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a1(A)
1. Digambar
2. Haryana
3. Poverty
4. Hypermetropia
5. Southern
6. Belgaum
7. Executive
8. President
9. Secularism
10. Sarpanch
a1(B)
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. False
oQ-
Q2. What steps shourd be taken to prevent viotence against
women.
The following steps shourd be taken to prevent viorence
against women:
1. Break the silence and raise voice against violence against women
2. Learn the law and use it
3. Build solidarity groups
4. Contact with women,s rights groups
5. Supporting and funding NGO,s
5. Enforcement of domestic violence legislation and Dowry prohibition Act
7. Compulsory establishment of Women Development Cell
8. Provide women with access to legal representation
9. Promote gender equality in schools
10. Use Social Media to report
11' Media should shoulder the responsibility of proper portrayal
of women.
12. Taking up of self defense or martial arts course
by women and girrs.
13' Supporting gender sensitisation and public awareness programmes
aimed at eradicating
violence against women and girl child
14. Eradicating elements in traditional norms and religious
beliefs, practices
and
stereotypes which legitimise violence against women
Q2. Explain services available to handicap persons in lndia.
The services available to handicap persons in India are as
foilows
1. lnstitutions for the handicapped
2. Ministry of Welfare
3. Awards and Scholarships
4. Schools
5. Voluntary Associations
6. Financial assistance to voluntary organisations
7. Specialconcessions
8. Reservation in jobs
9. Sports and cultural activities
10. Incentives to employers
11. Rehabilitation centres
12. Relief through Legislations
:
Q3' what are the measures to resolve linguistic conflicts in rndia.
The measures to resolve linguistic conflicts in India are as follows
:
1. Development of a National Language
2. Development of a common script
3' Ban on regional political parties and other organisations that exploit
ilnguistic sentiments of
people.
4. Three language formula
5. Official use of bilingual in border areas between states.
5. Safegaurding Linguistic Minorities
7. Promoting nationalism over linguism by media
8' continuance of English for official purpose at national and international
level
9. Bilingualeducation
.
Q3. Explain the economic inequalities Benerated due to caste system in lndia.
L. Inequality of income
2. Inequality of consumption expenditure,
3. Inequality of asset holding
4'
5'
6'
7.
8.
Limited occupational mobility - caste based occupations are being pursued generations
after generations,which does not help in blurring the caste lines.
Limited Class mobility- lngrained attitude with orthodoxy affect class
mobility( socioeconomic status) and social mobility ( caste based
)
Concentration of means of production and wealth- lt has been observed
that the wealth
and job creation is still in hands of people from upper/dominant
Vicious cycle of illiteracy-poverty-Unemployment
School drop-outs
9.
Effects of inflation
10. Rural and Urban variations
11. No strict implementation of poverty alleviation programmes
Q4. Describe the nature of lndian State as "Sovereign,,, ,,Secular,, and ,,Socialist,,
Sovereign:
The word sovereign means supreme. Sovereignty is understood in jurisprudence as the
full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from
outside sources or bodies.lt is a basic principle underlying the dominant Westphalian
model of state foundation.
The term could also be understood in four different ways:
.
Domestic sovereignty- actual control over
a state
exercised by an authority
organized within this state,
.
lnterdependence sovereignty
- actual control of movement across state's borders,
assuming the borders exist.
.
.
lnternational legal sovereignty
- formal recognition
by other sovereign states.
Westphalian sovereignty: Westphalian sovereignty is the principle of international
law that each nation state has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to
the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another
countr/s domestic affairs, and that each state
is equal in
international law.
The word 'sovereign' implies that India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any
other nation, but an independent state.(Till the passage of the Indian Independence Act,
t947,lndia was a dependency of the British Empire. From August 15,Ig47 to January
26, t950,lndia's political status was that of a dominion in the British Commonwealth of
Nations. India ceased to be a British dominion on January 26, L950, by declaring herself
a sovereign republic. However, Pakistan continued
India is internally and externally sovereign
-
to be a British Dominion until 1956.
)
externally free from the control of any
foreign power and internally, it has a free government which is directly elected by the
people and makes laws that govern the people. She allies in peace ond war.
