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JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2013
Linear Model of Tibetan and Metrical Poetry’s
Respiratory Signal
Lei Guo and Hongzhi Yu
Key Lab of China's National Linguistic Information Technology, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, China
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract—Through analysed the breathing physiological
characteristics of poetry, we studied human speech
breathing patterns during reading. In this paper, we mainly
researched the poetry respiratory signal of Tibetan sixcharacter poem and Chinese metrical poem during reading
from the perspective of the physiological. Main contents
include: 1) Selected 40 representative Tibetan six-character
poem s from" The Love-songs of 6th Dalai Lama
Tshang•yang•Gya•tsho ", and 40 Chinese metrical poems,
and recorded speech sounds , voice and respiratory signals;
2) Designed a set of respiratory signal parameters for the
study of poem; 3) Extracted the relevant parameters of
poem respiratory signal by using the well-established
respiratory signal processing platform; 4) Studied the type
of breathing pattern, established the linear model of poetry
respiratory signal.
Index Terms—Respiratory Signal; Poetry; Model
I.
INTRODUCTION
The chest and abdomen breath signals are two
important physiological signals during pronunciation. At
present, the study of these two signals mainly focused on
the areas of physiology and medicine, less applied aspects
of linguistics and phonetics. In order to study the
characteristics of the respiratory rhythm of Mandarin
poems, novels, essays, news, etc during reading, Peking
Kong Jiangping professor took the lead in using breath
bandage to collect breath signal during the change of
chest or abdomen [1] (Tan Jingjing 2007), the results
showed that: reading a different types of literature have a
different breathing rhythm model.
Poetry is a kind of art form, which is full of rhythm
and emotional coloring, its rhythm and beat is rich in
expression. In general, Tibetan's "harmonic body" poetry
have four lines in each poem, each sentence contains six
syllables and three pauses, two syllables a pause, (such as
○○/○○/○○), which is quite different from the Chinese
metrical poetry with five characters and seven characters.
By AD in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the
widespread of VI Dalai Lama’s poem " The Love-songs
of 6th Dalai Lama Tshang•yang•Gya•tsho ", (1683-1706),
many people began to study his poems, his poems are full
of folk charm and legendary, also as its vibrent national
style and rich local feature, the love-songs become an
exotic flower in the world poem field, at the same time, it
has been widely spread by Tibetans one generation after
generation for more then two hundred years and never out
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
doi:10.4304/jmm.8.5.596-603
of date. Since in 1930 the professor Yu Daoquan has
translated the love-songs into Chinese and English, there
are more and more scholars have showed much concerns
on it, including Zeng Jian, Liu Xiwu, Liu jiaju, Duan
Baolin, Hu Bingzhi, Wang Yinuan, Zhuang Jin and many
other Tibetologists. Nowadays the love-songs have been
translated into French, Russian, Japanese, Indian, and
Mongolian and so on. In the past, the research of the
love-songs were mainly focused on author’s life, subject,
style and some aspects of translation, however all of these
studying methods were always contained much subjective
appraisal. Thus harmonic poems have become a kind of
high-impact and widely popular metrical poetry in
Tibetan Poetry [2]. While Chinese metrical poem is a
kind of modern style poetry in China with very strict
rules, article type, sentence patterns have certain
specifications and certain regularity in sound, and also
required to follow certain rules on the use of change.
Common types include five-character quatrain, sevencharacter quatrain, five-character octave, seven-character
octave. It originated in Yongming Dynasty, literaties
were all pay attention to the tone and harmony to the
poem and stressed the rhyming and dual of a new system
of the poem, and it boomed in the later period of the Tang
Dynasty. Four Great Poets of Early Tang Dynasty were
the major poets of Tang Dynasty, they were Wang Bo
(649-676), Yang Jiong (650-693), Lu Zhaolin (637-689),
and Luo Bingwang (646-684).
