Chapterȱ4:ȱReviewȱ
AmericanȱHistoryȱ
ȱ
ȱ
StampȱAct:
ȱ
x PassedȱbyȱParliamentȱinȱ1765.ȱȱ
o LawȱwasȱpushedȱthroughȱParliamentȱbyȱGeorgeȱGrenville.ȱȱ
x Theȱnewȱlawȱrequiredȱcolonistsȱtoȱpurchaseȱspecialȱstampsȱorȱstampedȱpaperȱonȱcertainȱ
articles.ȱȱ
o Allȱlegalȱdocumentsȱȱ
o Licensesȱȱ
o Newspapersȱȱ
o Pamphletsȱȱ
o Almanacsȱȱ
o Playingȱcardsȱȱ
o Diceȱȱ
x Wasȱrepealedȱinȱ1766.ȱȱ
o Boycottsȱandȱrebellionsȱbyȱcolonistsȱleadȱtoȱtheȱrepeal.ȱȱ
ƒ Taxȱcollectorsȱwereȱbeingȱtarȱandȱfeatheredȱbyȱcolonistsȱȱ
ƒ Colonistsȱburnedȱtheȱpaper.ȱȱ
ƒ Colonistsȱrefusedȱtoȱpurchaseȱtheȱpaper.ȱȱ
x ResultȱwasȱtheȱDeclaratoryȱActȱȱ
o StatementȱthatȱBritainȱhadȱtotalȱcontrolȱofȱtheȱcolonies.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
TownshendȱActs:
ȱ
x PassedȱatȱtheȱsameȱtimeȱtheȱStampȱActȱwasȱrepealed.ȱȱ
x BrainchildȱofȱCharlesȱTownshend.ȱȱ
o Purposeȱwasȱtoȱgainȱrevenueȱfromȱtheȱcolonies.ȱȱ
x Indirectȱtaxȱȱ
o TaxedȱimportȱmaterialsȱfromȱBritainȱtoȱtheȱcolonies.ȱȱ
ƒ Glassȱȱ
ƒ Leadȱȱ
ƒ Paintȱȱ
ƒ Paperȱȱ
ƒ Threeȱpennyȱtaxȱonȱteaȱȱ
x Repealedȱinȱ1770ȱbyȱLordȱNorthȱȱ
ȱ
BostonȱMassacre:
ȱ
x OccurredȱonȱMarchȱ5,ȱ1770,ȱBoston,ȱMassachusetts.ȱȱ
x
x
x
ReactionȱtoȱtheȱTownshendȱActsȱandȱtheȱheavyȱmilitaryȱpresenceȱinȱBoston.ȱȱ
o StartedȱinȱfrontȱofȱtheȱCustomsȱHouseȱȱ
ƒ Brawlȱbrokeȱoutȱbetweenȱciviliansȱandȱsoldiers.ȱȱ
x Rocks,ȱsticksȱandȱchunksȱofȱiceȱwereȱthrownȱbyȱcitizens.ȱȱ
ƒ Gunsȱwereȱfiredȱbyȱsoldiersȱȱ
Soldiersȱwereȱarrestedȱandȱtried.ȱȱ
o Sixȱȱwasȱacquittedȱȱ
o Twoȱwereȱfoundȱguiltyȱofȱmanslaughter.ȱȱ
ƒ Thumbsȱwereȱbranded.ȱȱ
SonsȱofȱLibertyȱinstantlyȱlabeledȱtheȱincidentȱasȱaȱmassacre.ȱȱ
o PresentedȱtheȱincidentȱtoȱtheȱcoloniesȱasȱaȱBritishȱattackȱonȱpoorȱdefenselessȱ
colonists.ȱȱ
ȱ
TeaȱAct:
ȱ
x Passedȱinȱ1773.ȱȱ
x ProvidedȱaȱmonopolyȱonȱteaȱsalesȱinȱtheȱcoloniesȱtoȱtheȱEastȱIndiaȱCompany.ȱȱ
o Eliminatedȱtheȱmiddlemanȱinȱtheȱcolonies.ȱȱ
o Merchantsȱinȱtheȱteaȱtradeȱwereȱputȱoutȱofȱbusiness.ȱȱ
x Colonistsȱboycottedȱandȱprotestedȱtheȱlaw.ȱȱ
o LeadȱtoȱtheȱBostonȱTeaȱPartyȱasȱaȱformȱofȱprotest.ȱȱ
o Colonistsȱboycottedȱteaȱandȱcreatedȱnewȱdrinksȱasȱsubstitutes.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
CommitteeȱofȱCorrespondence:ȱ
ȱ
x CreatedȱbyȱtheȱassembliesȱofȱMassachusettsȱandȱVirginia.ȱȱ
x Purposeȱwasȱtoȱcorrespondȱwithȱotherȱcolonies.ȱȱ