Internally, the Popular sovereignty is also one of the basic structure of constitution of
India. Hence, Citizens of India also enjoy sovereign power to elect their representatives
in elections held for parliament, state legislature and local bodies as well. People have
supreme ri8ht to make decisions on internal as well as external matters. No external
power can dictate the government of India.
India's membership of the commonwealth or of the United Nations does not impose
any external limit on her sovereignty. The Commonwealth is a free association of
sovereign Nations.
lt is no longer British Commonwealth. india does not accept
the
British Queen as the head of state. Also nations are free to leave the organization. To
dispel
the fears of some members of the Constituent
Assembly regarding joining
Commonwealth or other lnternational Organization, Nehru said in 1949 thus: 'We took
pledge long ago to ochieve Purna Sworoj. We have achieved it. Does o nation lose its
independence
by an
alliance with another country? Alliance normally meons
commitments. The free association of the sovereign Commonwealth of Nations does not
involve such commitments. lts very strength lies
freedom.
lt
is well-known that
it
in its flexibility and its complete
is open to any member-nation to go out of the
commonwealth if it so chooses'. He further stated, 'lt is an agreement by free will, to be
terminated by free will'.
The sovereignty empowers lndia to either ocquire a foreign territory or cede a part of its
territory in favour of a foreign state.
Secular:
.
Secularism, is
the principle that government institutions and their
representatives
should remain separate from religious institutions, their beliefs, and their dignitaries.
Unlike the Western concept of secularism which envisions a separation of religion and
state, the concept of secularism in India envisions equal treatment of all religions by the
state and equal participation of state in different religions. Positively, Indian secularism
guarantees equal freedom to all religion. ln this sense, western concept of secularism
negative, that means against all religion in state affairs.
is
In the context of secularism in India,
it is said that 'lndia is neither religious, nor
irreligious nor antireligious.' lt implies that in India there will be no 'State, religion
-
the
'state' will not support any particular religion out of public fund.
This has two implications,
a) every individual is free to believe in, and practice, any religion he/ she
belongs to,
and,
b) State will not discriminate against any individual or group on the basis
of religion.
By
the 42nd Amendment, the term "Secular" was also incorporated in thepreamble.But,
from its inceptions, Constitution had already had several provisions of Secularism. In St.
Xaviers college v. state of Gujarat, the sc had held, ,,although the words ,sEcuLAR
STATE' are not expressly mentioned in
the Constitution but there can be no doubt that
Constitution-makers wanted to establish such a state" and accordingly Articles
25 to 2g
have been included in the Constitution.
Secularism is the basic structure of the Indian constitution. The Government respects
all
religions. lt does not uplift or degrade any particular religion. There is no
such thing as a
state religion for India. In S.R. Bommai vs UOI (1994)The
SC
of India held
,,A
state which
does not recognise any religion as the state religion, it treats all religions
equally,,. ln S.R.
Bommai v. Union of lndia the supreme court held that "secularism is the
basic feature
of the Constitution."
In Aruna Roy v.Union of India, the Supreme Court has said that Secularism
has a
positive meaning that is developing, understanding and respect
towards different
religions.
Socialist:
'
The term socialist was added
1976.Even before
to the Preamble by the
Forty-second Amendment in
the addition of term, the socialist essence could be found in the
Directive Principles of State Policy. The term implies social and economic
equality
among the people.
'
sociolequality in this context means the absence of discrimination
on the grounds only
of caste, colour, creed, sex, religion, or language. Under social
equality, everyone has
equal status and opportunities.
'
Economic equality in this context means that the government
will endeavor to make the
distribution of wealth more equal and provide a decent standard
of living for all. This is
in effect emphasized a commitment towards the formation
of a welfare state. India has
adopted a socialistic and mixed economy and the government
has framed many laws to
achieve the aim.
'
Congress party itself adopted a resolution to establish a
'socialistic pattern of society, in
its Avadi session as early as in 1955. The Resolution said: 'ln
order realise the object of
congress ond to further the obiectives stated in the preamble
and Directive principles
of
state Policy of the constitution of lndia, ptonning should take place
with o view to the
estoblishment of a socialistic pattern of society, where the principal
meons of production
ore under social ownership or control, production is progressively
speeded up and there
is equaitable distribution of the national weolth,.
