World Water Day
Education Pack
World Water Day 22 March 2014
World Water Day Pack
NOTE:
Watercare Services Limited (Watercare), has been given permission to use materials in Sections B and C in this
pack on condition that they are used solely for educational purposes by teachers in the classroom.
Watercare Services Limited
73 Remuera Road, Remuera, Auckland 1050
Private Bag 92 521, Wellesley Street,
Auckland 1141
www.watercare.co.nz
World Water Day Pack
Contents
Thank you for requesting Watercare’s World Water Day Pack. You will find:
Section A: Information
Page
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What were the original targets set in the year 2000?
A2
– After 2015
A3
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World Water Day – how did it start?
A4
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Members of the United Nations (UN)
A5
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Background information
A13
– Water and energy
A13
– What is a waterwheel?
A13
– What were waterwheels used for?
A16
– Make your own waterwheel
A16
– Steam power
A17
– Water energy in New Zealand
A18
– What is hydro electric power?
A18
– Hydro power in New Zealand
A19
– Early hydro electricity
A19
– Government and hydro electricity
A19
– How is energy generated in a hydro electric power plant?
A21
– Other ways of generating hydro power
A22
– How much of the world’s electricity is supplied by hydro power?
A23
– What are the benefits and drawbacks of hydro electricity?
A23
– Biggest and current projects
A26
– Water and energy
A27
– Water for electricity
A27
–Electricity for water A27
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– Implications for power, energy and climate change
A29
Additional Resources - How much water do you use?
A31
World Water Day Pack
Contents
Section B: World Water Day Activities
Page
1: Soil erosion in New Zealand
B2
2: Why do people dam water?
B4
3: Why are dam walls thicker at the bottom than the top?
B6
4: Does surface area affect evaporation?
B7
5: Make a bottle garden
B8
6: Do plants need water to grow?
B9
7: Algae and water pollution
B10
8: Make an underwater viewer
B11
9: Can water break rocks?
B12
10: Oil and water
B13
11: Polluting the river
B14
12: Make your own water cycle
B15
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World Water Day Pack
Contents
Section C: Other Water Activities
Page
Stream clean-ups
C2
Suggested ideas
C4
Water careers
C8
Creative ideas
C11
A fun game for younger students
C13
Fun Water Week water animals
C15
Invent a Water Week fish
C16
Water Week party
C17
Water Week promotion ideas
C20
Design a water conservation poster
C22
Wear Blue Day poster and badges
C23
List of some water charities
C26
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World Water Day Pack
Contents
Section D: Ideas, Facts and Questions
Page
Pause for thought
D2
Thinker’s Keys: Area of study – water
D4
Water Pollution: Facts Sheet 1
D5
Water Pollution: Facts Sheet 2
D6
How do you measure up? A water awareness test
D7
How did you score? What more can you do?
D8
Notes
D9
Acknowledgements
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D10
Section A:
Contents
Information
Page
l
What were the original targets set in the year 2000?
A2
– After 2015
A3
l
World Water Day – how did it start?
A4
l
Members of the United Nations (UN)
A5
l
Background information
A13
– Water and energy
A13
– What is a waterwheel?
A13
– What were waterwheels used for?
A16
– Make your own waterwheel
A16
– Steam power
A17
– Water energy in New Zealand
A18
– What is hydro electric power?
A18
– Hydro power in New Zealand
A19
– Early hydro electricity
A19
– Government and hydro electricity
A19
– How is energy generated in a hydro electric power plant?
A21
– Other ways of generating hydro power
A22
– How much of the world’s electricity is supplied by hydro power?
A23
– What are the benefits and drawbacks of hydro electricity?
A23
– Biggest and current projects
A26
– Water and energy
A27
– Water for electricity
A27
–Electricity for water
A27
– Implications for power, energy and climate change
A29
Additional Resources - How much water do you use?
A31
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A1
What were the original targets set in the year 2000?
In September 2000, the largest ever gathering of Heads of State ushered in the new
millennium by adopting the Millennium Declaration. The declaration, endorsed by 189
countries, was then translated into a road map setting out goals to be reached by 2015.
The United Nations (UN) set eight goals for development, called the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). These goals set an ambitious agenda for improving the
human condition by 2015.
Whilst the MDGs have been the most successful global anti-poverty push in history,
we are now less than 1,000 days to the 2015 target date for achieving the MDGs.
Currently one in eight people worldwide remain hungry. Too many women die in
childbirth when we have the means to save them. More than 2.5 billion people lack
improved sanitation facilities of which one billion still go to the toilet in the open air
creating a major health and environmental hazard.
Several MDG targets have already been met or are within close reach
• The proportion of people living in extreme poverty has been halved at the global
level – around 700 million fewer people lived in conditions of extreme poverty in
2010 than in 1990
• Over 2 billion people gained access to improved sources of drinking water – this
means that the drinking water target was met five years ahead of the target date
despite significant population growth
• Remarkable gains have been made in the fight against malaria and tuberculosis
– death rates from malaria fell by more than 25% globally and tuberculosis deaths
are likely to be halved by 2015, already over 20 million lives have been saved
• The proportion of slum dwellers in the cities and metropolises of the developing
world is declining – over 200 million slum dwellers have benefitted from improved
water sources and sanitation
• A low debt burden and an improved climate for trade are levelling the playing field
for developing countries
The target of halving the percentage of people suffering from hunger by 2015 appears
to be within reach. However still one in eight people in the world today remain
chronically undernourished.
A2
What were the original targets set in the year 2000?