o ShareȱinformationȱandȱletȱothersȱknowȱhowȱtheȱBritishȱwereȱhurtingȱtheȱcolonies.ȱȱ
ƒ Changedȱsmugglingȱlaws.ȱȱ
x TrialsȱwereȱnowȱtoȱbeȱinȱBritain.ȱȱ
ƒ Perceivedȱthreatsȱtoȱcolonialȱliberties.ȱȱ
x Theȱnetworkȱeventuallyȱlinkedȱcolonialȱleadersȱfromȱalmostȱallȱcolonies.ȱȱ
ȱ
BostonȱTeaȱParty:
ȱ
x AȱprotestȱthatȱevolvedȱdueȱtoȱtheȱTeaȱActȱandȱitsȱaffectsȱonȱtheȱcoloniesȱeconomy.ȱȱ
x GroupȱofȱcolonistsȱdressedȱasȱNativeȱAmericansȱwentȱtoȱBostonȱHarborȱonȱDecemberȱ16,ȱ
1776.ȱȱ
o Boardedȱthreeȱdockedȱships.ȱȱ
o Dumpedȱ18,000ȱlbsȱofȱtheȱEastȱIndiaȱTeaȱCompaniesȱteaȱintoȱtheȱharbor.ȱȱ
x ResultȱwasȱtheȱpassageȱofȱtheȱCoerciveȱActs.ȱȱ
o ColonistsȱreferredȱtoȱthemȱasȱtheȱIntolerableȱActs.ȱȱ
ȱ
CoerciveȱActs:
ȱ
x ColonistsȱreferredȱtoȱthemȱasȱtheȱIntolerableȱActs.ȱȱ
x PassedȱasȱaȱreactionȱtoȱtheȱBostonȱTeaȱParty.ȱȱ
x
Lawsȱwereȱcreatedȱtoȱpunishȱcolonists.ȱȱ
o BostonȱPortȱAct:ȱȱ
ƒ ClosedȱtheȱPortȱofȱBostonȱuntilȱtheȱEastȱIndiaȱCompanyȱwasȱ
compensatedȱforȱtheirȱlossȱofȱtea.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
NonimportationȱAgreement:ȱ
ȱ
x AȱresponseȱtoȱtheȱTownshendȱActsȱȱ
o ColonialȱmerchantsȱagreedȱtoȱstopȱimportingȱgoodsȱtaxedȱunderȱtheȱTownshendȱ
Acts.ȱȱ
ȱ
FirstȱContinentalȱCongress:ȱ
ȱ
x AȱmeetingȱofȱcolonialȱleadersȱinȱresponseȱtoȱtheȱCoerciveȱActs.ȱȱ
o MetȱinȱPhiladelphia,ȱPennsylvaniaȱinȱSeptemberȱ1774.ȱȱ
o Twelveȱcoloniesȱwereȱrepresented.ȱȱ
ƒ Georgiaȱdidȱnotȱsendȱaȱrepresentative.ȱȱ
x Passedȱaȱresolution,ȱSuffolkȱResolutionȱthatȱbackedȱMassachusettsȱandȱtheȱeconomicȱ
strugglesȱtheyȱwereȱhavingȱdueȱtoȱtheseȱlaws.ȱȱ
o BoycottedȱallȱBritishȱgoodsȱuntilȱtheȱlawȱwasȱrepealed.ȱȱ
o StoppedȱexportingȱgoodȱtoȱBritainȱuntilȱtheȱlawsȱwereȱrepealed.ȱȱ
o SetȱupȱaȱContinentalȱAssociationȱtoȱensureȱtheȱboycottȱwasȱbeingȱenforced.ȱȱ
x Urgedȱallȱtheȱcoloniesȱtoȱsetupȱandȱtrainȱaȱmilitia.ȱȱ
x AllȱagreedȱtoȱmeetȱagainȱinȱMayȱofȱ1775.ȱȱ
ȱ
LexingtonȱandȱConcord:
ȱ
x GeneralȱThomasȱGageȱgotȱnewsȱthatȱtheȱminutemenȱofȱMassachusettsȱwereȱstoringȱaȱ
largeȱarmamentȱinȱConcord.ȱȱ
o Newsȱcameȱinȱ1775.ȱȱ
x GageȱplannedȱaȱsurpriseȱmarchȱonȱConcordȱtoȱretrieveȱtheȱarms.ȱȱ
x TroopsȱleftȱBostonȱonȱAprilȱ18thȱforȱConcord.ȱȱ
o SonsȱofȱLibertyȱwereȱwatching.ȱȱ
x SonsȱofȱLibertyȱsendȱwordȱtoȱpassȱonȱtheȱnews.ȱȱ
