MoheganArchaeologicalFieldSchool,Connecticut(US)
CourseID:ARCHXL159
June26–July30,2016
FIELDSCHOOLDIRECTOR:
Dr.CraigN.Cipolla([email protected]),RoyalOntarioMuseumCanada
Studentsofthe2015fieldschoolexcavatinganeighteenth-centuryMoheganhomestead.
INTRODUCTION
TheMoheganfieldschoolstudiescolonial-erasitesontheMoheganReservationinaninnovative
collaborativesetting.TheMoheganArchaeologyProject(MAP)operatesasanequalpartnership
betweentheMoheganTribeandacademicarchaeologists.Thismeansthattheprojectisdesignedto
respectthesensitivities,interests,andneedsoftheMoheganTribewhileconductingrigorous
archaeologicalresearch.Thefieldschoolbringstogetherstudentsandstaffofdiversebackgroundsto
learnaboutcolonialhistory,Moheganhistoryandheritage,thehistoryofNorthAmericanarchaeology,
and—notleastimportant—theoften-troubledrelationshipbetweenarchaeologistsandindigenous
communities.Thestudyofreservationhouseholdsshedsnewlightontherhythmsandmaterialityof
everydaylifeduringtumultuoustimesinMoheganhistorywhileprovidingvaluableperspectivesonthe
long-termoutcomesofcolonialrepression,survivance,interaction,andexchange.
In2016,theMAPwillrunits21stseasonofsummerfieldwork.Since2010,themainfocusofMAPhas
beencolonial-erasitesandeverydaylifeonthereservation.In2014,wecompletedasurveyarounda
lateeighteenth-centurystructureandbeganitsexcavationstolearnmoreaboutitsarchitecture,the
varietyofmaterialculturemadeandusedinandaroundthisstructure,alongwithsubsistencepractices
ofthetime.Manyfeatures(e.g.,rowsofpostholesandseverallargerefusedeposits)andartifacts(e.g.,
beads,sewingartifacts,itemsofpersonaladornment,ceramics,architecturaldebris,andsomestone
artifacts)wererecovered.Alongwiththismaterialculture,studentsshouldexpecttoexcavate
unprecedentedvolumesofcharredbotanicals—includinganexcessofmaizeandbean.Thefieldschool
returnedtothesitein2015tocontinueexcavationsandbisectthefoundation.Morefeatures—
includingafullcellarthatisoverameterdeep—wereuncovered,includingevenmorematerialculture
andbotanicalremains.
In2016,thefieldschoolwillbeginsurveyofanewareaofthereservationthatcontainsseveralvisible
housesites.Fromthesurfaceremains,theseappeartobeeighteenth-ornineteenth-centuryCEsites.
Wewillspendhalfofthefieldschoolworkingonapedestrianandshoveltestpitsurveysofthisnew
1|P a g e area.Forthesecondhalfofthefieldschool,wewillreturntothestructuresite(describedabove)to
completeexcavationofthecellarandcontinuetoexplorefeaturessituatedaroundthefoundation.
Duringtheeighteenth-centuryCE,indigenouscommunitiesoftheareawereknowntousecommunal
formsoffarming.Thesesometimestooktheformofasingledrylaidstonefoundationwithwood
superstructurerightnexttoseveralwigwamstoaccommodatemultiplefamilygroups.Ourexpanded
excavationswilllookforadditionalsitessuchastheseintheimmediatevicinityofthefoundation.
ACADEMICCREDITUNITS&TRANSCRIPTS
CreditUnits:Attendingstudentswillbeawarded12quartercreditunits(equivalentto8semester
units)throughouracademicpartner,UCLAExtension.UCLAisatoprankedresearchuniversityandits
archaeologyprogramisrankedas#1inthecountry.AllIFRfieldschoolsinstructorsandcurriculaare
approvedbothbythecorrespondingacademicdepartmentandtheAcademicSenateatUCLA.Thisfield
schoolprovidesaminimumof192directinstructionalhours.