In this article, we selected 40 representative Tibetan
six-character poetries from" The Love-songs of 6th Dalai
Lama Tshang•yang•Gya•tsho ", and 40 Chinese metrical
poetries, we recorded speech sounds , voice and
respiratory signals, marked the respiratory signal,
extracted correlation parameters of breath cell by using
respiratory signal analysis platform to analyzed different
types of breathing patterns of Tibetan six-character poetry,
Chinese metrical poetry, studied the Tibetan six-character
poetry and Chinese metrical poetry from the
physiological point of view. By analyzed the Tibetan six
words poetry and Chinese metrical poetry respiratory
signal, we found that poetry reading mode was quite
different with discourse reading mode, respiratory signal
curve of poetry was a declining trend. When we read
Tibetan six-character pomes, the first sentence of each
poem has full airflow and less negative pressure in the
body, expiratory time is short, the second sentence of
each poem has smaller inhaled airflow and longer
JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2013
expiratory time, which also caused the sentence 3 is
difficult to add much airflow, and sentence3 and sentence
4 are finished under negative pressure. While when we
reading Chinese metrical poetry, the first sentence of all
poems have more inspiration capacity except fivecharacter octave, five-character quatrain has a regularly
breathing rhythm, seven-character quatrain has more
words of each sentence as five-character quatrain, but in
view of the whole analysis, both types have the same
breathing pattern. Due to fewer words and many
sentences of five-character octave, it has a relatively
complex breathing pattern, except the last sentence which
is not stable, but the others are all have a whole breath
unit, only seven-character octave has a full breath unit of
each sentence.
The research of poetry respiratory signal not only can
reveal a person's pronunciation mechanism of power
system, as the metrical study of new methods and means,
the study of respiratory signal can open a new topic for
domestic phonetics rhythm, and provide more theoretical
support for the project of phonetics, also it provides new
method for the study of the ethnic minority languages.
II.
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cell. Increased respiratory signal curve is usually the
process of inspiration, it general corresponding to the
muting section of the speech signal, the decline of signal
means the process of expiration, it general corresponding
to the voice segment of speech signal [6].
Figure 1. Poems signal collected with Chart5
(Text: From hill to hill no bird in flight; from path to
path no man in sight; an old man in his straw cape and hat
sitting in a single boat; Alone in the snow, fishing in the
freezing and snowy river.)
PROCESSING OF RESPIRATORY SIGNAL
A. Acquisition of Respiratory Signal
By using EMG which produced by Australian
ADInstruments (ADI) company [4], first tying the breath
bandage to speaker’s chest, then the sensor of breath
bandage can change the length change of breath bandage
caused by expanding and contracting of chest into
electrical signals, thereby, we can gain the respiratory
amplitude signals following the change of time. This
experiment selected the 80 songs, recorded the speech
sounds, voice and respiratory signals of Tibetan Lhasa
announcer. Figure 1 is the sample map of the voice signal
(first channel), throat signal (second channel) and
thoracic breathing signal (third channel) of five-character
quatrain "Jiang Xue"., Figure 2 is speech sounds, voice
and respiratory signals map of six-character love pomes
"At the peak of that Dong Shan ".
B. Preferences of Respiratory Signal
We all believe that the airflow is eupnea and smooth in
poetry reading, atmospheric pressure which inside body
is consistent with atmospheric pressure of outside, signal
is zero originally, hoverer when we begin to read the first
sentence of poetry, there would be a process of deep
breathing, signals immediately from zero up to the peak
point, but with the reduction of body airflow, the pressure
gradually lower and breath signal also slowly to reduce in
the process of reading a poem, after finished reading,
signals down to the valley point, and we finished the first
breath cell, then repeat the breathing process for
preparing to read the second sentence, until the whole
poem recital finished, if the reading process is end, the
breathing process is end as well.