o “TheȱBritishȱareȱonȱtheȱmove”ȱȱ
o PaulȱRevereȱandȱtwoȱothersȱsetȱoutȱtoȱwarnȱtheȱcolonistȱofȱMassachusetts.ȱȱ
x BritishȱareȱmetȱbyȱminutemenȱonȱtheȱvillageȱgreenȱinȱLexington.ȱȱ
o Minuteȱmenȱrefusedȱtoȱdisperseȱfastȱenoughȱandȱresultedȱinȱshotsȱbeingȱfired.ȱȱ
ƒ EightȱAmericansȱwereȱkilledȱandȱseveralȱmoreȱwounded.ȱȱ
x BritishȱmarchedȱonȱtoȱConcordȱfollowingȱtheȱincidentȱatȱLexington.ȱȱ
o Metȱbyȱminutemenȱagainȱandȱthisȱtimeȱforcedȱtoȱretreat.ȱȱ
ƒ Minutemenȱwereȱreadyȱforȱthem.ȱȱ
x Minutemenȱusedȱ“HitȱandȱRun”ȱtacticsȱagainstȱtheȱBritish.ȱȱ
o Hidȱbehindȱtreesȱandȱstoneȱfences.ȱȱ
x ThisȱisȱtheȱfirstȱbattleȱinȱtheȱAmericanȱRevolution.ȱȱ
x
NewsȱofȱtheȱBattlesȱatȱLexingtonȱandȱConcordȱspreadȱrapidly.ȱȱ
o LordȱDunmoreȱofȱVirginiaȱpromisesȱfreedomȱtoȱanyȱdefectingȱslavesȱtoȱhelpȱtheȱ
British.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
SecondȱContinentalȱCongress:
ȱ
x AssembledȱinȱMayȱ1775.ȱȱ
o MetȱagainȱinȱPhiladelphia.ȱȱ
x Loyaltiesȱresultingȱinȱlongȱdebates.ȱȱ
x JohnȱAdamsȱmadeȱaȱradicalȱsuggestionȱtoȱtheȱCongress.ȱȱ
o Eachȱstateȱshouldȱsetȱupȱitsȱownȱgovernmentȱȱ
o CongressȱshouldȱdeclareȱtheȱcoloniesȱindependentȱfromȱBritain.ȱȱ
o MilitiamenȱaroundȱBostonȱshouldȱbeȱconsideredȱtheȱContinentalȱArmy.ȱȱ
x DebatesȱcontinuedȱasȱdidȱdisagreementsȱintoȱJuneȱofȱ1775.ȱȱ
o FinallyȱagreedȱtoȱrecognizeȱaȱContinentalȱArmyȱȱ
ƒ ChoseȱGeorgeȱWashingtonȱasȱitsȱcommander.ȱȱ
o Authorizedȱtheȱprintingȱofȱpaperȱmoneyȱtoȱpayȱtheȱtroops.ȱȱ
o Organizedȱaȱcommitteeȱtoȱdealȱwithȱforeignȱnations.ȱȱ
x TheȱCongressȱwasȱalwaysȱhopingȱforȱaȱpeacefulȱsettlementȱwithȱBritainȱevenȱasȱtheyȱ
readiedȱthemselvesȱforȱwar.ȱȱ
x CongressȱadvisedȱallȱtheȱcoloniesȱtoȱformȱnewȱstateȱgovernmentsȱinȱMayȱ1776.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
OliveȱBranchȱPetition:ȱ
ȱ
x MostȱofȱtheȱmembersȱofȱtheȱSecondȱContinentalȱCongressȱfeltȱaȱloyaltyȱtoȱKingȱGeorge.ȱȱ
o BlamedȱtheȱbloodshedȱonȱtheȱKingsȱministers.ȱȱ
x TheȱCongressȱsentȱtheȱKingȱpetitionȱtoȱtheȱkingȱinȱhopesȱtoȱreturnȱtheirȱrelationshipȱwithȱ
BritainȱbackȱtoȱaȱpeacefulȱoneȱonȱJulyȱ8,ȱ1775.ȱȱ
o KnownȱasȱtheȱOliveȱBranchȱPetition.ȱȱ
x KingȱGeorgeȱrejectedȱtheȱpetition.ȱȱ
o Wantedȱtheȱrebelliousȱcoloniesȱpunished.ȱȱ
o WantedȱaȱnavalȱblockadeȱsetupȱalongȱtheȱcoastȱofȱNorthȱAmerica.ȱȱ
ȱ
CommonȱSense:
ȱ
x WrittenȱbyȱThomasȱPaineȱinȱJanuaryȱ1776.ȱȱ
o Thisȱwasȱaȱ47ȱpageȱpamphletȱthatȱverballyȱattackedȱKingȱGeorgeȱandȱtheȱ
monarchȱinȱgeneral.ȱȱ
ƒ ClaimedȱthatȱtheȱtyrannyȱinȱtheȱcoloniesȱwasȱdueȱtoȱtheȱKing.ȱȱ
x CommonȱSenseȱdeclaredȱitȱwasȱtimeȱforȱtheȱcolonistsȱtoȱproclaimȱtheirȱindependence.ȱȱ
o AmericaȱshouldȱhaveȱnothingȱtoȱdoȱwithȱKings.ȱȱ
x Statedȱthereȱwereȱpracticalȱadvantagesȱtoȱbecomingȱanȱindependentȱnation.ȱȱ
o Tradeȱwithȱwhomȱweȱchoose.ȱȱ
o Americanȱsoldiersȱwouldȱbeȱtreatedȱasȱprisonersȱofȱwarȱinsteadȱofȱbeingȱshotȱforȱ
treasonȱifȱcaptured.ȱȱ
x
x
x
IndependenceȱaccordingȱtoȱtheȱpamphletȱwouldȱalsoȱmakeȱitȱeasierȱforȱAmericansȱtoȱ
obtainȱfinancialȱaidȱfromȱotherȱnations.ȱȱ
PaineȱalsoȱarguedȱthatȱwithȱindependenceȱAmericansȱhadȱaȱchanceȱtoȱcreateȱaȱbetterȱ
society.ȱȱ
o Freeȱfromȱtyrannyȱȱ
o Everyoneȱequalȱsociallyȱȱ
o Everyoneȱwouldȱhaveȱeconomicȱopportunities.ȱȱ
CommonȱSenseȱwasȱsoldȱ½ȱmillionȱcopies.ȱȱ
o Consideredȱoneȱofȱtheȱmostȱinfluentialȱpoliticalȱpamphletsȱinȱhistory.ȱȱ
ȱ
DeclarationȱofȱIndependence:
ȱ
x AȱcommitteeȱwasȱformedȱbyȱtheȱSecondȱContinentalȱCongressȱtoȱprepareȱaȱformalȱ
declaration.ȱȱ
o Included:ȱȱ
ƒ JohnȱAdamsȱȱ
ƒ BenjaminȱFranklinȱȱ
ƒ ThomasȱJeffersonȱȱ
ƒ RobertȱLivingstonȱȱ
ƒ RogerȱShermanȱȱ
x ThomasȱJeffersonȱwasȱchosenȱtoȱformallyȱwriteȱtheȱdeclaration.ȱȱ
x Theȱpurposeȱofȱtheȱdeclarationȱwasȱtoȱexplainȱtoȱtheȱworldȱtheȱreasonsȱtheȱcoloniesȱwereȱ
takingȱtheseȱactions.ȱȱ
x FirstȱDraft:ȱȱ
o Jeffersonȱincludedȱaȱstatementȱattackingȱtheȱcrueltyȱandȱinjusticeȱofȱtheȱslaveȱ
trade.ȱȱ
ƒ HadȱtoȱbeȱdroppedȱtoȱensureȱvotesȱfromȱSouthȱCarolinaȱandȱGeorgiaȱ
wereȱpositive.ȱȱ
x TheȱDeclarationȱisȱconsideredȱaȱpoliticalȱmasterpiece.ȱȱ
o ThisȱwasȱtheȱfinalȱpieceȱforȱtheȱcoloniesȱtoȱbreakingȱtheirȱtiesȱwithȱBritain.ȱȱ
o Expressedȱcommonplaceȱideasȱofȱ“inalienableȱrights”.ȱȱ
ƒ Thoseȱthatȱcouldȱnotȱbeȱtakenȱawayȱȱ
ƒ Rightsȱofȱtheȱpeopleȱtoȱrebelȱagainstȱtyranny.ȱȱ
x DeclarationȱofȱIndependenceȱstatesȱthatȱ“allȱmenȱareȱcreatedȱequal”.ȱȱ
o Atȱthisȱtimeȱthisȱmeantȱwhite,ȱfreeȱmales.ȱȱ
x DeclarationȱwasȱadoptedȱonȱJulyȱ4,ȱ1776ȱbyȱtheȱSecondȱContinentalȱCongress.ȱȱ
ȱ
Loyalists:
ȱ
x TermȱgivenȱtoȱcolonistsȱwhoȱwereȱloyalȱtoȱtheȱBritishȱgovernmentȱandȱKing.ȱȱȱ