Transcripts:TranscriptsareavailablethroughUCLAUnEXportalathttp://bit.ly/1KjIFZK.Gradeswillbe
postedandtranscriptavailableusuallywithinsixweeksaftertheendofthisfieldschool.AllIFRfield
schoolsaredesignated‘XL’andthusaretransferablecourses,dependingonthestudentmajor,GPAetc.
TolearnmoreaboutXLdesignation,gotohttp://bit.ly/1KrpahW.UCLAstudents,goto
http://bit.ly/1QkSkR8.
CreditUnitsTransfer:MostuniversitiesacceptUCLAcreditunits–thereareveryfewexceptions.
Studentsarestronglyencouragedtodiscussthetransferabilityofthecreditunitswithschoolofficials
BEFOREattendingthefieldschool.
COURSEOBJECTIVES
Theobjectivesofthisfieldschoolareto:a)teachthebasicsofarchaeologicalmethodandtheorywith
specialemphasisonsurveyandexcavationtechniquesinhistoricalarchaeology;b)explorethediversity
ofMohegancultureinthepastandthepresent;c)investigateeighteenth-andnineteenth-centuryCE
everydaylifeontheMoheganReservation;andd)tocriticallyengagewithvarious“postcolonial”
modelsofarchaeologicalresearch,includingcollaborativeindigenousmethodologies.Weachievethese
objectivesthroughtwodifferentbutrelatedavenues.First,weendeavortoexposestudentstothe
practicalitiesofarchaeologicalfieldwork,withspecialemphasisonpedestriansurvey,shoveltestpit
survey,excavation,fieldrecordingofvarioustypes,andbasiclaboratorytechniques.Second,we
connectthesepracticalfieldexperienceswithwiderdebatesinarchaeologyandanthropology
concerningindigenousarchaeology,collaborativearchaeology,postcolonialtheory,andmore.Sinceall
fieldworkactivitiestakeplacewithMoheganarchaeologistsandtribalmembers,studentsgainnew
perspectivesonthearchaeologicalprocessandwhatitmeanstotheTribealongwithvaluable
informationonMoheganculturalpracticesandidentitiesinthepastandthepresent.
ThefieldschooltakesplaceontheMoheganReservationinUncasville,Connecticut.Studentsspend2.5
weeksonsurveytechniquesaroundanewsiteand2.5weeksexcavatingapreviouslysurveyedsite.In
2016,wewillbereturningtotheabove-picturedMoheganfarmsteadforadditionalexcavation.
Studentswillparticipateinthefollowingresearchandlearningactivities:
PedestrianSurvey:Studentswilllearnhowtouseacompass,walktransectsinthewoodlandsofNew
England,workasapartofalargerteam,identifypossiblearchaeologicalfeatures,andsystematically
recordthem.
ShovelTestPitSurvey:Aspartof2-personteams,studentswilllearnsamplingstrategywhiledigging
andrecordingshoveltestpitsthatwillhelpidentifyexcavationsitesforfutureyearsofthefieldschool.
2|P a g e Excavation:Aspartof2-personteams,studentswilllearntrowelexcavationinandaroundhistoric
housesitesonthereservation.Mostofthesehousesiteshavebeensurveyedinpreviousyearsofthe
fieldschool.
IdentificationandClassification:StudentswilllearntoidentifyandclassifytypicalNewEnglandartifacts
fromthisperiod,includingceramics,smokingpipes,glassartifacts,beads,buttons,ironartifactsof
varioussorts,shell,animalbone,andbotanicalremains.
Recording:Studentsparticipateinvariousformsofrecording,rangingfromkeepingfieldnotebooksto
drawingplanandprofilemapstohelpingoperatetheprojecttotalstationanddatacollector.
LaboratoryWork:Scheduledlaboratorytasksincludecleaning,furtheridentificationusingcomparative
collectionsanddatabases,andbasicanalyseslikemeanceramicdatingandpipestemdating.
FieldschoolactivitiesbeginonMonday,June27th,andtheprogrammeetseveryweekdaythroughJuly
29th.StudentsmaydeparttheprogramJuly29atnightoralldayduringJuly30.Sincewetake
IndependenceDay(July4th)off,duringthesecondweekweworkTuesdaythroughSaturday.Thetypical
workdayrunsfrom8:30-4:30(seeschedulebelow).