Other MDGs require accelerated progress and bolder action if we are to meet the targets by
2015, particularly those relating to:
• Environmental sustainability
• Child survival
• Maternal deaths
• Rights of children to primary education
• Gender-based inequalities in decision-making power
• Accessible sanitation
Successful completion of the MDGs by 2015 must remain a global priority creating a stable
foundation for future.
For more detailed information about the Millenium Development Goals achievements up to
2013 see http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf
After 2015?
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreed by world leaders in 2000 have served
as a shared framework for global action and cooperation on international development.
As the 2015 target date for achieving the MDGs approaches, the UN is working with
governments, civil society and other partners to build on the momentum generated by the
MDGs and shape a new development framework beyond 2015 that builds on the MDGs,
but also addresses weaknesses, including reflecting upon previously omitted issues.
The new goals should not only provide for basic human needs, but also ensure essential
human rights and create enabling conditions to help individuals realise their potential.
Quantifiable targets will need to be set.
A3
World Water Day – how did it start?
This day was first formally proposed in Agenda 21 of the 1992 United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Observance was expected to begin in 1993 and has grown significantly ever since.
The United Nations (UN) invited its member nations to devote this day to
implementing UN recommendations and promoting concrete activities within their
countries. Each year, one of various UN agencies involved in water issues takes the
lead in promoting and co-ordinating international activities for ‘world water day’.
World Water Day – 22 March 2005 – marked the start of a new UN International
Decade for Action on water. The Water for Life Decade, 2005-2015, will give a high
profile to implementing water-related programmes and the participation of women.
The UN hopes that the Decade will boost the chances of achieving international
water-related goals and the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
In 2014, the theme for World Water Day is: Water and Energy.
The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and United Nations
University (UNU), are lead agencies for World Water Day 2014.
www.unwater.org/wwd.html
Themes from earlier years:
2013 – Water Co-operation
2006 – Water and Culture
2012 – Water and Food Security
2005 – Water for Life
2011 – Water for Cities
2004 – Water and Disasters
2010 – Water Quality Challenges
2003 – Water for the Future
2009 – Transboundary Water
2002 – Water for Development
2008 – Sanitation
2001 – Water for Health
2007 – Global Water Scarcity
2000 – Water for the 21st Century
A4
Members of the United Nations (UN)
The following is the list of the 192 Member States of the United Nations with
dates on which they joined the organisation.
Member – (Date of Admission)
Afghanistan (19 Nov. 1946)
Albania (14 Dec. 1955)
Algeria (8 Oct. 1962)
Andorra (28 July 1993)
Angola (1 Dec. 1976)
Antigua and Barbuda (11 Nov. 1981)
Argentina (24 Oct. 1945)
Armenia (2 Mar. 1992)
Australia (1 Nov. 1945)
Austria (14 Dec. 1955)
Azerbaijan (2 Mar. 1992)
Bahamas (18 Sept. 1973)
Bahrain (21 Sept. 1971)
Bangladesh (17 Sept. 1974)
Barbados (9 Dec. 1966)
Belarus (24 Oct. 1945)
On 19 September 1991, Byelorussia informed the United Nations that it had changed its name to Belarus.
Belgium (27 Dec. 1945)
Belize (25 Sept. 1981)
Benin (20 Sept. 1960)
Bhutan (21 Sept. 1971)
Bolivia (14 Nov. 1945)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (22 May 1992)
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been
signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and
subsequent admission as new members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia,
the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly
resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992.
Botswana (17 Oct. 1966)
Brazil (24 Oct. 1945)
Brunei Darussalam (21 Sept. 1984)
Bulgaria (14 Dec. 1955)
Burkina Faso (20 Sept. 1960)
Burundi (18 Sept. 1962)
A5
Members of the United Nations (UN)
continued
Cambodia (14 Dec. 1955)
Cameroon (20 Sept. 1960)
Canada (9 Nov. 1945)
Cape Verde (16 Sept. 1975)
Central African Republic (20 Sept. 1960)
Chad (20 Sept. 1960)
Chile (24 Oct. 1945)
China (24 Oct. 1945)
Colombia (5 Nov. 1945)
Comoros (12 Nov. 1975)
Congo (Republic of the) (20 Sept. 1960)
Costa Rica (2 Nov. 1945)
Côte d’Ivoire (20 Sept. 1960)
Croatia (22 May 1992)
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been
signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment
and subsequent admission as new members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of
Slovenia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Republic of Croatia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/238 of 22 May 1992.
Cuba (24 Oct. 1945)
Cyprus (20 Sept. 1960)
Czech Republic (19 Jan. 1993)
Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. In a letter dated 10 December
1992, its Permanent Representative informed the Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, as successor
States, would apply for membership in the United Nations. Following the receipt of its application, the Security
Council, on 8 January 1993, recommended to the General Assembly that the Czech Republic be admitted to United
Nations membership. The Czech Republic was thus admitted on 19 January of that year as a Member State.
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (17 Sept. 1991)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (20 Sept. 1960)
Zaire joined the United Nations on 20 September 1960. On 17 May 1997, its name was changed to the Democratic
Republic of the Congo.
Denmark (24 Oct. 1945)
Djibouti (20 Sept. 1977)
Dominica (18 Dec. 1978)
Dominican Republic (24 Oct. 1945)
A6
Members of the United Nations (UN)
continued
Ecuador (21 Dec. 1945)
Egypt (24 Oct. 1945)
Egypt and Syria were original Members of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a
single Member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent State, resumed its separate
membership in the United Nations. On 2 September 1971, the United Arab Republic changed its name to the Arab Republic of Egypt.
