Name:
World History 2015
Hour:
Absolutism, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment Learning Targets Packet
Absolutism Learning Targets:
1. What are the major differences between constitutionalism and absolutism?
2. Why would some people choose to live under the rule of an absolute leader?
3. What factors might weaken the power of an absolute monarch?
4. How did inflation initiate the decline of Spain as a European superpower?
5. How did Henry of Navarre and Richelieu contribute to a strong French state?
6. How did Louis XIV strengthen the French monarchy?
7. Describe the social, religious, political, and economic effects of the Thirty Years War.
8. What territories made up Austria and Prussia? In what ways did Prussia challenge Austria?
9. Why is Maria Theresa historically significant?
10. What did Frederick the Great accomplish for Prussia?
11. How did the Seven Years war impact Europe? How did it impact the Americas?
12. How did Peter the Great change Russia from an insignificant country into a European superpower?
13. What did Elizabeth I accomplish for England?
14. What were the outcomes of the English Civil War?
15. How did the Glorious Revolution change European politics? What precedents were set?
Scientific Revolution Learning Targets:
1. What causes a change in the collective paradigm (how people look at the world)?
2. Describe the geocentric/Middle Ages view of the universe?
3. Describe the heliocentric theory. What did Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, and Johannes Kepler
contribute to this theory?
4. How did Nicolas Copernicus' heliocentric theory challenge the collective paradigm?
5. How did the three laws of planetary motion challenge the current paradigm and who discovered them?
6. How did Galileo use his telescope to change the status quo?
7. What did Francis Bacon believe about explaining reality?
8. How does Rene Descartes' quote "I think, therefore I am" explain his ideas?
9. How did Isaac Newton's three laws of motion and law of gravity challenge the Middle Ages view of
the universe?
10. In what ways did Andreas Vesalius contribute to the "new science?"
11. What was revolutionary about this "new science?"
Enlightenment Learning Targets:
1. Compare Hobbes' view of the social contract to Locke's view.
2. What issues were the Enlightened Philosophes concerned with?
3. Why did Montesquieu believe there was a need for the "separation of powers?"
4. Explain how Voltaire's quote, "My trade is to say what I think," represents his ideas.
5. According to Adam Smith, how is laissez faire supposed to regulate the economy?
6. How did Diderot's Encyclopedia help spread the Enlightenment?
7. Explain Rousseau's concept of the "general will."
8. What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe about women's rights and education?
9. What did Cesare Beccaria believe about criminal justice?
10. According to Enlightened Philosophes, how should government make decisions?
11. How did Enlightened Philosophes challenge the status quo?
12. What leaders were considered Enlightened Despots and why?
Directions: answer the following questions after reading pp. 430-432.
1. During what years did he rule?
3. How many pounds of gold and tons of silver were imported into Spain as of 1650? Why
is that significant? 339,000 pounds of gold, 16,000 tons of silver.
4. Explain the motivation for the assembling the Spanish Armada and describe the
outcome. Why is this significant?
5. Describe Spain's Golden Age of Art and Literature (pp. 449-450)
-Miguel de Cervantes & Don Quixote—
-El Greco-6. Describe Spain's economy under the rule of Philip II. What about the middle class?
What did he do three times that represented a weakened economy?
7. How did the Dutch Independence affect Spain?
8. Why did Spain's status as a superpower decline under the leadership of Philip II?
Versailles
How did Louis XIV use Versailles to
increase his royal power?
What were Louis XIV successes and failures?
Successes and Failures
What specific things did Louis XIV do to
strengthen his power?
Strengthening Royal Power
“I am the State”
How did Louis XIV have absolute power?
France Under Louis XIV
Pgs. 441-444
Westernization
How did Peter the Great attempt to
Westernize Russia?
Russia Under Peter the
Great
Pgs. 445-447
Expansion
What specific things did
Peter do to expand Russia?
Legacy
Was Peter able to achieve each of his
goals?
What was England like under each
of these rulers?
pgs. 437-439
James I
Charles
Cromwell
Charles
James II
William & Mary
pp. 435-436
Determine what states emerged
stronger/weaker?
How did the war impact
religious toleration?
What were the countries that
represented each religion?
What treaties established this
new European order?
Explain how thirty years of war
impacts merchants, peasants, and
monarchies?
Three Theories of the Solar System
Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the illustrations carefully. Then answer the
questions that follow.
In the second century A.D., Claudius Ptolemy, an astronomer who lived in Egypt, claimed that the sun, stars,
and other planets revolved around the earth. These ideas were unchallenged nearly 1,300 years until Nicolaus
Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, discovered his revolutionary theory about the sun.