DISCLAIMER–PLEASEREADCAREFULLY
Archaeologicalfieldworkinvolvesphysicalworkintheoutdoors.Youshouldbeawarethatconditionsin
thefieldaredifferentthanthoseyouexperienceinyourhome,dorms,orcollegetown.Thisprogram
operatesatatypicalNewEnglandwoodlandenvironment.Duringtheday,temperaturesunderthe
shadowfluctuatebetween70-90degreesFahrenheit.Indirectsunlight,however,temperaturesmay
reach100degreesFahrenheitormore.Humidityisrelativelyhighandmosquitoesand/ordeerticks
(knowntosometimescarryLymedisease)maybeclosetotheexcavationarea.Inordertobeprotected
fromsunburnand/orinsectsyouwillnotbeallowedtoworkinshortsortanktopsatthesite.
Ifyouhaveanymedicalconcerns,pleaseconsultwithyourdoctor.Forallotherconcerns,please
consultwiththeprojectdirector–asappropriate.
PREREQUISITES
Therearenoprerequisitesforparticipationinthisfieldschool.Thefieldschoolisdesignedtooffer
hands-on,experientiallearning,allowingstudentstolearnthebasicsofarchaeologicalmethodand
theoryonsite.Archaeologyinvolvesphysicalworkandexposuretotheelements,thusrequiringa
measureofacceptancethatthestudyfield-schoolexperiencewillnotbethetypicaluniversitylearning
environment.Sincestudentsarerequiredtoworkoutdoorsformostoftheprogram,theyarelikelyto
becomesweaty,dirty,andtiredonadailybasis.Studentsarerequiredtocomeequippedwithsufficient
excitementandadequateunderstandingthatthearchaeologicalendeavorrequiresreal,hardworkin
thesun,ontheirfeet,andwiththeirtrowels.
LEARNINGOUTCOMES
Attheendofthisfieldschool,studentsshouldbeableto:
• Identify,discuss,anddemonstratethecentralcomponentsofarchaeologicalfieldwork,
particularlysurvey,excavation,recording,andclassificationtechniques
• CriticallydiscussMoheganhistoryandthehistoryofarchaeologyonMoheganlands
• Identifyandinterpretbasicclassesofarchaeologicalmaterialculturefromthecolonialperiod
• Demonstratethedevelopmentofwrittencommunicationskillsandindependentmanagement
oflearning
• Discussandcriticallyevaluatemethodsofarchaeologicalanalysis
3|P a g e •
•
Discussandcriticallyevaluateotherarchaeologicalstudiesofcolonialism
Discussandcriticallyevaluateotherformsofcollaborativearchaeology
GRADINGMATRIX
30%
AttendanceandParticipation:Attendeachdayofscheduledworkandparticipate
enthusiasticallyinfieldwork,readingdiscussions,lectures,orotherfieldschoolactivities
20%
PracticalFieldTests(3):Performbasicskillstaughttoyouandpracticedeachdayinthefield.
Youareevaluatedonyourabilityto:a)classifythetextureandcolorofNewEnglandsoils;b)dig
anddocumentshoveltestpits;andc)planmapanexcavationunit.
20%
FieldNotebook:Keepafieldnotebook(providedtoyou)thatyouwillsubmitforevaluationat
theendofthefieldseason.Ofnote,Iofferfeedbackonyournote-takingskillsattheendof
week1.Thisallowsyoutheopportunitytoimproveyourskillsbasedonthefeedback.
30%
FieldSchoolPortfolio:This4,000worddocumentconsistsof5entriesbasedonourweekly
assignedreadingsandseminardiscussions.Pleaseprovideacriticaldiscussionofeachofthe5
corereadings,comparingthemesdiscussedwithyourexperienceasafieldstudentandalso
bringingthemintodialoguewithotherargumentsfromacademicpublications(seereadinglist).