Poetry was divided into two copies with four sentences,
each small sentence has a complete breathing process
during reading which we call it breath cell, and each
breath cell contains one inspiration cell and expiration
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
Figure 2. Poetry of respiratory signal
(Translation: At the peak of that Dong Shan, rising
bright moon, beauty’s face in my heart [5].)
Respiratory signal of poetry includes four breath cell,
in which the peak point P1, P2, P3, P4 are conversion
points of inhale and exhale; Zero point V0 is the starting
point of poetry; V4 is the end point of the last breath of
poetry; Valley points V1, V2, V3 are conversion points of
inhale and exhale, there are also the dividing points of
four breath cells.
The most direct and most basic two parameters of
respiratory signal are duration and amplitude, duration
means how much time taken in a process, we use ID to
show the duration of the inspiration cell, we use ED to
show the duration of the expiration cell and use BD to
show the duration of the breath cell. Amplitude means the
change size of signal value. Slope of the respiratory
signal represents the change speed of inspiratory capacity
and expiratory capacity, the bigger the absolute value of
slope, the faster the date changes, which expressed as IK
and EK respectively. At the same time, we use linear
fitness to calculate the overall slope AK of the poem
which represents the proportional relations between
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JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2013
inspiratory capacity and expiratory capacity, the bigger
the absolute value of AK, the bigger the proportion of
expiratory capacity. Inspiratory capacity means the
amplitude difference during the inspiration cell changes
from valley to peak, it measures the size of the inhaled
airflow of human, expiratory capacity means the
amplitude difference during expiration cell changes from
peak falling to valley value, it measures the exhaled
airflow during people reading, the total amount of airflow
represents the total amount respiratory of a breath cell,
shown as Table 1.
TABLE I.
Inspiration
Cell I
PARAMETERS TABLE OF INSPIRATION CELL
Expiration
Cell E
Breath
Poetry
Cell B
Total
InspiraExpiraDura- Peak
Dura- Valley
Dura- amount
Slope tory
Slope tory
Slope
tion value
tion value
tion of
capacity
capacity
airflow
ID P
IK IQ
ED V
EK EQ
BD BQ
AK
The main computation breath cell parameter is as
follows:
1) Inspiration Cell (I)
Duration: ID
Peak value: P
Slope: IK
Inspiratory capacity: IQ; IQ (n) = P (n)-V (n-1)
2) Expiration Cell (E)
Duration: ED
Valley value: V
Slope: EK
Expiratory capacity: EQ; EQ (n) = P (n)-V (n)
3) Breath Cell (B)
Duration: BD; BD (n) =ID (n) +ED (n)
Total amount of airflow: BQ; BQ (n) =IQ (n) +EQ (n)
4) Poetry
Slope: AK
capacity, the greater the absolute value of the slope, the
faster speed of airflow.
C. Processing Program of Respiratory Singal
The designed of speech signal analysis platform
achieves variety of functions such as automatically or
manually tagging, parameter extraction, and systematic
analysis of speech signal, which provides a good
technical support for deeper research of speech
production and speech rhythms. Main functions are: 1)
using low-pass to filter high-frequency noise and some
slight interference signal; 2) automatically test the
location of the signal peaks using local maximum method
with manual modification and adjustment method; 3)
extract respiratory signal parameters according to the tag
information, and save it to the xls file.
III.
RESPIRATORY TYPES OF POETRY
From a macro point of view, the inner rhythm
conditionality of poetry that formed a special breathing
pattern of poetry. In the process of reading, besides the
classic breath model as showing in figure 2 , the speaker
can conscious control breathing pattern according to the
need of the expression, the size of the signal peak points
and valley points are changed regularly, which formed
different breathing types of poetry. Apart from zero point
V0 remains unchanged, value of P1, P2 are generally
positive, while value of V2, V3, V4 are generally
negative, Only value of V1, P3, P4 appears both positive
and negative, there are eight kinds of possible breathing
pattern of poetry (see Figure 4 ).
