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CHAPTER PREVIEW
Cognitive
Revolution
Health and
Wellness
Intelligence
Thinking
Language
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THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION
• Cognition: how information is processed and manipulated
when remembering, thinking, and knowing.
• 1950s: psychology resumes focus on the mind and mental
processes.
• Computers: an analogy for the mind/brain
- artificial intelligence (AI)
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BH
CEHAVIORIST
OMPUTER
INFORMATION
“S-R” CONNECTION
FLOW
UMAN INFORMATION
FLOW
Input
Input
S
Output
Learner
Output
R
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THINKING
Concepts
mental categories used to group objects, events, and
characteristics
Prototype Model
instances of a concept are understood/stored as a
variation of a prototype (ideal example) of that concept
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STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Find and frame the problem.
2. Develop good problem-solving strategies
(subgoals, algorithms, heuristics).
3. Evaluate solutions.
4. Rethink and redefine
problems and solutions
over time.
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PROBLEM-SOLVING OBSTACLES
• Fixation
using a prior strategy only
• Functional Fixedness
fixated on usual functions
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REASONING
mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
• Inductive Reasoning
driven by data; bottom-up;
specific  general
• Deductive Reasoning
driven by logic; top-down;
general  specific
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DECISION MAKING
Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
Attempting to Maximize Outcome
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REASONING AND DECISION MAKING
• System I – Automatic
rapid, heuristic, associative, intuitive
• System II – Controlled
slower, effortful, analytical
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DECISION-MAKING BIASES
• Confirmation Bias
search only for info that supports our ideas
• Hindsight Bias
report falsely that we predicted an outcome
• Availability Heuristic
predict probability based on ease of recall
• Base-Rate Fallacy
ignore info about general principles
• Representativeness Heuristic
make judgments based on stereotypes
• Bias Blind Spot
Notice biases in others but not in self
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CRITICAL THINKING
Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the
evidence
• Mindfulness
alert and mentally
present
• Open-Mindedness
receptive to new ways
of looking at things
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8-12
EMOTION AND COGNITION
Moods influence the way we think.
• Bad Moods
use careful logic to
solve problems
• Good Moods
efficiency, originality,
creativity, ignore
irrelevant info
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CREATIVE THINKING
• Divergent versus Convergent Thinking
• Characteristics of Creative Thinkers
–
–
–
–
–
brainstorm
flexibility and playful thinking
inner motivation
willingness to face risk
objective evaluation of work
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INTELLIGENCE
What is intelligence?
• Definitions of Intelligence Reflect Culture
• U.S. – Spearman’s g
• Measuring Intelligence
– validity
– reliability
– standardization
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INTELLIGENCE TESTS
• Binet – Mental Age (MA)
• Stanford-Binet Test
• Stern – Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• Weschler
– WAIS
– WISC
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INTELLIGENCE: NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
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INFLUENCES ON TESTING
• Cultural Bias in Testing
– culture-fair tests
Matrices)
(e.g., Raven Progressive
• Genetic Influences on Intelligence
– heritability
– increases with age
• Environmental Influences on Intelligence
– Flynn effect
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THE FLYNN EFFECT
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EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE
• Giftedness: IQ ≥ 130
– Terman: socially well adjusted and successful as adults
– importance of innate ability
• Intellectual disability: IQ < 70
–
–
–
–
conceptual, social, practical skills functions affected
organic versus cultural-familial disabilities
mild, moderate, severe/profound
adaptive behavior deficits
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THEORIES OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
– analytical intelligence
analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, contrast
– creative intelligence
create, design, invent, originate, imagine
– practical intelligence
use, apply implement, put ideas into practice
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THEORIES OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
Gardner’s Frames of Mind
verbal
spatial
interpersonal
naturalist
musical
mathematical
bodily-kinesthetic
intrapersonal
existentialist
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LANGUAGE
form of spoken, written, or signed communication based on
symbols
• infinite generativity
• the ability to produce
an endless number of
meaningful sentences
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STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE
• Phonology - basic phonemes (sounds)
• Morphology - rules for word formation
• Syntax - rules for combining words to form phrases and
sentences
• Semantics - meaning of words and sentences
• Pragmatics - use of language
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LANGUAGE AND COGNITION
Can you think without using language?
• Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis
“language determines
thought”
• Role of cognition in language
• Role of language in cognition
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INFLUENCES ON LANGUAGE
• Biological Influences
– language universals
– hemispheric specialization
• Environmental Influences
– behavioral view
(learned skill)
– language exposure
(case of Genie)
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DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE
Cooing
0-6 mo
Babble
5-12 mo
Single Words
10-18 mo
Two Words
18-24 mo
Sentences
3+ years
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LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE AS AN ADULT
Sensitive Periods in Language Learning
– new sounds/accent and new grammar
– new vocabulary
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HEALTH AND WELLNESS
Cognitive Appraisal and Coping
– Primary Appraisal
– Secondary Appraisal
– Cognitive Reappraisal
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8-29
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Describe cognitive psychology and discuss the role of the computer
in the development of the field.
• Explain the processes involved in thinking and describe capacities
related to superior thinking.
• Describe intelligence and its measurement and discuss influences
on and types of intelligence.
• Identify the possible connections between language and thought
and summarize how language is acquired and develops.
• Discuss the importance of cognitive appraisal with respect to stress
and describe various styles of coping.
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8-30