Ptolemy had believed in his geocentric or earth-centered view for several reasons. First, because of
gravity all objects were attracted to the earth, which suggested to him that the earth must be the center.
Second, he thought that the earth did not move. He showed how an object is thrown in the air and falls in
practically the same place. If the earth moved, he theorized, that object should fall in a different place. Even
today, these arguments would be difficult to disprove by observation. As a result, Ptolemy’s views remained
undisputed for centuries.
During the 1500s, Copernicus did not accept the Ptolemaic view. He became convinced that a different
explanation of the solar system existed. After 25 years of observation, Copernicus concluded that the sun was
the center of the solar system and that the planets, including the earth, revolved around the sun in “perfect
divine circles.”
Copernicus’s conclusion at first went practically unnoticed. However, in the 1600s a German
astronomer, Johannes Kepler, supported Copernicus’s belief with mathematics. He also proved that the
planets travel in ellipses (ovals), not perfect circles, around the sun. Both Copernicus’s and Kepler’s
breakthroughs laid the foundation of modern day knowledge of the solar system.
Interpreting Text and Visuals
1. What object did Ptolemy claim was at the center of the universe? ______________________
2. What object did Copernicus conclude was actually at the center of the universe? __________
3. What object is farthest from the center in all three systems? ____________________________
4. What object is closest to the earth in all three systems? ________________________________
5. According to Ptolemy, where was the sun in relation to Earth and the other planets? ________
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6. According to Copernicus, what planets are located between the sun and the Earth? ________
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7. What is the main difference between Kepler’s system and the Copernican system? ________
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8. Compare the way Ptolemy provided proof for his theory with the way Kepler provided proof
for his theory.__________________________________________________________________
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Do you think Ptolemy’s proof of his beliefs would be acceptable today? Why or why not?
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1. What did Galileo observe using
his telescope?
2. Why did the Church feel
threatened by these observations?
Galileo Studies the Sky
Page 510-514
3. How did the Church respond to
these perceived threats?
4. What impact did Galileo’s ideas
have?
1. State the
7. Repeat steps 1-6
2. Collect information
about the problem.
The Scientific Method
Page 517
6. State a conclusion
3. Form a
5. Record and
analyze data.
4. Experiment to
test hypothesis
1. In the scientific method, how is the hypothesis tested?
2. What options do scientists have when their observations and data don’t
support their hypotheses?
3. What advantages did the scientific method provide over earlier methods?
Name_____________________________
My Story of __The Story of Science___________________________:
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Setting
II.I.
Setting
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II.
Main
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Characters
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III.
Plot
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IV.
Summary- What I learned:
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The Social Contract….
Locke and Hobbes both saw a social contract as the foundation of governmental legitimacy, but they conceived the social
contract in different ways.
For Locke, citizens agreed to defer certain of their actions to majority rule, in return for protection of their rights and
property:
"The only way whereby anyone divests himself of his Natural Liberty, and
puts on the bonds of civil society is by agreeing with other Men to join and
unite into a Community, for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable
living one amongst another, in a secure Enjoyment of their Properties,
and a greater Security against any that are not of it.... [T]hey are thereby
presently incorporated, and make one Body Politick, wherein the Majority have
a Right to act and conclude the rest... And thus every Man, by consenting
with others to make one Body Politick under one Government, puts himself
under an Obligation to every one of that Society, to submit to the determination
of the majority... (Locke, 331-2.)" (my emphasis)
Why does Locke believe people enter into a social contract?
According to Hobbes, citizens -- or, rather, subjects -- surrender their right of self-government to the sovereign, in return
for self-preservation and peace. More than that, they seem to achieve a type of mystical union:
"The only way [for men] to erect such a Common Power... is, to confer all
their power and strength upon one Man, or upon one Assembly of Men, that
may reduce all their Wills, by plurality of voices, unto one Will... to bear their
Person; and everyone to own, and acknowledge himself to be the Author of
whatsoever he that beareth their Person, shall Act... This is more than Consent,
or Concord; it is a reall Unitie of them all, in one and the same Person... as
if every man should say to every man, I Authorise and give up my Right of
governing my selfe, to this Man, or to this Assembly of men, on this condition,
that thou give up thy Right to him, and Authorise all his Actions in like manner.
This done, the Multitude so united in one Person, is called a
Common-wealth..." (Hobbes, 227)
Why does Hobbes believe people enter into a social contract?
Circulation of Ideas
Pages 521-524
Pages 526-528
Enlightened Despots
Pages 529-534