El Salvador (24 Oct. 1945)
Equatorial Guinea (12 Nov. 1968)
Eritrea (28 May 1993)
Estonia (17 Sept. 1991)
Ethiopia (13 Nov. 1945)
Fiji (13 Oct. 1970)
Finland (14 Dec. 1955)
France (24 Oct. 1945)
Gabon (20 Sept. 1960)
Gambia (21 Sept. 1965)
Georgia (31 July 1992)
Germany (18 Sept. 1973)
The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were admitted to membership in
the United Nations on 18 September 1973. Through the accession of the German Democratic Republic to
the Federal Republic of Germany, effective from 3 October 1990, the two German States have united to form
one sovereign State.
Ghana (8 Mar. 1957)
Greece (25 Oct. 1945)
Grenada (17 Sept. 1974)
Guatemala (21 Nov. 1945)
Guinea (12 Dec. 1958)
Guinea-Bissau (17 Sept. 1974)
Guyana (20 Sept. 1966)
Haiti (24 Oct. 1945)
Honduras (17 Dec. 1945)
Hungary (14 Dec. 1955)
Iceland (19 Nov. 1946)
India (30 Oct. 1950)
A7
Members of the United Nations (UN)
continued
Indonesia (28 Sept. 1950)
By letter of 20 January 1965, Indonesia announced its decision to withdraw from the United Nations “at this stage
and under the present circumstances”. By telegram of 19 September 1966, it announced its decision “to resume
full co-operation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities”. On 28 September 1966, the
General Assembly took note of this decision and the President invited representatives of Indonesia to take seats in
the Assembly.
Iran (Islamic Republic of) (24 Oct. 1945)
Iraq (21 Dec. 1945)
Ireland (14 Dec. 1955)
Israel (11 May 1949)
Italy (14 Dec. 1955)
Jamaica (18 Sept. 1962)
Japan (18 Dec. 1956)
Jordan (14 Dec. 1955)
Kazakhstan (2 Mar. 1992)
Kenya (16 Dec. 1963)
Kiribati (14 Sept. 1999)
Kuwait (14 May 1963)
Kyrgyzstan (2 Mar. 1992)
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (14 Dec. 1955)
Latvia (17 Sept. 1991)
Lebanon (24 Oct. 1945)
Lesotho (17 Oct. 1966)
Liberia (2 Nov. 1945)
Libya (14 Dec. 1955)
Liechtenstein (18 Sept. 1990)
Lithuania (17 Sept. 1991)
Luxembourg (24 Oct. 1945)
Madagascar (20 Sept. 1960)
Malawi (1 Dec. 1964)
Malaysia (17 Sept. 1957)
The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957. On 16 September 1963, its name
was changed to Malaysia, following the admission to the new federation of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and
Sarawak. Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965.
Maldives (21 Sept. 1965)
Mali (28 Sept. 1960)
Malta (1 Dec. 1964)
A8
Members of the United Nations (UN)
continued
Marshall Islands (17 Sept. 1991)
Mauritania (27 Oct. 1961)
Mauritius (24 Apr. 1968)
Mexico (7 Nov. 1945)
Micronesia (Federated States of) (17 Sept. 1991)
Monaco (28 May 1993)
Mongolia (27 Oct. 1961)
Montenegro (28 June 2006)
The membership of the State Union Serbia and Montenegro in the United Nations, including all organs and
organisations of the United Nations system, is continued by the Republic of Serbia on the basis of Article 60 of the
Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro, activated by the Declaration of Independence adopted by the
National Assembly of Montenegro on 3 June 2006.
The Republic of Montenegro was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution
60/264 of 28 June 2006.
Morocco (12 Nov. 1956)
Mozambique (16 Sept. 1975)
Myanmar (19 Apr. 1948)
Namibia (23 Apr. 1990)
Nauru (14 Sept. 1999)
Nepal (14 Dec. 1955)
Netherlands (10 Dec. 1945)
New Zealand (24 Oct. 1945)
Nicaragua (24 Oct. 1945)
Niger (20 Sept. 1960)
Nigeria (7 Oct. 1960)
Norway (27 Nov. 1945)
Oman (7 Oct. 1971)
Pakistan (30 Sept. 1947)
Palau (15 Dec. 1994)
Panama (13 Nov. 1945)
Papua New Guinea (10 Oct. 1975)
Paraguay (24 Oct. 1945)
Peru (31 Oct. 1945)
Philippines (24 Oct. 1945)
Poland (24 Oct. 1945)
Portugal (14 Dec. 1955)
Qatar (21 Sept. 1971)
Republic of Korea (17 Sept. 1991)
A9
Members of the United Nations (UN)
continued
Republic of Moldova (2 March. 1992)
Romania (14 Dec. 1955)
Russian Federation (24 Oct. 1945)
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. In
a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, informed the SecretaryGeneral that the membership of the Soviet Union in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was
being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States.
Rwanda (18 Sept. 1962)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (23 Sept. 1983)
Saint Lucia (18 Sept. 1979)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (16 Sept. 1980)
Samoa (15 Dec. 1976)
San Marino (2 Mar. 1992)
Sao Tome and Principe (16 Sept. 1975)
Saudi Arabia (24 Oct. 1945)
Senegal (28 Sept. 1960)
Serbia (1 Nov. 2000)
The membership of the State Union Serbia and Montenegro in the United Nations, including all organs and
organizations of the United Nations system, is continued by the Republic of Serbia on the basis of Article 60 of the
Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro, activated by the Declaration of Independence adopted by the
National Assembly of Montenegro on 3 June 2006.
The Republic of Montenegro was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution
60/264 of 28 June 2006.