o DidȱnotȱwantȱtoȱbreakȱawayȱfromȱtheȱBritishȱgovernment.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Patriot:
ȱ
x Americanȱcolonistsȱwhoȱwholeȱheartedlyȱsupportedȱtheȱmovementȱforȱindependenceȱ
fromȱBritain.ȱȱ
o Manyȱwereȱpartȱofȱtheȱmilitia.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Hessians:
ȱ
x WereȱmercenariesȱhiredȱbyȱBritainȱinȱtheȱwarȱforȱAmerica’sȱindependence.ȱȱ
o TheyȱwereȱhiredȱdueȱtoȱtheȱshortageȱofȱmanpowerȱinȱtheȱBritishȱarmy.ȱȱ
x CameȱfromȱsixȱsmallȱGermanȱstates.ȱȱ
x Wereȱnotȱveryȱloyalȱtoȱtheȱcountryȱthatȱhiredȱthem.ȱȱ
o Almostȱ5,000ȱofȱtheseȱmenȱdesertedȱtheȱBritishȱarmyȱtoȱtryȱtheirȱluckȱinȱAmerica.ȱȱ
ȱ
DisadvantagesȱȱandȱAdvantagesȱforȱtheȱBritishȱinȱtheȱRevolutionaryȱWar:
ȱ
x Disadvantages:ȱȱ
ȱ
o Theȱarmyȱwasȱshortȱhandedȱȱ
ƒ ManyȱsoldiersȱwereȱinȱIrelandȱȱ
ƒ PayȱandȱlivingȱconditionsȱinȱtheȱBritishȱarmyȱwereȱsoȱbad,ȱmanyȱrefusedȱ
toȱjoin.ȱȱ
o Fightingȱ3,000ȱmilesȱfromȱhome.ȱȱ
o Hadȱtoȱfightȱonȱunfamiliarȱterritory.ȱȱ
o Poorȱmapsȱofȱtheȱterritoryȱmadeȱtravelȱevenȱmoreȱdifficult.ȱȱ
ƒ Theyȱwereȱuseȱtoȱbetterȱroads.ȱȱ
o AtȱtimesȱoutȱgunnedȱonȱaȱoneȬtoȬoneȱbasis.ȱȱ
o GunsȱwereȱlessȱaccurateȱthanȱtheȱAmericanȱrifles.ȱȱ
x Advantages:ȱȱ
o Bestȱnavyȱinȱtheȱworldȱȱ
o Supportȱofȱtheȱloyalists.ȱȱ
o Factoriesȱwereȱwellȱequippedȱtoȱproduceȱweapons.ȱȱ
o Trainedȱengineersȱtoȱbuildȱfortifications.ȱȱ
o Exceptionalȱnoncommissionedȱofficers.ȱȱ
ȱ
AmericanȱDisadvantagesȱandȱAdvantagesȱduringȱtheȱRevolutionaryȱWar:
ȱ
x Disadvantages:ȱȱ
o Sizeȱofȱtheȱnavyȱȱ
o Difficultyȱkeepingȱanȱarmyȱtogether.ȱȱ
o Soldiersȱhadȱpoorȱpay.ȱȱ
o Notȱenoughȱfoodȱȱ
o Noȱwarmȱclothingȱȱ
o Menȱwouldȱleaveȱtoȱtendȱtheirȱfarms.ȱȱ
o Diseaseȱȱ
o Noȱmunitionsȱfactories,ȱarmsȱandȱammunition.ȱȱ
ȱ
BattlesȱofȱtheȱRevolution:ȱ
ȱ
LexingtonȱandȱConcord:ȱ
ȱ
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
GeneralȱThomasȱGageȱgotȱnewsȱthatȱtheȱminutemenȱofȱMassachusettsȱwereȱstoringȱaȱ
largeȱarmamentȱinȱConcord.ȱȱ
o Newsȱcameȱinȱ1775.ȱȱ
GageȱplannedȱaȱsurpriseȱmarchȱonȱConcordȱtoȱretrieveȱtheȱarms.ȱȱ
TroopsȱleftȱBostonȱonȱAprilȱ18thȱforȱConcord.ȱȱ
o SonsȱofȱLibertyȱwereȱwatching.ȱȱ
SonsȱofȱLibertyȱsendȱwordȱtoȱpassȱonȱtheȱnews.ȱȱ
o “TheȱBritishȱareȱonȱtheȱmove”ȱȱ
o PaulȱRevereȱandȱtwoȱothersȱsetȱoutȱtoȱwarnȱtheȱcolonistȱofȱMassachusetts.ȱȱ
BritishȱareȱmetȱbyȱminutemenȱonȱtheȱvillageȱgreenȱinȱLexington.ȱȱ