Figure 4. Poetry respiratory signal model map
Figure 3. P-Diagram of poetry respiratory signal
The peak point P (n) is a transition point of breathe in
and out in respiratory signal; V0 as the starting point of
inspiration it is value is zero; Valley point V (n) is a
transition point of breathe in and out in, also is dividing
point of breath cell. Duration is the time which used in
inspiration cell and expiration cell. Inspiratory capacity is
the magnitude difference of inspiration cell from peak
point to valley point, which means the volume of the
airflow human inhaled, expiratory capacity is the
magnitude difference of expiration cell from peak point
to valley point, which means the volume of the airflow
human exhaled during reading, and the total volume of
airflow represents the airflow of breath cell. Slope means
the changing speed of inspiratory capacity and expiratory
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
Figure 5. The typical pattern diagram of poetry’s respiratory signal
JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2013
Through the analysis and comparison of the 80 poems’
respiratory signal, We found that only four kinds of
models are typical models in eight kinds of breathing
patterns, and the first one is the most common way during
reading. Figure 5 is the sample map of poetry breathing
markers, five-character quatrain (up), five-character
octave (upper middle), seven-character quatrain (lower
middle), seven-character octave (below). (As shown in
Figure 5)
Type 1: the most classic poetry breathing pattern, the
peak point P1, P2, P3 and the P4 are bigger than zero, and
the P1> P2, P3> P4; valley points V1, V2, V3 and V4 are
less than zero, and the V1 > V2, V3> V4. The expiration
cell is more stable in each sentence of poetry, the up and
down in duplicates are almost the same, speaker could
inhale enough airflow in the first sentence of each part,
expiratory time is short and body negative pressure is
very small; In the second sentence which speaker only
inhale fewer airflow, expiratory time is longer, sounds
with drag which consistent with human perception habits
of poetry reading.
Type 2: In addition to P4, the peak points P1, P2, P3
are bigger than zero, when reading the fourth sentence of
poetry, speaker inhale little airflow in a very short period
of time, pressure in body is still less than the atmospheric
pressure outside, speaker’s voice mainly rely on the
original air flow in human body, the entire process is
finished under negative pressure, drag sound is not
obviously, it is the main expression method of the third
and fourth sentences.
Type 3: Peak points P1, P2 are bigger than zero, P3, P4
are less than zero, in second sentence which speaker
exhaled more air flow, valley value V2 is small and
sounds with drag, it makes the third sentence is difficult
to increase too much airflow in a short period of time
during inspiration cell, and it caused 3-4 sentence are
finished in negative pressure conditions of human body.
Type 4: valley point V1> 0, P1 is bigger. In such
reading mode, the first sentence inhale enough airflow,
expiration cell is not fully used all the air flow, the whole
process of reading poetry is full of airflow, the speaker
can flexibly adjust the reading mode of the last two
sentence.
IV.
ANALYSIS OF TIBETAN SIX-CHARACTER POETRY
RESPIRATORY SIGNAL
599
and P1 > P2, the value of P3 have both positive and
negative two kinds of situation; In valley points, except
V1 have both positive value and negative value
circumstances, V2, V3, V4 are all below the zero line,
which accordance with the eight kinds of breathing
patterns as we mentioned before..
From the view of mean amplitude of respiratory signal,
P1>P2>P3>P4, although the four peak-points declined as
broken line, where P2, P3 are closer to each other, it also
illustrates that although there is a large amount of airflow
in the third sentence of poetry, most of them as negative
pressure to supple the human body, therefore, P3’s
absolute value is not significant.
B. Duration Analysis
Calculate the duration of inspiration cell (ID) and
expiration cell (ED) of each poem, as shown in Figure 7.
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
P1
P2
P3
P4
V0
V1
V2
V3
V4
Figure 6. Amplitude map of poetry respiratory signal
2.0
ED3
ED1
ED4
ED2
1.5
1.0
0.5
ID1
ID2
ID3
ID4
0.0
Figure 7. The duration map of respiratory signal
TABLE II.