Seychelles (21 Sept. 1976)
Sierra Leone (27 Sept. 1961)
Singapore (21 Sept. 1965)
Slovakia (19 Jan. 1993)
Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. In a letter dated 10 December
1992, its Permanent Representative informed the Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, as successor
States, would apply for membership in the United Nations. Following the receipt of its application, the Security
Council, on 8 January 1993, recommended to the General Assembly that the Slovak Republic be admitted to United
Nations membership. The Slovak Republic was thus admitted on 19 January of that year as a Member State.
Slovenia (22 May 1992)
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been
signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment
and subsequent admission as new members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of
Slovenia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Republic of Slovenia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/236 of 22 May 1992.
A10
Members of the United Nations (UN)
continued
Solomon Islands (19 Sept. 1978)
Somalia (20 Sept. 1960)
South Africa (7 Nov. 1945)
South Sudan (14 July 2011)
The Republic of South Sudan seceded from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as a result of an internationally monitored
referendum held in January 2011, and was admitted as a new member state by the United Nations General Assembly
on 14 July 2011.
Spain (14 Dec. 1955)
Sri Lanka (14 Dec. 1955)
Sudan (12 Nov. 1956)
Suriname (4 Dec. 1975)
Swaziland (24 Sept. 1968)
Sweden (19 Nov. 1946)
Switzerland (10 Sept. 2002)
Syrian Arab Republic (24 Oct. 1945)
Egypt and Syria were original Members of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a
single Member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent State, resumed its separate
membership in the United Nations.
Tajikistan (2 Mar. 1992)
Thailand (16 Dec. 1946)
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (8 Apr. 1993)
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been
signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 October 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment
and subsequent admission as new members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of
Slovenia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 April 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the
State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as “The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”
pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name.
Timor-Leste (27 Sept. 2002)
Togo (20 Sept. 1960)
Tonga (14 Sept. 1999)
Trinidad and Tobago (18 Sept. 1962)
Tunisia (12 Nov. 1956)
Turkey (24 Oct. 1945)
Turkmenistan (2 Mar. 1992)
Tuvalu (5 Sept. 2000)
A11
Members of the United Nations (UN)
continued
Uganda (25 Oct. 1962)
Ukraine (24 Oct. 1945)
United Arab Emirates (9 Dec. 1971)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (24 Oct. 1945)
United Republic of Tanzania (14 Dec. 1961)
Tanganyika was a Member of the United Nations from 14 December 1961 and Zanzibar was a Member from 16 December 1963. Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar,
the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar continued as a single Member, changing its name to the United
Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964.
United States of America (24 Oct. 1945)
Uruguay (18 Dec. 1945)
Uzbekistan (2 Mar. 1992)
Vanuatu (15 Sept. 1981)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (15 Nov. 1945)
Vietnam (20 Sept. 1977)
Yemen (30 Sept. 1947)
Yemen was admitted to membership in the United Nations on 30 September 1947 and Democratic Yemen on 14 December 1967. On 22 May 1990, the two countries merged and have since been represented as one Member
with the name ‘Yemen’.
Zambia (1 Dec. 1964)
Zimbabwe (25 Aug. 1980)
A12
Background information
Water and energy
Before the modern era, people relied on their own muscles, on the muscles of domesticated
animals, such as horses and oxen, and on water and wind as energy resources.
An early way of generating power was by a water wheel. The water wheel was the earliest
replacement of animal and human power. There were different styles of water wheels as
well as different uses of them.
The earliest recorded waterwheels were in ancient Greece in 4000 BC, and were used
for irrigating crops, grinding grain, supplying water to villages and making sawmills work.
The Chinese also harnessed the flow of water to grind grains and irrigate fields.
Throughout the first 13 centuries AD, technological innovations filtered slowly from the
advanced East to the more backward West, carried at first through central Asia over the
Silk Route and later by sea.
The vertical water wheel, invented around 200BC, spread across Europe within a few
hundred years.
By the end of the Roman era, waterwheels powered mills to crush grain, full cloth, tan
leather, smelt and shape iron and saw wood. The Romans built aqueducts to channel
mountain streams into towns and cities to provide clean water for bathing, drinking and
field irrigation. Some of these aqueducts still stand today.
Waterwheel technology grew in the European continent. By the time of the Doomsday
Survey of 1086, approaching six thousand waterwheels were recorded in England alone.
What is a waterwheel?
A waterwheel was a very large wooden or metal wheel with a number of blades or
buckets on the outside rim. The force of the water moved the blades, which in turn moved
the wheel. The movement of the wheel’s axle made machinery inside the mill work.
A flowing stream was sometimes dammed to maintain a steady supply of water for a
waterwheel. The dammed water was called a mill pond. A channel was made for the
water to flow through on its way to or from the wheel. This was called a mill race, or
just race. The channel taking water to the wheel was a head race, the water leaving the
wheel was the tail race.
A13
Background information
continued
Two kinds of waterwheel were quite commonly used.
Some waterwheels were called undershot waterwheels: the water moved the wheel from
the bottom. These waterwheels were cheaper and easier to build, but were not as powerful.
A14
Background information
continued
Another kind of waterwheel was called an overshot waterwheel. Water was channelled
to the top of the wheel, and poured down to fill buckets on the water wheel. The buckets
being filled were heavier than the empty buckets and this weight made the wheel turn.
The water emptied into the tail race. This kind of waterwheel did not need such a rapidly
flowing stream to move it.
A15
Background information
continued
What were waterwheels used for?