TRAVEL&MEETINGPOINT
StudentsareresponsibleforarrangingtraveltoConnecticutCollegeonJune26th,2016(270Mohegan
Avenue,NewLondon,Connecticut06320).Thereisampleparkingoncampus,soyouarefreetobringa
vehicle.ThenearestairportisT.F.GreenInternationalAirportinWarwick,RhodeIsland(PVD),located
45milesaway.Fromtheairport,werecommendtakingataxitotheAmtrakTrainStationinProvidence,
RhodeIsland.ThetrainconnectsdirectlytoNewLondonStation.ConnecticutCollegeisa5-minutetaxi
rideaway.
Studentsarerequiredtopickuptheirroomassignments,keys,andintroductorymaterials/instructions
onSundayJune26th,2016between2-4pmontheConnecticutCollegecampus.Thefieldschooldirector
willprovidestudentswithspecificinstructionsonwheretomeetoncampusbyMay2016.Ifthis
meetingtimedoesnotwork,pleasearrangewiththeprojectdirectoranalternativetimetocheckinon
June26th.
Ifyoumissedyourconnectionoryourflightisdelayed,pleasecall,textoremailprojectdirector
immediately.Alocalemergencycellphonenumberwillbeprovidedtoallenrolledstudents.
VISAREQUIREMENTS
NovisarequirementforUScitizens.CitizensofothercountriesareaskedtochecktheAmerican
Embassywebsitepageattheirhomecountryforspecificvisarequirement.
ACCOMMODATIONS
Studentswillliveinthecomfortable,butmodest,studentdormitoriesatConnecticutCollege.Students
willhavetheirownprivaterooms(withbed,mattress,anddresser)alongwithaccesstoacommunal
bathroom.RoomsareNOTairconditioned,sopleasebring(orplantopurchase)awindowfantokeep
yourroomcool.Studentswillhaveaccesstowirelessinternetwhileoncampus.
AllmealsareprovidedthroughtheConnecticutCollegecafeteria,open7amto7pm.Studentseat
breakfastanddinnerinthecafeteria,butareexpectedtopackalunchforeachdayinthefield.The
cafeteriacaterstomostdietaryrestrictions,e.g.,vegetarians,foodallergysufferers.
EQUIPMENTLIST
4|P a g e Fieldattire:Wewillworkinthefieldalmosteveryday.(Onrain-dayswewillworkintheMohegan
archaeologicallaboratorieswashingandsortingartifacts.)Thismeansthatyoushouldcomepreparedto
workoutdoorseachday,i.e.wearingclothesthatyoudon’tmindgettingdirty.Irecommendwearing
longpants,hikingboots,longsocks,andhatstokeepthesunoff.Youwoulddobesttochooseclothing
thatisalsofairlybreathablesinceitcangethotandhumidinConnecticutduringJuneandJuly.Ialso
recommendbringingasweatshirtandlightrainjacketincaseofunexpectedweather(thisisNew
Englandafterall!).Sincewewillbeworkinginthewoods,poisonivyandLymedisease(transmittedby
deerticks)aretwoveryrealdangers.Withtheproperclothingandpreparation,wewilldoourbestto
avoidtheseproblems.Wewilldiscusstheseissuesfurtheronceweallarrive,butyoucanreadmore
aboutLymediseasehere:http://aldf.com/lyme-disease/.Istronglyrecommendthatyoubringan
inexpensivepairofsunglasses,poisonivywash(e.g.,Tecnu),sunscreen,bugspray(IrecommendDeep
WoodsOffwithDEET),areusablewaterbottle,andreusablelunchbagsandTupperware(everyone
shouldbringtheirlunchandahealthysupplyofwater).Youshouldalsobringafieldbag,i.e.,something
likeabackpacktokeepyourfieldequipment,notes,andlunchin(thiswillgetdirty).