o Minuteȱmenȱrefusedȱtoȱdisperseȱfastȱenoughȱandȱresultedȱinȱshotsȱbeingȱfired.ȱȱ
ƒ EightȱAmericansȱwereȱkilledȱandȱseveralȱmoreȱwounded.ȱȱ
BritishȱmarchedȱonȱtoȱConcordȱfollowingȱtheȱincidentȱatȱLexington.ȱȱ
o Metȱbyȱminutemenȱagainȱandȱthisȱtimeȱforcedȱtoȱretreat.ȱȱ
ƒ Minutemenȱwereȱreadyȱforȱthem.ȱȱ
Minutemenȱusedȱ“HitȱandȱRun”ȱtacticsȱagainstȱtheȱBritish.ȱȱ
o Hidȱbehindȱtreesȱandȱstoneȱfences.ȱȱ
ThisȱisȱtheȱfirstȱbattleȱinȱtheȱAmericanȱRevolution.ȱȱ
NewsȱofȱtheȱBattlesȱatȱLexingtonȱandȱConcordȱspreadȱrapidly.ȱȱ
o LordȱDunmoreȱofȱVirginiaȱpromisesȱfreedomȱtoȱanyȱdefectingȱslavesȱtoȱhelpȱtheȱ
British.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
BattleȱofȱBunkerȱHill:ȱ
ȱ
x AfterȱtheȱBattleȱofȱLexingtonȱandȱConcord,ȱmilitiaȱsurroundedȱBostonȱinȱtheȱhills.ȱȱ
o TrappedȱtheȱGageȱandȱhisȱarmyȱinȱBoston.ȱȱ
x GageȱdecidedȱtoȱstrikeȱonȱBreedsȱHill,ȱnearȱBunkerȱHill,ȱonȱJuneȱ17,ȱ1775.ȱȱ
o Sentȱnearlyȱ2,400ȱtroops.ȱȱ
x SoldiersȱhadȱaȱdifficultȱtimeȱclimbingȱBreedsȱHill.ȱȱ
o Dressedȱinȱwoolȱuniformsȱinȱveryȱhot,ȱhumidȱweather.ȱȱ
o Backpacksȱwereȱextremelyȱheavy.ȱȱ
x BritishȱmadeȱthreeȱattemptsȱtoȱtakeȱBreedsȱHillȱfromȱtheȱMilitia.ȱȱ
o Onlyȱsuccessfulȱonȱtheȱthirdȱattempt.ȱȱ
x MilitiaȱwereȱdugȱintoȱtheȱhillȱwhenȱtheȱBritishȱattacked.ȱȱ
o HeldȱtheirȱfireȱuntilȱtheȱlastȱminuteȱonȱallȱtheȱBritishȱattemptsȱtoȱtakeȱtheȱhill.ȱȱ
o ThirdȱattemptȱtheȱMilitiaȱwereȱoutȱofȱammunitionȱandȱlostȱtheȱhill.ȱȱ
x Colonistsȱlostȱoverȱ450ȱmenȱinȱthisȱbattleȱandȱtheȱBritishȱhadȱoverȱ1,000ȱcasualties.ȱȱ
x BattleȱofȱBunkerȱHillȱwasȱtheȱdeadliestȱbattleȱofȱtheȱAmericanȱRevolution.ȱȱ
ȱ
BattleȱofȱLongȱIsland:ȱ
ȱ
x BritishȱfleetȱarrivedȱinȱNewȱYorkȱinȱlateȱJuneȱ1776ȱȱ
o BroughtȱGeneralȱHoweȱandȱaboutȱ34,000ȱtroopsȱandȱ10,000ȱsailors.ȱȱ
o Theirȱarrivalȱmarkedȱaȱnewȱstageȱinȱtheȱwar.ȱȱ
ƒ MovedȱtheȱfightingȱfromȱNewȱEnglandȱtoȱtheȱMiddleȱcolonies.ȱȱ
x Washingtonȱhadȱfewerȱthanȱ20,000ȱmenȱandȱnoȱnavy.ȱȱ
o Poorlyȱtrainedȱmen.ȱȱ
x
x
x
Washington,ȱnotȱsureȱwhereȱHoweȱwouldȱlandȱsentȱforcesȱtoȱLongȱIslandȱandȱ
Manhattan.ȱȱ
HoweȱcameȱashoreȱonȱLongȱIslandȱinȱAugust.ȱȱ
Battleȱkilled,ȱwoundedȱorȱcapturedȱmoreȱthanȱ1,400ȱAmericansȱȱ
o AmericanȱarmyȱretreatedȱtoȱManhattanȱwithȱtheȱBritishȱfollowing.ȱȱ