AVERAGE VALUE OF BREATH CELL
We use breathing signal processing program to mark
thoracic breathing signals of 40 poetries, extracted
amplitude and duration parameters of breathing element,
processed statistical analysis, which provided a basis
respiratory signal data for modeling ( as shown in Figure
6-7; Table 2).
Inspiration cell I Expiration cell E Breath cell B
ID P
IQ ED V
EQ BD BQ
1
0.80 0.85 0.85 1.42 0.08 0.77 2.22 1.62
2
0.34 0.37 0.29 1.38 -0.41 0.78 1.72 1.07
3
0.52 0.24 0.65 1.37 -0.40 0.64 1.89 1.29
4
0.28 -0.06 0.34 1.33 -0.84 0.78 1.61 1.12
average
0.49 0.35 0.53 1.38 -0.39 0.74 1.86 1.28
Note: Length cell: seconds
A. The Amplitude Analysis
Take out the actual value of peak value (V1, V2, V3,
V4) and valley value (V1, V2, V3, V4) of 40 poetries,
draw a line chart, observe the magnitude of inspiration
cell and expiration cell from a macro point of view during
reading .
On the whole, respiratory signal curves present a
downward trend, peak value P1, P2 are bigger than zero,
According to average duration of expiration cell and
inspiration cell, we can obtained that I1> I3> I2> I4, the
first sentence and the third sentence as the beginning of
each part which play a guiding and controlling rhythm
role of poetry, therefore, I1 is larger than I3; And the
duration of expiration E1, E2, E3, E4 just have a little
difference, which means the spend of time in four
sentences of poetry are almost the same, as Table 2.
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
Sequence number
600
JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2013
C. Air Flow Analysis
From Table 2, inspiration cell and expiration cell in the
airflow exchange have the following characteristics:
a) IQ1 is slightly larger than EQ1, IQ3 = EQ3, which
means the airflow of inspiration cell and expiration cell
are basically same in the first and the third sentence of
poetry, respiratory curve presents an isosceles triangle
distribution.
b) Except EQ3, expiratory volume in EQ1, EQ2, EQ3,
EQ4 are just have a very little difference, all are nearby
0.77, which means regardless how much airflow in
human body, people need to exhales the same air volume
when read each sentence of poetry.
c) Due to the expiratory volume of breath cell are
basically the same, the total size of breath cell is decided
by inspiratory capacity( IQ), BQ1>BQ3>BQ4>BQ2, it
shows that in the poetry breathing process, airflow is the
largest in the first sentence, while airflow is the least in
the second sentence, it consistent with that 1 and
3sentences play a leading role in our perception and the
forth sentence are finish off the sound and need more
physiological activities to participate.
MEAN LINEAR MODEL OF TIBETAN SIXCHARACTER POETRY RESPIRATORY SIGNAL
of this numerical value is slightly different to different
people.
VI.
ANALYSIS OF CHINESE METRICAL POETRY
RESPIRATORY SIGNAL
In the reading process, speakers can conscious control
the breathing pattern according to the need of different
expression. On the whole, poetry breathing signal is
divided into two categories, they are jue ju and lv shi. Jue
ju (a poem of four lines, each contains five or seven
characters, with strict tonal pattern and rhyme scheme),
and lv shi (a classical poem of eight lines, each contains
five or seven characters, with strict tonal pattern and
rhyme).
A. Five-character Quatrain
A poem of four lines, each contains five characters and
total has twenty characters of each poem. We selected
five poems as sound corpus, they were "Jiang Xue,"
"Deng Guanquelou", "Min Nong," "Chun Xiao" and
"Jing Yesi", as recording corpus, we extracted breath cell
parameters of each poem and conducted an average value
of parameters (as shown in Table 4).
V.
Based on the before results, we using mean value of
breathe cell’s duration and magnitude to establish
respiratory signal model, also we using linear equation to
simulate respiratory signal.