Waterwheels often powered mills to grind grain into flour. The water turned the wheel,
which turned an axle (called a drive shaft), which then made a vertical cog turn. The
teeth of the cog connected with the teeth of a horizontal cog called a lantern gear. The
lantern gear made a spindle rotate. Attached to the spindle were two big heavy stones
called millstones which moved to grind grain into flour.
Information courtesy of: Sydenham & Thomas, Waterwheels.
Make your own waterwheel
Websites:
See www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/waterwheel.htm
The first example is more suitable for younger children as a craft knife is not involved.
For a moving diagram of an overshot and undershot water wheel with printable activity
sheet go to www.technologystudent.com/energy1/wtrwhl1.htm
For a lesson plan (US source) and suggestion on how to design a water wheel see:
www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/cub_/activities/cub_energy2/
cub_energy2_lesson08_activity2.xml
Practical lesson plan relating to a water wheel for older students see:
www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/cub_/activities/cub_environ/
cub_environ_lesson09_activity3.xml
Water turbine advances developed throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. The number
of water mills in Europe increased steadily. Larger and larger water-powered industrial
complexes emerged culminating in large water-powered cotton mills operating during
the 1770s in England.
A16
Background information
continued
Steam Power
The first steam device, the aeolipile, was invented by Heron of Alexandria, a Greek, in the 1st century AD, but used only as a toy. Denis Papin, a French physicist, built a working
model of a steam engine after observing steam escaping from his pressure cooker in about
1679. The modern era began with the eighteenth century introduction of steam power to
English coal mines by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen. Their steam engines and
those of James Watt supplanted less geographically flexible water-powered mine pumps.
By 1800, steam engines joined waterwheels in powering English textile mills. Although water
power continued to be the dominant energy resource for manufacturing through much of
the nineteenth century, particularly in France and the United States, steam power ultimately
proved more flexible and economically efficient.
A steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the potential energy that exists as
pressure in steam, converting it to mechanical work. Steam engines were used in pumps,
locomotive trains and steam ships, and were essential to the Industrial Revolution.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/steam1.htm
This page explains how a steam engine works and then the second diagram shows it in
action.
In a steam engine, water is heated in a boiler to produce steam under pressure. Any heat
source can be used, but the most common is a wood or coal fire. Once heated, the water
expands, causing increased pressure, because the atoms have more energy so move more.
This increased pressure is used to push a piston then as the water cools and contracts the
piston returns to its original position. The steam was used to do mechanical work. This made
it possible for steam powered ships, locomotives, road vehicles and more to be used as
transport.
Stephenson’s Rocket was an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement, built in
1829 at the Forth Street Works of Robert Stephenson and Company in Newcastle Upon Tyne.
It was built for, and won, the Rainhill Trials held by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in
1829 to choose the best design to power the railway.
Though the Rocket was not the first steam locomotive, it was the first to bring together
several innovations to produce the most advanced locomotive of its day.
It is the most famous example of an evolving design of locomotives by Stephenson that
became the template for most steam engines in the following 150 years.
A17
Background information
continued
www.youtube.com/watch?v=73txXT21aZU&list=TLY5W7TY5nXCUBBahjVUp88VNOQYpMVkO
YouTube footage of a glass Stephenson’s rocket showing how steam drives a piston.
The strength of the steam engine for modern purposes is in its ability to convert raw
heat into mechanical work. Entrepreneurs found that steam power overcame water
power’s geographic inflexibility, the limitation that any one stream could only support
so many mills, and waterwheel stoppages and slowdowns caused by drought, flooding
and ice. Although water power continued to be the dominant energy resource for
manufacturing through much of the nineteenth century, particularly in France and the
United States, steam power ultimately proved more flexible and economic. During
the nineteenth century, steam engines improved enormously. The steam engine
permanently established the link between fossil energy resources and industrialisation.
Toward the end of the eighteenth century, fascination with the phenomenon of electricity
captured many people. In 1882 in the World Expo in Munich, Germany the transmission
of waterpowered electric power was first demonstrated. A direct current of 2,400
volts, power was transmitted almost 60 kilometres away. By the end of the nineteenth
century, restrictive and inflexible direct connection of manufacturing machines to
waterwheels, windmills, and steam engines by gears, drive shafts, and belts gave way
to electrically powered machinery getting its power through wires strung from far away
hydro electric and steam-turbine power plants. The shape and character of factories
changed dramatically during the twentieth century, as machines powered by electric
motors could be sited almost anywhere. Additionally, electric power supplanted horsedrawn and steam-powered street railways with the electric “trolley,” it replaced gas for
outdoor lighting, and it replaced kerosene lights and wood and coal stoves and heaters
in homes.
Water energy in New Zealand
Hydro electric power accounts for 57% of the total electricity generation in New Zealand.
What is hydro electric power?
Hydro electric power is electricity that is supplied by generating energy from falling or
streaming water. Hydro electric power is a so-called renewable energy source. This
means that the source, which provides the energy, can be renewed. This is because,
unlike non-renewable energy sources such as crude oil, we will not run out of water fully.
It can be renewed after we have used it for energy generation.
A18
Background information
continued
Hydro power in New Zealand
Hydro generation requires a reliable source of water, and a place where it can fall and
drive electric turbines. Much of New Zealand is mountainous or hilly, and the rainfall is
high. The first hydro generation stations were set up by small operators such as gold
dredgers, and local councils supplying lighting to towns.
Source: Te Ara website
Early hydro electricity
From the early 1880s to 1901 the state was not involved in hydro developments. In 1886
a gold-stamping battery at Bullendale in Central Otago had a small hydro plant. Hydro
plants were also used in the South Island for river gold-dredging in the 1890s, and at
Thames in the North Island for gold mining. Freezing works and dairy factories were
powered by hydro.