WashingtonȱmovedȱnorthȱacrossȱtheȱHudsonȱRiverȱandȱlaterȱacrossȱtheȱDelawareȱRiver.ȱȱ
x
ȱ
BattleȱofȱTrenton:ȱ
ȱ
x TookȱplaceȱonȱDecemberȱ26th.ȱȱ
o SurpriseȱattackȱonȱHessianȱsolders.ȱȱ
ƒ Tookȱmostȱofȱthemȱprisoners.ȱȱ
x CornwallisȱtriedȱtoȱretakeȱTrentonȱinȱJanuaryȱ1777.ȱȱ
o TriedȱaȱsurpriseȱattackȱonȱWashington’sȱcamp.ȱȱ
o WasȱfooledȱbyȱWashington.ȱȱ
ƒ Hadȱleftȱtheȱfiresȱburningȱandȱslippedȱbehindȱenemyȱlines.ȱȱ
ƒ MovedȱonȱtoȱMorristownȱandȱspentȱtheȱwinter.ȱȱ
ȱ
BattlesȱofȱBrandywineȱandȱGermantown:ȱ
ȱ
x GeneralȱHoweȱsailedȱfromȱNewȱYorkȱtoȱtheȱChesapeakeȱBayȱinȱJulyȱ1777.ȱȱ
o CapturedȱPhiladelphiaȱdespiteȱWashington’sȱefforts.ȱȱ
x HoweȱmarchedȱthroughȱBrandywineȱandȱGermantown.ȱȱ
o DefeatedȱtheȱAmericansȱatȱbothȱplaces.ȱȱ
ȱ
BattlesȱatȱFt.ȱTiconderogaȱandȱBennington:ȱ
ȱ
x BurgoyneȱmarchedȱonȱAlbanyȱwithȱgreatȱdifficulty.ȱȱ
o Heavyȱequipmentȱwasȱdifficultȱtoȱmoveȱinȱtheȱwoods.ȱȱ
x BurgoyneȱretookȱFt.ȱTiconderoga.ȱȱ
o SentȱtroopsȱintoȱVermontȱtoȱfindȱfoodȱandȱhorses.ȱȱ
x BritishȱwereȱattackedȱatȱBennington.ȱȱ
o Lostȱnearlyȱ1,000ȱsoldierȱȱ
ƒ Woundedȱȱ
ƒ Capturedȱȱ
ȱ
BattleȱofȱSaratoga:ȱ
ȱ
x MilitiaȱgroupȱknownȱasȱtheȱGreenȱMountainȱBoysȱmovedȱtoȱNewȱYork.ȱȱ
o WentȱtoȱhelpȱtheȱAmericanȱforcesȱȱ
x AmericansȱsurroundedȱtheȱBritishȱatȱSaratoga.ȱȱ
o Burgoyneȱtriedȱtoȱgetȱfree,ȱbutȱwasȱunableȱtoȱdoȱso.ȱȱ
x BurgoyneȱknewȱheȱwasȱtrappedȱandȱsurrenderedȱhisȱarmyȱtoȱtheȱAmericansȱonȱOctoberȱ
17,ȱ1777.ȱȱ
x Thisȱbattleȱwasȱtheȱturningȱpointȱofȱtheȱwar.ȱȱ
o EndedȱtheȱBritishȱthreatȱtoȱNewȱEnglandȱȱ
o BoostedȱAmericanȱspiritȱȱ
o ConvincedȱFranceȱtoȱbecomeȱanȱally.ȱȱ
BattleȱatȱVincennes:ȱ
ȱ
x GeorgeȱRogersȱClarkȱledȱtheȱVirginiaȱfrontierȱfighters.ȱȱ
o HadȱhelpȱfromȱtheȱMiamiȱIndians.ȱȱ
o CapturedȱBritishȱfortsȱinȱtheȱfrontier.ȱȱ
ƒ Kaskaskiaȱȱ
ƒ Cahokiaȱȱ
x PlannedȱaȱsurpriseȱattackȱatȱVincennes.ȱȱ
o Uponȱarrivalȱspreadȱoutȱinȱtheȱwoodsȱtoȱappearȱtoȱlookȱlikeȱaȱlargerȱarmyȱthenȱ
theyȱreallyȱwere.ȱȱ
o BritishȱcommanderȱsurrenderedȱinsteadȱofȱfightingȱinȱFebruaryȱ1779.ȱȱ
ȱ
BattleȱofȱMoore’sȱCreekȱBridge:ȱ
ȱ
x TookȱplaceȱinȱNorthȱCarolinaȱinȱ1776.ȱȱ
o ConsideredȱtheȱLexingtonȱandȱConcordȱofȱtheȱSouth.ȱȱ
o Patriotsȱdefeatedȱaȱloyalistȱarmy.ȱȱ
ȱ
BattleȱofȱCowpen:ȱ
ȱ
x TookȱplaceȱinȱSouthȱCarolina.ȱȱ
o AmericanȱgeneralsȱGreeneȱandȱMorganȱdefeatedȱtheȱBritishȱȱusingȱhitȱandȱrunȱ