Y=kx+b
The inspiration cell and expiration cell of each
sentence include both two parameters: slope (IK, EK) and
intercept (IB), the whole poem includes 16 parameters.
According to the data in Table 2, the result was shown in
Table 3.
TABLE III.
Coefficient
The first sentence
The second sentence
The third sentence
The forth sentence
COEFFICETNTS OF POETRY’S LINEAR MODEL
Inspiration cell
IK
IB
1.06
0
0.85
-1.81
1.25
-5.34
1.21
-7.48
Expiration cell
EK
EB
-0.54
1.28
-0.57
1.82
-0.47
2.32
-0.59
3.52
The average value of respiratory signal’s linear model
curves as shown in Figure 8, which also linear fitting the
whole signal, the whole linear equation of poetry
respiratory signal as follows:
Figure 8. The linear mean value’s model diagram
Y= -0.14*x+0.5
The slope is -0.14, represents the proportional relations
of inhalation and exhalation. Of course, the absolute size
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
TABLE IV. AVERAGE VALUE OF BREATH CELL IN FIVE -CHARACTER
QUATRAIN
Number Inspiration Cell(I) Expiration Cell(E) Breath Cell (B)
ID P
IQ IK ED V
EQ EK BD
BQ
1
1.19 0.61 0.61 0.51 3.06 -0.03 0.64 0.21 4.26
1.24
2
0.59 0.04 0.07 0.12 3.04 -0.23 0.27 0.09 3.63
0.34
3
1.10 0.47 0.71 0.64 2.87 -0.12 0.59 0.21 3.97
1.29
4
0.63 -0.06 0.05 0.08 3.74 -0.27 0.20 0.05 4.38
0.26
Note: Time unit: seconds
The breathing rhythm of five-character quatrains is
very regular. Respiratory signal of whole poem is divided
into four distinct ups and downs. The first sentence and
the third sentence as the beginning of each sentence,
inspiratory section value P, inspiratory capacity (IQ) and
inspiratory duration (ID) are larger than the second
sentence and the fourth sentence. Because the words in
each sentence are same, the duration of inspiratory
section is not vary too much, however, the fourth
sentence as the end of a each poem, not only has it the
phenomenon of drag and the longest exhalation duration,
also it has the minimum value V and the largest negative
pressure of human body.
B. Seven-character Quatrain
A poem of four lines, each contains seven characters
and totally has twenty eight characters of each poem, as
five-character quatrain both belongs to modern style
poetry. We selected five poems of Du Fu's “Jue Ju” as
record corpus, we extracted breath cell parameters of
each poem and conducted an average value of parameters
(see Table 5).
Although the number of words in each sentence of
seven-character quatrain is slightly longer than the fivecharacter quatrain, from the whole, breathing pattern of
these two kinds of poetry are same. In the second and
fourth sentence, the inspiration cell’s inspiratory capacity
in seven Characters quatrain is greater than seven
JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2013
Characters quatrain’s, and breathing pattern is more
independent.
TABLE V.
AVERAGE VALUE OF BREATH CELL IN SEVENCHARACTER QUATRAIN
Number Inspiration Cell(I)
ID P
IQ IK
1
0.95 0.59 0.59 0.62
2
0.60 0.10 0.18 0.31
3
0.95 0.34 0.52 0.54
4
0.54 0.05 0.21 0.38
Note: Time unit: seconds
Expiration Cell(E)
ED V
EQ EK
3.83 -0.08 0.68 0.18
3.88 -0.18 0.28 0.07
3.56 -0.16 0.50 0.14
4.09 -0.24 0.28 0.07
Breath Cell (B)
BD
BQ
4.78
1.27
4.48
0.47
4.51
1.01
4.63
0.49
C. Five-character Octave
Five-character octave is a kind of modern style poetry,
which has a very strict order in rules and forms, there are
stringent regulations in poetry’s lines, character number
(or syllables), tone and phonology, antithesis, and
sentence arrangement, etc. A poem usually has eight lines,
every two lines as one unite, totally it has four unites.