Fieldtools
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pointedarchaeologytrowel:IrecommendawoodenMarshalltownlikethis:
https://marshalltown.com/4-stiff-london-style-pointing-trowel-wood-handle
Retractablemetricmeasuringtape
Handclippersforrootclipping
Metal-edgedruler(metric)
Clipboard(werecommendahollowclipboardthatholdsyourfieldforms,butanyclipboardwill
do)
Ifyouhavebadknees,werecommendpurchasingapadtokneelonorwearablekneepads
Householditems
• Allbeddingincludingsheets,pillows,blankets(twinsizebedswillbeprovided)
• Towels
• Windowfan
COURSESCHEDULE
Week1(June26th-July1st)
Sunday
2-4pm StudentspickupkeysandmoveintoConnecticutCollegedormitories
Monday
9am
Meetminibusinfrontofdormitories
9:30am
WelcomeceremonyatFortShantokwithstaffandMoheganCouncilofElders
10:30am
TourofFortShantokledbyMoheganTribalHistoricPreservationOffice
12:00pm
LunchoutsideofMoheganArchaeologicalLaboratories
1:00pm
Fieldschoolintroductions,safetyprotocols,expectations
2:00pm
Laboratorywork:classifyingNewEnglandsoils(textureandcolor)
3:00pm
Tour2015and2016fieldsites,introductiontobasicfieldtools
4:30pm
Returntodormitories
5|P a g e Tuesday
8:30am
Meetminibusinfrontofdormitories
8:45am
Conveneatfieldsiteforintroductiontosurveytechniquesandsurveyequipment
(lectureformatwithhands-onteaching/learning)
10:45am
Beginpedestriansurvey
12pm Lunch
12:30pm
Firstseminardiscussion:ResearchandTeachingDesignoftheMoheganFieldSchool
2pm
Fieldwork(pedestriansurvey)
4:30pm
Returntodormitories
Wednesday
8:30am
Meetminibusinfrontofdormitories
8:45am
Fieldwork(pedestriansurvey)
12pm Lunch
12:45pm
Fieldwork(pedestriansurvey)
4:30pm
Returntodormitories
Thursday
8:30am
Meetminibusinfrontofdormitories
8:45am
Conveneatfieldsiteforfurtherintroductiontosurveytechniquesandsurvey
equipment(lectureformatwithhands-onteaching/learning)
9:45
Beginshoveltestpitsurvey(inteams)
12pm Lunch
12:45pm
Laboratoryactivity(lecturebydirectorfollowedbyhands-onactivity):Tellingtimein
historicalarchaeology:introductiontohistoricceramictypes,meanceramicdating,pipe
stemdating;inteams,analyzingassemblagesfrompreviousyearstocalculatemean
ceramicdatesandpipestemdates
4:30pm
Returntodormitories
Friday 8:30am
Meetminibusinfrontofdormitories
8:45am
Fieldwork(shoveltestpitsurvey)
12pm Lunch
12:45pm
Fieldwork(shoveltestpitsurvey)
2:30pm
FieldTrip:TantaquidgeonIndianMuseum
4:30pm
Returntodormitories
Week2*(July5th-9th)*BecauseofIndependenceDayweworkTuesdaythroughSaturdaythisweek
6|P a g e Continueregularresearchandteachingschedule
Tuesday
12:30pm
Secondseminardiscussion:NativeAmericanHistoricalArchaeology
Wednesday
12pm
Lunchtimelecture:StephanieFielding(MoheganLinguist,CouncilofElders):Revitalizing
theMoheganLanguage
Thursday
2pm
Lecture:GeneralHistoryofNorthAmericanArchaeology(director)
FieldTrip:MashantucketPequotMuseum
Friday
1pm
Week3(July11th-15th)
Continueregularresearchandteachingschedule
Tuesday
12:30pm
Thirdseminardiscussion:PastCollaborativeArchaeologyatMohegan
Wednesday
12:45pm
2pm
Artifactprocessinginlaboratory
Laboratoryactivity(miniaturelecturecomparingsurveyandexcavationfollowedby
laboratorymappingactivity)
Thursday
8:45am
Beginexcavation
Week4(July18th-22nd)
Continueregularresearchandteachingschedule
Tuesday
12:30pm
Fourthseminardiscussion:CollaborationonNeighboringReservations
Wednesday
12pm
Lunchtimelecture:SharonMaynard(MoheganCouncilofElders):TraditionalMohegan
Crafts
Thursday
2:30pm
FieldTrip:EasternPequotReservationtovisittheEasternPequotArchaeologicalField
School
Week5(July25th-29th)
7|P a g e Continueregularresearchandteachingschedule
Monday
2:30pm
Lecture:PracticingPostcolonialArchaeology(director)
Tuesday
12:30pm
Fifthseminardiscussion:AddressingCritiquesofIndigenousArchaeology
Friday 8:45am
Closingthesitefortheyear
12pm Lunchwithallstaff
1pm
Laboratorywork
3pm
Closinglecture
READINGS
Studentsarerequiredtoreadallofthefollowingsources.AllreadingswillbeprovidedasPDFfilesand
enrolledstudentswillhaveaccessthroughtheIFRwebsite.**Mainfocusofseminardiscussion
ForWeek1:ProjectBackgroundandGeneralAnalyticalTechniquesinHistoricalArchaeology
• **Cipolla,C.N.(2012)EntangledHistories:TheHistoricalArchaeologyofAnglo-Indigenous
InteractionsinColonialNewEngland,ExcerptofEuropeanCommissionGrant(20pages)
• Hume,I.N.(1996)Ceramics:British.InAGuidetoArtifactsofColonialAmerica,pp.102-137(35
pages).