In 1888 Reefton was lit by the first public supply of electric lighting, provided by a small
hydro station on the Īnangahua River. In Wellington in 1889 some electric lighting was
briefly provided by a hydro plant driven by the city’s water supply, before a steam-driven
plant was installed.
Small municipal hydro schemes were run by local authorities or private enterprise. In
Taranaki, where there were many streams to be harnessed, such schemes proliferated.
The first large-scale hydro plant was at Waipori, for the city of Dunedin, in 1907 – a gorge
provided an ideal site for power generation.
Government and hydro electricity
Central government regarded water as a public resource. In the 1890s, when entrepreneur
Josiah Firth proposed to use the Huka Falls on the Waikato River for hydro electric
generation, the government moved to prevent this happening.
In 1896 Premier Richard Seddon introduced legislation to prevent the development of
electrical power generation without government permission. The state gained monopoly
control over water for hydro development. This served the country’s energy needs well,
as it encouraged the creation of a national system, centralising planning, and aiding
extension of electricity into rural areas.
A19
Background information
continued
In 1904 the government commissioned a survey of hydro resources. It constructed a large
power station at Lake Coleridge to supply the city of Christchurch. The station began
generating power in 1914.
In the North Island, the Tongariro Power Scheme was completed between 1964 and 1983.
The plan in 1959 to raise the level of Lake Manapouri for hydro-electric development
was met with resistance, and the ‘Save Manapouri Campaign’ became a milestone in
environmental awareness.
Story of Manapouri – video
www.meridianenergy.co.nz/about-us/generating-energy/
click on Manapouri , then scroll down to the history of Manapouri, click on “watch video”
Some of the hydro power stations have interesting fact sheets in a PDF format giving
a brief history of how and when they were built. Click on the name of the hydro power
plant to access this information.
Later hydro schemes, such as the last large hydro to be commissioned, Clyde Dam in
1992, were also controversial.
www.cromwell.org.nz/things-to-do-cromwell/places/clyde-dam.aspx
Background information and pictures of the construction of Clyde Dam
www.panoramicearth.com/3259/Alexandra/Clyde_Dam
Panoramic view of Clyde Dam
A20
Background information
continued
How is energy generated in a hydro electric power plant?
A hydro electric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create
a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place.
The first step in the generation of energy in a hydro power plant is the collection of run-off
of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and rivers, during the hydrological cycle. The
run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydro power plant
and turns a large wheel called a turbine. The turbine converts the energy of falling water
into mechanical energy to drive the generator. It turns a shaft, which rotates a number of
magnets in the generator. When the magnets pass copper coils a magnetic field is created,
which aids the production of electricity. Step-up transformers will then increase the voltage of
the electricity, to levels needed for the journey to communities. After this process has taken
place, electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is
released back into the lakes, streams or rivers. This is not harmful because no pollutants are
added to the water while it flows through the hydro power plant.
Websites:
www.kidcyber.com.au/
click on technology and inventions then hydro-electricity for more information on how
hydro-electric power is generated.
www.ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html
Go to this site for a moving schematic of how electricity is generated in a hydro power plant.
http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/solutions/technologies/water.html
a student’s guide to water energy – single page
http://www.pacinst.org/publication/bottled-water-and-energy-a-fact-sheet/
Energy needed to produce bottled water for America. It takes three litres of water to produce
one litre of bottled water!
http://www.eeweek.org/water_and_energy_wise/connection
Four lesson plans from Earth Day network for older pupils on connection between water and
energy
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/hydropower-plant.htm
Information on how hydro power works
www.electrocity.co.nz/images/factsheets/hydro%20energy.pdf
Class activity on hydro power.
A21
Background information
continued
Other ways of generating hydro power
The energy from moving water can be used to create electricity in several different ways.
For example:
l Wave power
Production of electricity from waves and tides is an option today. About twice a day in high as well as low tides, water flows in and out of coasts and estuaries. This water can spin turbines, in order to produce electricity. But analysts have been taking a closer look at this form of energy supply and they believe that tidal power can only make a tiny contribution to the world’s energy supply, because of the few suitable sites, the high construction costs and the risk of equipment destruction.
l Power from heat stored in water
- Ocean water
Several countries believe that energy can be produced from ocean thermal
gradients.
They have been evaluating the use of the large thermal differences of tropical
oceans for the production of energy. With the thermal heat in the water they want to
produce steam that can spin turbines, for the production of electricity. The thermal
energy in the oceans would be converted in conversion plants, which would be
anchored to the bottom of the ocean. The technology of energy production from
heat stored in water has not yet been applied, as it is still in the research phase.
Analysts believe that this technology will not have enough economic value to
compete with other energy production technologies.
- Solar Pond
An alternative that may have economic value is the solar pond. By trapping sunlight
in a freshwater pond the water will warm up, which causes steam production. This
steam is trapped and used to spin turbines for electricity production. The principle
is the same as electricity production from thermal energy in oceans, however, the
technology is much simpler and it has moderate construction and operating costs.
Sources: Living in the Environment, by G. Tyler-Miller and www.fwee.org
A22
Background information
continued
How much of the world's electricity is supplied by hydro electric power?
Hydro electric power supplies about 20% of the world's electricity, and 6% of its total
commercial energy.
This is an indication of the total electricity supply by hydro electric power in several different countries:
70%
Norway
24%
China
16%
USA
57%
New Zealand
50%
in developing
countries
Pros and cons of hydro power
What are the benefits and drawbacks of hydro electric
Benefits:
1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate.
2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity
generation.
3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation
of electricity for many years / decades.