Each sentence contains five characters, totally has forty
characters in each poem. We selected five poems of
"Wang Yue", "Yue Ye Shuhuan", "Chun Wang," "Tian
Mo Huai Li Bai" and "Yue Ye" to analysis breathing
signals (see Tabel 6).
TABLE VI.
AVERAGE VALUE OF BREATH CELL IN FIVE -CHARACTER
OCTAVE
Number Inspiration Cell(I)
ID P
IQ IK
1
1.11 0.50 0.50 0.45
2
1.09 0.26 0.46 0.42
3
1.36 0.49 0.76 0.56
4
0.96 0.22 0.39 0.40
Note: Time unit: seconds
Expiration Cell(E) Breath Cell (B)
ED V
EQ EK BD
BQ
5.86 -0.20 0.70 0.12 6.98
1.19
5.75 -0.28 0.74 0.13 6.83
1.19
5.84 -0.16 0.93 0.16 7.20
1.69
6.35 -0.26 0.48 0.08 7.31
0.87
Due to five-character octave have more sentences, and
each sentence have less characters, so the breathing
pattern is relatively complex, besides the last unit is not
stable, the first three units only have one breath cell,
breathing pattern between five-character quatrain and
seven-character octave. In order to analysis the breath
signals, we processed breath signals in accordance with
each breath cell of each unit.
D. Seven-character Octave
Each poem have eight sentences, each sentence
contains sever characters, the total characters of each
poem are fifty six. We analyzed five poems’ breath
signals of “Ke Zhi", "Deng Gao", "Deng Lou," "Shu
Xiang" and "Wen Guan Jun Shou Henan Hebei" (see
Table 7).
TABLE VII.
AVERAGE VALUE OF BREATH CELL IN SEVENCHARACTER OCTAVE
Number Inspiration Cell(I)
ID P
IQ IK
1
1.03 0.59 0.59 0.57
2
1.18 0.14 0.33 0.28
3
1.81 0.39 0.61 0.33
4
1.75 0.09 0.28 0.16
1
2.58 0.46 0.67 0.26
2
2.38 0.13 0.31 0.13
3
3.13 0.53 0.76 0.24
4
3.09 0.12 0.29 0.09
Note: Time unit: seconds
Expiration Cell(E)
ED V
EQ EK
3.37 -0.19 0.77 0.23
3.52 -0.22 0.55 0.15
3.71 -0.19 0.80 0.21
4.23 -0.22 0.50 0.12
4.43 -0.18 0.86 0.19
4.95 -0.24 0.55 0.11
5.02 -0.17 0.93 0.19
6.03 -0.24 0.53 0.09
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
Breath Cell (B)
BD
BQ
4.40
1.36
4.70
0.87
5.52
1.40
5.98
0.78
7.01
1.53
7.33
0.86
8.15
1.70
9.12
0.82
601
The difference between seven-character octave and
five-character octave is that the former have a full breath
cell in each sentence. In each unit, the inspiration unit of
first sentence is much larger than the second sentence. In
each sentence, the inspiration units and expiration units
are basic symmetric. The duration of the inspiration units
and expiration units are shown as linear growth mode
with the increase of sentence number.
E. Summary
From a macro perspective, the inner constraints of
rhythm formed a unique breathing pattern of poetry, the
main features of breath are as follows:
a) Expect the Wuyan Poems, all the other poems have
a long duration of inspiration cell and large peak values
and inspiratory capacity of first sentence in each unit, we
call them as first class expiration cell and the second
sentence of each unit as the second class expiration cell.
b) The duration of inspiration cell are related with the
word number of poem, which are more stable. Generally,
the last sentence as ending also has a phenomenon of
dragging and the longest duration of expiration.
c) The absolute slope values of the inspiration cell and
the expiration cell in different style of poems have very
good consistency, and in the same breathing unit, the
higher inhale rate, the higher exhale rate.
d) Inspiration rate is generally higher than expiration
rate, that is: IK (n)> | EK (n) |.
e) In general, the peaks of expiration cell P> 0, the
body pressure is positive, if the valley point V <0, the
body pressure is negative.
