1) There is no consensus to the etiology (cause), prevention, and treatment of addictive disorders.
Many people consider addictive behaviours such as gambling and alcoholism as "diseases," but
others consider them to be behaviours learned in response to the complex interplay between
heredity and environmental factors, some others argue for a genetic cause. Because of this,
there is no conclusive cause or definite treatment method to which everyone agrees for most of
the addictive behaviours.
Identify TWO different underlying mechanisms of additive behaviour and propose appropriate
treatments for each of them. Use examples in your answer. (2marks)
The two underlying mechanisms would be biological factors and mental factors. For the
mental facros we would be able to use psychological treatment methods to solve the problem.
For biological factors we could use physiological treatment and relapse prevention.
Marks: 2/2
2) Two three-month old infants were presented to the paediatrician (doctor for children) with bouts
of diarrhoea, some rashes and flatulence (gas). After a round of blood test, the paediatrician
concluded that one infant was allergic to milk, while the other was lactose (milk protein)
intolerant.
a) Describe the difference between milk allergy and lactose intolerance and explain how the
doctor was able to differentiate between the two conditions. (3 marks)
b) Did either of the infants inherit their condition (milk allergy and lactose intolerance) from their
parents? Explain your answer. (1 mark)
a) The difference between milk allergy and lactose intolerance would be for milk allergy, the
histamine and the other chemicals released would contributes to inflammation and causes
sympotoms such as swelling on the skin and itching which lead to the occurence of symptoms.
However for Lactose intolerance would be whereby they would only produce symptoms in one or
more of the body organ and would not contribute to inflammation and swelling and itching on skin
which is different to milk allergy in this case, as allergies would usually be shown on the skin, and
doctors would test for hives and welts that appear on the skin for allergies, whereas for lactose
intolerance there would not be appearing such instances.
b)Yes, the infants with milk allergies may have inherited it from their parents, since it involves the
immune system for the allergies. However, for the infants that have lactose intolerance did not
inherit from their parents as lactose intolerance does not require the immune system to take place.
Marks: 2.5/ 4
3) Peer pressure is often cited as one of the reasons youth get involved in delinquent (criminal/
anti-social) behaviour like drug abuse. However, peer pressure can also have positive side effects,
like being a part of a social group that believes in helping the less fortunate in the community.
a) Give examples to explain how peer pressure can affect one’s mental and physical health both
positively and negatively. (4 marks)
b) Suggest TWO ways to avoid negative peer pressure. (2 marks)
a)Peer pressure can affect one's mental health positively as if you have friends lead a healthy
lifestyle, whereby their holistic well being are met well. Most likely we would be influenced
positively to lead a healthy lifestyle. For example, in order to release stress, your group of friends
decided to go for exercising sessions to release stress together during exercise, and due to peer
influence, we would decide to go for the exercising sessions to release stress together, which would
lead to good mental health, as we would be able to release our stress as a result from a healthy way
of releasing which is through exercise. Our physical health would also improve as we have more
interactions with friends that are actively participating in exercising regime, which would allow us
due to peer pressure to participate in exercising activities together leading to a good physical health
leading to a good immune system, due to peer influence of exercising together.
Peer pressure could affect the mental health and physical health negatively, as perhaps due to peer
pressure of wanting to smoke, it would lead to stress and anxiety within oneself, as you struggle with
the peer pressure of taking up smoke, hence leading to a negative mental health. Whereby you are
facing stress and anxiety due to the influence to smoke with our friends. Leading to have a negative
physical health, as taking up smoking and drug abuse would lead to lowering our immune system,
and would lead us to be more prone to diseases due to the unhealthy consumption of smoke and
drugs leading to peer pressure affecting us negatively.
b)Two ways to avoid negative peer pressure would be to learn about the consequences of the
certain activity or substance that is being influenced by our peers. By knowing about the negative
effects would enable them to avoid the negative peer pressure as they would be aware of the
consequences of being influenced by the peers.
Another way would be to learn knowledge about the certain activity or substance that is going to be
negatively influenced by our peers, so we can distract ourselves by participating in other positive
acitivities so as to avoid negative peer pressure.
Marks: 6/6 marks
4) According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), “The environment influences our health in
many ways — through exposures to physical, chemical and biological risk factors, and through
related changes in our behaviour in response to those factors.”
a) Give TWO examples of risk factors mentioned above and explain how they affect human
health. (4 marks)
b) There is a suggestion that increased production and consumption of meat and other animal
products is associated with deforestation resource depletion, air and water pollution, land and
economic inefficiency, species extinction, and other environmental harms.
Explain how an increased in production and consumption of meat is linked to any TWO of the
environmental issues described above. (4 marks)
a) The environment can affect our health physically as when the environment is suffering from
stratospheric ozone depletion it is due to the resulting of the CFC'S that are released into the air,
which cause chemical reactions, and would lead to an ozone layer depletion. Therefore the UV rays
would infiltrate into the earth, which leads us humans to have excessive UV exposure which would
be detrimental to the human health, if we do not apply sunblock it would lead to us suffering from
skin diseases and many more.
The environment can affect our health chemically as when the environment the insecticide
Dicholoro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane(DDT) it would be harmful to the environmental food chain, and
have direct and indirect effects on the humans.when we eat the animals and plants in the food chain
we might happen to have indirect effects of the animals and plants who are infected by the DDTs
and when we consume them our health would be affected chemically due to the DDT's in the
environment, pregnant woman might also suffer from detects which may affect the unborn fetus.
b)The increased production and consumption of meat would lead to species extinction as when is an
increasing demand for more animal products it would lead to us killing more animal's to meet the
needs of consumption of meat for the humans. Hence when there is a increase in teh production
and consumption of meat, more animals would be killed which would cause species extinction.
The increased in production and consumption of meat and other animal products would cause
deforestation resource depletion as when you cut down the trees, would remove and decrease in
the biodiversity of the animals place to live in. Hence when there is increased production and
conumption of moremeat and other animal products hence there would be a large demand for the
animals, and would lead to the deforestation resource depletion.
Marks 8/8