tactics.ȱȱ
o ForcedȱCornwallisȱtoȱmoveȱfromȱSouthȱCarolinaȱtoȱYorktown.ȱȱ
ȱ
BattleȱofȱYorktown:ȱ
ȱ
x CornwallisȱmovedȱtoȱYorktownȱafterȱbeingȱharassedȱandȱforcedȱoutȱofȱSouthȱCarolina.ȱȱ
x Wasȱwaitingȱforȱsupplyȱshipsȱtoȱland.ȱȱ
x FrenchȱfleetȱunderȱAdmiralȱdeȱGrasseȱwasȱalsoȱsailingȱtowardȱtheȱChesapeakeȱarea.ȱȱ
o PreventedȱBritishȱshipsȱfromȱlandingȱandȱgivingȱCornwallisȱtheȱsuppliesȱheȱ
needed.ȱȱ
o KeptȱCornwallisȱfromȱescapingȱbyȱsea.ȱȱ
x WashingtonȱmarchedȱsouthȱfromȱNewȱYorkȱtowardȱYorktown.ȱȱ
x FrenchȱtroopsȱjoinedȱWashingtonȱtoȱmarchȱonȱVirginia.ȱȱ
x Cornwallisȱheldȱoutȱforȱapproximatelyȱthreeȱweeks.ȱȱ
o SurrenderedȱonȱOctoberȱ17,ȱ1781.ȱȱ
x TwoȱdaysȱlaterȱtheȱBritishȱturnedȱtheirȱweaponsȱoverȱtoȱtheȱAmericans.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
HelpȱFromȱAbroad:
ȱ
x VolunteersȱfromȱEuropeȱwereȱarrivingȱallȱduringȱtheȱwarȱtoȱhelpȱwithȱtheȱAmericanȱ
cause.ȱȱ
o MarquisȱdeȱLafayetteȱbroughtȱtrainedȱsoldiersȱandȱfoughtȱatȱBrandywine.ȱȱ
o ThaddeusȱKosciuskoȱwasȱaȱPolishȱengineerȱthatȱhelpedȱbuildȱfortsȱandȱotherȱ
defenses.ȱȱ
o CasimirȱPulaskiȱofȱPolandȱhelpedȱtrainȱtheȱcavalry.ȱȱ
o
BernardoȱdeȱGalvezȱfromȱSpainȱsuppliedȱmedicines,ȱcloth,ȱmuskets,ȱandȱ
gunpowderȱtoȱAmericansȱȱ
FredrichȱvonȱSteubenȱfromȱPrussiaȱhelpedȱtrainȱtroopsȱȱ
o
ȱ
TreatyȱofȱParis:
ȱ
x Talksȱbeganȱinȱ1782.ȱȱ
x Congressȱsentȱfourȱrepresentativesȱȱ
o BenjaminȱFranklinȱȱ
o JohnȱAdamsȱȱ
o JohnȱJayȱȱ
o HenryȱLaurensȱȱ
x Britainȱwasȱveryȱeagerȱtoȱendȱtheȱwar.ȱȱ
o Americansȱgotȱmostȱofȱwhatȱtheyȱwanted.ȱȱ
x TheȱTreaty:ȱȱ
o America’sȱindependenceȱwasȱrecognizedȱȱ
ƒ Nowȱconsideredȱanȱindependentȱnation.ȱȱ
o Newȱbordersȱwereȱset.ȱȱ
ƒ FromȱtheȱAtlanticȱOceanȱtoȱtheȱMississippiȱRiverȱȱ
ƒ SouthernȱborderȱstoppedȱatȱFlorida.ȱȱ
x SpainȱregainedȱFloridaȱȱ
x AmericaȱagreedȱtoȱaskȱstateȱlegislaturesȱtoȱpayȱLoyalistsȱforȱpropertyȱlossesȱinȱtheȱwar.ȱȱ
o MostȱstatesȱignoredȱLoyalistȱclaimsȱȱ
x TreatyȱwasȱratifiedȱonȱAprilȱ15,ȱ1783.ȱȱ
ȱ
WashingtonȱRetired:
ȱ
x Decemberȱ1783,ȱGeneralȱGeorgeȱWashingtonȱsaidȱgoodbyeȱtoȱhisȱofficers.ȱȱ
o AddressedȱthemȱinȱaȱtavernȱinȱNewȱYork.ȱȱ
x WashingtonȱreturnedȱtoȱhisȱhomeȱinȱMountȱVernon,ȱVirginia.ȱȱ
o Washingtonȱwasȱcheeredȱonȱbyȱcrowdsȱalongȱhisȱroute.ȱȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