VII. THE MEAN LINEAR MODEL OF CHINESE METRICAL
POETRY RESPIRATORY SIGNAL
According to the previous section, we draw the breath
signal linear model diagram according to the mean values
of breath cell’s duration and amplitude, as shown in
Figure 9, the horizontal units are seconds.
In figure 9, respiratory signal models as several units,
in each unit, the inspiration units of first sentence is much
larger than the second sentence, and the absolute value of
slope in first sentence is much bigger than the second
sentence. In addition, the three former units all have one
breath cell except the last unit in five-character octave,
breathing pattern is similar to the five-character quatrain.
The inspiration units and expiration units of sevencharacter octave are almost symmetric, 8 breath cells are
all presented as "an isosceles triangle mode". Therefore,
poetry breathing pattern can be linear simulated as twostage breath cell.
Y=kx+b
K means slope of inspiration units and expiration units
(IK, EK); b means intercept of inspiratory units and
expiratory units intercept (IB, EB). Two-stage breath
cells total have 8 parameters, the results shown in Table 7.
Five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains and
seven-character octave are each sentence with one breath
cell, each unit forms is one basic breath model, fivecharacter octave isr each unit with one breath cell, and
each two units forms one basic breath model, the four
602
JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2013
basic models of poetry respiratory signals as shown in
Table 8.
a five-character quatrain
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, based on a large number of researches on
the respiratory signal, we classified the respiratory signal
of six words mode of Tibetan poetry and Chinese
metrical poetry, analyzed the respiratory rhythm pattern
of poems, and got the linear mean model, but the linear
model is a rough one which we can not reproduce the real
internal characteristics of breathing signal. If we simulate
nonlinear modeling of breathing signal, it is not easy to
realize, because the internal characteristics of respiratory
signal not only related the articles or poetry itself, but
also influenced by personal habits, it has a certain degree
of arbitrariness, so it is difficult to establish physiological
model of respiratory by a statistical algorithms. In
addition, chest breath signal is just a local representation
for breathing mechanism during reading, we need to
combine movement of abdominal muscles in order to
better explain and simulated dynamic mechanism of
human language. In addition, whether the different modes
of poetry respiratory signal’s prosodic model could be
used in the speech synthesis is also need a lot of
experiments and study in the future.
b seven-character quatrain
REFERENCES
c five-character octave
d seven-character octave
Figure 9. Linear model diagram of Metrical Poetry respiratory signal
TABLE VIII.
COEFFICIENT TABLE OF POETRY BREATHING MODEL
Coefficient Fivecharacter
quatrains
IK1
0.51
IB1
0
EK1
-0.21
EB1
0.86
IK2
0.12
IB2
-0.53
EK2
-0.09
EB2
0.47
Sevencharacter
quatrains
0.62
0
-0.18
0.76
0.31
-1.55
-0.07
0.49
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
Fivecharacter
octave
0.45
0
-0.04
0.54
0.21
-1.19
-0.05
0.85
Sevencharacter
octave
0.57
0
-0.23
0.82
0.28
-1.40
-0.10
0.71
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JOURNAL OF MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2013
Lei Guo was born in Wuwei city, gansu
province, on July 13, 1983. Obtained a
master's degree at the China national
information technology institute in the
Northwest University for Nationalities in
2011, and master majored in linguistics
and applied linguistics. Currently, she is
studying for doctor degree at China
national information technology institute
in the Northwest University for Nationalities, and major in
Chinese information processing.
© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
603
She mainly engaged in the Chinese language information
processing since 2008, with many years of language teaching
and practice experience, has published more than 10 articles on
language information processing till date.