ity of the tanks
entire
advisable
on the out-
destroyed
of sandbags
remain
by the escape
at various
and weather
few weeks
instances
found
prepared
the necessary
a formidable
had two layers
system
equipment
shell
firing
if it is at all possible.
suspension
precautions
mortar
must
during
are
rear
a
The
effective.
terrain
Transporting
of these
be entered
of flares
construction
PW
been
all tanks
cards
use
the
a 120-mm
the tank
to the
or other
firing.
two positions;
it is invariably
to sand-bag
of a tank which
that
no OVM
fire,
actually
position.
and sides
of damage
artillery.
dug in and be particare
to have
and a firing
since
In spite
positions
be weli
on the front
be placed
than
counterbattery
the tanks
the tanks
position
can thus
accuracy
enemy
must
enemy
have
Recently
is accomplished
During
for
firing
desirable
cases
in order
should
actually
hits.
for
when
the amount
of the tank.
by direct
deck.
tank
tank
while
It is also
fragments.
been
sand-bagged
reduce
The
fire.
targets
of the
support
greater
of the tanks
has
with the tanker’s
fire
much
themselves
out of sight
be well
of the hull
tained
exposing
materially
by enemy
priority
in vicinity
about
position
This
become
exists
tanks’
vast
the
major-
or in a few
the
M39
hauled
At one time
supplied
for
and by use
the period.
a period
of tank
an
of
dozers
SOURCE:
Command
Report
DATE:
February
1952
- 2 13th Field
Artillery
Battalion
Source
No 454
(RESTRICTED)
HOWITZER
number
under
combat
Services
changes
that
for
only
present
projectiles
fuzes
recommended
of relative
of fire
of tubes
furnished
maintain
an equitable
large
being
delivered
that Ordnance
calibration
may
that
delivering
accommodate
present,
strongly
by volumn
as
Technical
replacements
distribution
of howitzers
characteristics.
recommended
utilized
- In view
necessitated
a relative
organization
similar
HC AMMUNITION.
it is
conditions,
It is also
will
AND
tubes
determine
in order
having
tiles
TUBES
howitzer
HC
type
commonly
not having
consideration
smoke,
fuzes
to include
known
boosters
or
be given
manufactured
as
the
“smoke
supplemental
to production
with
a fuze
varible
shell,
time
” will
bursting
of projec-
recess
M96
which
fuze.
At
accommodate
charges.
(RESTRICTED)
VAN
for
and for
use
FOR
proper
REPAIR.
adequate
necessary
it is
strongly
lery
Battalions
be available
- For
and adjustment
providing
and for
lery
SIGNAL
repair
storage
spare
parts
recommended
purposes
of delicate
facilities
for
batteries
to provide
to the Headquarters
such
T/O&E’s
for
one
for
and Headquarters
when
signal
all types
Ordnance
Batteries
place
equipment,
equipment
for
van,
an adequate
communication
and spare
that present
be modified
of providing
signal
not in
equipment,
of Field
repair
of all
Artil-
type,
Field
to
Artil-
Battalions.
SOURCE:
Command
DATE:
March
Report
- 98 1 st Field
Artillery
Battalion
1952
Source
No 455
(RESTRICTED)
REPLACEMENTS.
- A problem
exists
during the next two months
of approximately
sonnel
key
mess
received
positions
steward,
to date
such
as
supply,
are
not trained
clerks,
motor
due to the loss and anticipated
80% of the present
strength.
or of the caliber
personnel
mechanics,
specialists,
and other
Over
25
.m!ar$$+.
fire
to train
rapidly
direction,
technical
loss
Perto fill
survey,
qualifications.
The policy of not assigning personnel until the physical loss of personnel
seriously
handicaps the training of the new man.
An untrained specialist
should have at least one month training on the job prior to his relieving the
assigned man.
Also semiqualified
personnel
should have at least 2 weeks on
the job training.
Replacements
have been received for critical MOS positions,
with an ETS date less than 30 days after the ETS of the man presently holding
the position.
This does not allow the organization
to consider such replacement as a fully qualified or a suitable replacement
because he will not be able
to serve sufficient time in this theater.
This situation means that another
replacement
must be requisitioned
for the MOS immediately.
The policy of
sending such personnel overseas
in March 1952 with an ETS date in September
1952 is extremely
wasteful,
and gives a false impression
of replacements
being received.