4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leisure /
pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right.
A23
Background information
continued
5. The lake’s water can be used for irrigation purposes.
6. The build-up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed,
when the water is released to produce electricity.
7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems does not produce greenhouse
gases. Hydropower doesn’t pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels
such as coal and natural gas. They do not pollute the atmosphere.
8. Hydropower relies on the water cycle which is driven by the sun, thus it is a
renewable power source.
9. Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.
10.The hydro-electric power plant has a lifespan of two to ten times that of coal and
nuclear plants.
Drawbacks:
1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard.
2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many
decades to become profitable.
3. A hydro-electric power plant takes up a lot of space and this together with the
flooding of large areas of land may cause animal habitats to be lost.
4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move
out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries,
people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead.
5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the
building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has
depressed the earth’s surface at its location.
6. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have
been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake).
This has led to deaths and flooding.
7. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the
water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This
can lead to serious problems between neighbouring countries.
A24
Background information
continued
8. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For example, the building
of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly
leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive
minerals are deposited in the stone work from ‘rising damp’ caused by the
changing water table level.
9. Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past
impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to
the ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators,
or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Downstream fish passage
is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even
underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the
turbine.
10.Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can
cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to
riparian(riverbank) habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques,
which oxygenate the water. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a
hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats.
11.Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought.
Websites:
http://geography.about.com/od/chinamaps/a/Three-Gorges-Dam.htm
Pros and cons of Three Gorges Dam in a nutshell
www.chinadam.com/dam/facts.htm
Some basic facts about the Three Gorges Project
www.policymic.com/articles/55209/5-shocking-photos-of-china-s-not-so-green-threegorges-dam
Photos of rubbish in the Yangtze River
www.history.com/topics/hoover-dam
www.history.com/videos/hoover-dam-true-giant#hoover-dam-true-giant
Four minute video on the making of the Hoover Dam.
A25
Background information
continued
Biggest and current projects
Top 10 energy producing hydropower projects in the world
Name of Dam
Country
River
Three Gorges
China
Yangtze
Itaipu
Brazil/Paraguay
Parana
Guri
Venezuela
Caroni
Tucurui
Brazil
Tocantins
Grand Coulee
United States
Columbia
Longtan
China
Hongshui
Krasnoyarsk
Russia
Yenisei
Robert-Bourassa
Canada
La Grande
Churchill Falls
Canada
Churchill
Bratsk
Russia
Angara
Websites:
http://www.chinadam.com/dam/facts.htm
25 minute footage of how the Three Gorges Dam was built over 17 years.
http://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.html
The Itaipu Dam, Paraguay/Brazil providing the largest supply of electricity generated
by hydropower in the world.
A26
Background information
continued
Water and energy
Water and energy are the basic needs of civilisation. Our use of each relies on
and affects the availability of the other, and as populations grow, our demand for
both will continue to increase at accelerating rates. Water and energy issues are
inseparable, and we cannot address groundwater protection and availability without
a keen focus on energy production and use.
The water-energy ‘nexus’ is now being understood within the broader context of
‘sustainability’. As a society we have the daunting job of seeking ways to sustainably
manage our current water supply so we are able to meet both present and future water
needs. This is not a job that we can postpone until tomorrow.
Water for electricity
All types of electricity generation consume water either to process the raw materials
used in the facility or fuel, constructing and maintaining the plant, or to just generate
the electricity itself. Renewable power sources such as photovoltaic solar and wind
power, which require little water to produce energy, require water in processing the
raw materials to build the turbines and solar panels. If a wind turbine is mounted
on a concrete or steel tower, additional tonnes of water are required in the tower’s
construction.
An average of 68 litres of fresh water is evaporated to generate 1 kWh of electricity at
hydroelectric plants. The production of electricity to power one 60W incandescent light
bulb over the course of a year would evaporate about 24,000 litres of water.
Thermal power plants require large amounts of cooling water. Most of the cooling water
is returned but at a higher temperature, and only around 3% is actually consumed,
mostly by evaporation. The demand for cooling water can be in competition with
agriculture and municipal demands in some areas with the demand for water irrigation
around 40% overall. As a result of climate change some rivers are running lower in the
summer, putting additional strain on power production.
Electricity for water
As energy requires water, water supply and sewage disposal needs energy. Drinking
water must be pumped to the treatment plant, pre-treated and then pumped to
consumers. In areas where fresh water is scarce and drinking water must be brought in
from a long distance, the energy footprint for this drinking water is extremely high.
A27
Background information
continued
The energy consumed for pumping groundwater is typically between 537kWh and 2,270 kWh per 3.8 million litres depending on pumping depth.
Treatment of wastewater and stormwater can also consume significant energy.
Combined sewer systems use the same pipes for conveying stormwater and
wastewater. During precipitation events, stormwater can swell and even overwhelm
the shared pipe resulting in sewer overflows, extra wastewater treatment, and
flooding. There are nearly 800 cities with combined sewer systems in the US. Many
municipalities are in the process of installing storage tunnels and high rate treatment
facilities to store and treat the large volume of storm/sewer water during precipitation
events. The overflow captured and treated at these new facilities is projected to be in
the billions of gallons annually per city and will only increase the water-related energy
consumption in these communities. Even areas with newer, separate stormwater
systems still experience infiltration and inflow of runoff in sanitary sewers and must treat
stormwater at wastewater treatment facilities.