• South,S.(1971)EvolutionandHorizonasRevealedinCeramicAnalysisinHistoricalArchaeology.
ConferenceonHistoricSiteArchaeologyPapers6(1):71-116(45pages).
• Harrington,J.C.(1954)DatingStemFragmentsofSeventeenthandEighteenthCenturyClayTobacco
Pipes.QuarterlyBulletin,ArchaeologicalSocietyofVirginia9(1)(3pages).
• Maxwell,M.A.,andBinfordL.H.(1961)ExcavationsatFortMachilimackinac,MackinacCity,
Michigan,1959Season,pp.107-109.
ForWeek2:NativeAmericanHistoricalArchaeology
• **Cipolla,C.N.(2013)NativeAmericanHistoricalArchaeologyandtheTropeofAuthenticity.
HistoricalArchaeology47(3):12-22(10pages)
ForWeek3:DecolonizingArchaeologyinPractice,part1(Mohegan)
• **Bendremer,J.,andE.Thomas(2008)TheTribeandtheTrowel:AnIndigenousArchaeologyand
theMoheganArchaeologicalFieldSchool.InCollaboratingattheTrowel’sEdge.SW.Silliman,ed.
Pp.50-66.Tucson:UniversityofArizonaPress(16pages).
ForWeek4:DecolonizingArchaeologyinPractice,part2(anotherlocalproject)
• **Silliman,S.W.,andK.SebastianDring(2008)WorkingonPastsforFutures:EasternPequotField
SchoolArchaeologyinConnecticut.InCollaboratingattheTrowel’sEdge.SW.Silliman,ed.Pp.6787.Tucson:UniversityofArizonaPress(20pages).
ForWeek5:AddressingCritiquesofIndigenousArchaeology
8|P a g e •
•
•
Atalay,S.(2006)NoSenseoftheStruggle:CreatingaContextforSurvivanceattheNMAI.American
IndianQuarterly30(3-4):597-618(21pages).
**McGhee,R.(2008)AboriginalismandtheProblemsofIndigenousArchaeology.American
Antiquity73(4):579-597(18pages).
Cipolla,C.N.andJ.Quinn(n.d.)ArchaeologytheMoheganWay.JournalofCommunityArchaeology
andHeritage(inperparation)(20pages).
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2008 Signsofidentity,signsofmemory.ArchaeologicalDialogues15(2):196–215.
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2007 'Makingdo':Nineteenth-centurysubsistencepracticesontheEasternPequotReservation.
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2008 CollaborationinArchaeologicalPractice.AltaMiraPress,Lanham,MD.
Cronin,William
1983 ChangesintheLand:Indians,Colonists,andtheEcologyofNewEngland.HillandWang,New
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Deagan,Kathleen
1983 SpanishSt.Augustine:TheArchaeologyofaColonialCreoleCommunity.UniversityPressFlorida,
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1998 TranculturationandSpanishAmericanEthnogenesis:TheArchaeologicalLegacyofthe
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2006 HistoricalArchaeology.Blackwell,Malden.
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