Our planet’s water and energy resources are abundant; however, water and energy
supplies are often not available in the quantity and quality needed, at the location and
times we need them for the different ways we want to use them…and at prices that are
affordable. We have a challenge, not to mention an urgent mandate to work toward
sustainable resource planning and management approaches in a coordinated and
collaborative fashion. An important step toward accomplishing this is to improve our
understanding of the various issues, roles, and perspectives on water and energy from
the industries, agencies, and other stakeholders that manage these resources.
In order to provide water and energy for their constituents, state and local officials must
lay out clear and informed choices that lead to appropriate laws and practices that will
ensure water and energy sustainability. While there has been considerable research
on energy needs for the future, we know little about how much water it will take to meet
these needs and if that water will be available for energy production without impacting
other beneficial uses.
Above sourced from:
www.gwpc.org/programs/water-energy
A28
Background information
continued
Implications for power energy and climate change
Water and energy are inextricably linked. Water is used in nearly all energy processes,
from extraction to electricity production. Energy is used to create fresh water – a process
known as desalination. A carbon-intensive energy sector leads to climate change, which,
in turn, increases the risks of both water stress and floods, thus affecting water supply and
water quality.
With nine billion people on Earth by 2050, climate change, water and energy as global
challenges are certain to attract attention from policymakers. What is more, the interlinkages are likely to strengthen. Growth in water demand over the next two decades,
for example, will mainly be driven by the manufacturing and electricity sectors and will
strengthen the interdependence of water, climate change and energy over time.
So, how should we solve the conundrum? How can we meet the demand for energy
and fresh water without encountering the threat of climate change or water depletion?
The solution may lie with renewable energy.
Source: The Economist
Websites:
Games
www.electrocity.co.nz/Game/
Electro city Genesis energy x- NZ based game
www.climcity.cap-sciences.net/us/index.php.
Land management game over 50 years US
www.kidsenergyzone.com/games/activitiesdetails63.cfm?activityid=8
turn off the light bulbs - energy game
www.lachezprise.qc.ca/en/index.html
save electricity
A29
A30
How much water do you use?
Name
Class
How much water do you and your family use in one day?
Keep this diary and find out...
Activity
Amount
Cleaning teeth
5 litres
Shower
15 litres/minute
Half-full bath
100 litres
Full bath
200 litres
Toilet full-flush
11 litres
Toilet half-flush
5 litres
Washing hands
4 litres
Dishwasher
Up to 40 litres/cycle
Hand-washing
dishes
20 litres
Washing machine
150 litres/cycle
Garden hose
15 litres/minute
How Often?
Total
Other use...
A31
How much water do you use?
continued
Keep a record of how much you use every day for a week. At the end of the week,
calculate your Grand Total. How much was it? In what ways can you save water?
TOTALS
Monday:
Tuesday:
Wednesday:
Thursday:
Friday:
Saturday:
Sunday:
GRAND TOTAL
A32
20 Water Conservation Facts
Grow
your
grass a
little longer.
It will stay
greener than
a close mown
lawn and needs
less watering
Never
water the
garden in
the heat of the
day (it causes
leaf burn and
excessive
evaporation)
Fix
all
leaking
tap washers
around
your home.
A dripping tap can
waste up to
90 litres of water
per week
Turn
the tap
off while
brushing
your teeth.
You use 1 litre
with the tap off
and 5 litres with
the tap running
Install
a dual
flush
toilet
cistern
Use
a bowl
to scrub
vegetables in the
kitchen sink. Put
the used water
on the lawn
If
your
sprinkler is
spraying water
on the driveway
or paths, turn it
down or reposition it.
A sprinkler can use as
much water in an
hour as a family of
four will use
in a day
Re-use
water
where possible.
Tip soapy water
over flowerbeds which will
keep down the
bugs
Get
rid of
the weeds
in your
garden as they
compete with
your plants for
the available
water
Xeriscape
means
‘to landscape
for water
conservation’. The
idea is to use plants
that require less
water
Keep
water
in a covered
container in the
fridge. It saves
running the tap
to get cold
water
Use
covers
on
swimming
pools and spas
to prevent water
evaporating
Don’t
use your
toilet as a
rubbish bin.
5 to 12 litres is
wasted every time
you flush it
Don’t
use
your
washing
machine until
you have a full
load. The average
wash needs
around 95 litres. A
full load uses less
water than two half
loads
Look
for a
drought
resistant lawn
seed mix when
laying a new
lawn (eg Perennial
Ryegrass, Fescues
and Kentucky
Bluegrass)
Up
to
73% of
your garden
water just
evaporates
(unless you
apply a good
mulch around
trees and
shrubs)
Use
the dirty
water when
cleaning your
fish tank on your
houseplants.
It’s rich in nitrogen
and phosphorus which
provides an excellent
fertiliser
Use
a bucket
of water when
washing your
boat or car. Use the
hose for a quick
spray to finish
Poster
www.watercare.co.nz
An Auckland Council Organisation
3G
WCons_July_13
Take
a quick
shower
instead of a
bath (use a
timer to limit
the amount of
water used)
When
rinsing
clothing,
use a basin or
put the plug in,
instead of leaving
the tap running
A33
WEAR BLUE DAY
in celebration of
World Water Day
22 March 2014
Please wear blue clothes to school
on this day
Watercare Services Limited
73 Remuera Road, Remuera, Auckland 1050
Private Bag 92 521, Wellesley Street, Auckland 1141
WO
22 March
2014
AY
from your teacher
for a
$
donation
towards
W ATE
D
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L
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WEAR BLUE
BADGE
R
Get your
WEAR BLUE
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22 March
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List of some water charities
The Waterlife Foundation
www.waterlife.org
Just a drop
www.justadrop.org
Wateraid
www.wateraid.org
You may prefer to find one of your own.
C37