'
Indian type socialism is a 'democratic socialism' ( and not ,communistic
a
socialism,
which involves the nationalisation of all means of production
and distribution and the
abolition of private property.). Democratic socialism holds
faith in a ,mixed economy,
where both public and private sectors co-exist side by side.
Indira Gandhi had said, .We
have always said that we have our own brond of socialism.
We witt nationalise the
sectors where we feel the necessity. Just nationatisation is
not our type of socialism,.
'
As the Supreme Court says, 'Democratic socialism aims
to end poverty, ignorance,
disease and inequality of opportunity.
'
In Excel Wear v.Union of India, the S.C. considered the effect
of the word ,socialist, in
the Preamble. The Court held that addition of the word "Socialist,, might enable
the
courts to lean more. in favor of nationalization and state ownership
of an industry. In
D'S' Nakara v.Union of India, the s.c. held that the basic
framework of socialism is to
provide a decent standard of life to the working people
and especially provide security
form cradle to grave. This amongst others are on economic
side envisaged economic
equality and equitable distribution of income.
'
lt
is said that the introduction
of liberalization policies from 1991 which ushered the
Privatization and Globalization has diluted the socialist credentials
of tndian state. But in
fact the purpose of doing liberalization is wealth creation
which could be used for the
welfare of common citizen. lndian socialism ha evolved over
time like of other places
like China.
Q4. Explain the concept of fundamental duties and their classifications.
The concept of fundamental duties
The fundamental duties are defined as the moral obligations
of all citizens to help promote
spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of lndia. These duties
set in part lV-A of the
Constitution, concern individuals and the nation.
The fundamental duties were added to the lndian Constitution
by 42ndamendment of the
constitution in 197G. The fundamental duties are contained in Art.
51A.
Indian Fundamental Duties can be classified as follows:
l.Moralduty
2.legalduty
A. Duty towards the country
1' To abide by the constitution and respect its ideal and
institutions; the National Flag and
NationalAnthem
2' To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national
struggle for freedom
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity
of India
4. To defend the country and render national service when
called upon
to do so
a
B. Duty towards citlzens and culture
5' To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood
amongst all the people of India
transcending religious, linguistic and regional diversities,
to renounce practices derogatory to
the dignity of women
5. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our
composite curture
C. Duty
towards environment
7' To protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers, and wild-life
and to have compassion for living creatures
8. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence
D. Duty towards oneself and society
9. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and
the spirit of inquiry and reform
10' To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual
and collective activity, so that the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
11' Who is a parent or guardian , to provide opportunities for
education to his child, or as the
case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
Q5. Explain the concept of panchayati Raj in India
The 73rd AmendmentTgg2 added a new Part lX to the
constitution titled ,The panchayats,,
provisions
covering
from Article 243to 2a3@); and a new Eleventh Schedule covering
29
subjects within the functions of the panchayats.
ln India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance
in which gram panchayats
are the basic units of local administration. The system
has three levels: gram panchayat (village
level), panchayat samiti (block level) and ziila parishad (district
level).
The Three-Tier System of Panchayati Raj in India is discussed
in detail as follows
1. Village Panchayat
2. Panchayat Samiti
3.7illa Parishad
:
Q5. Write short notes on (any three)
a. Multi-cultural society
India's languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, customs,
language, cutture, cuisine,
clothing, literary style and festivals to be discussed in detail..
b. Cerebral Palsy
cerebral palsy (cP) is a disorder that affects muscle tone, movement,
and motor skills (the
ability to move in a coordinated and purposeful way).cerebral palsy
is one of the most common
congenital (existing at or before birth) disorders of childhood. Brain
damage in infancy or early
childhood also can lead to cerebral palsy.This brain damage also
can lead to other health
issues, including vision, hearing, and speech problems;
and rearning disabirities.
The three types of Cp are:
1. spastic cerebral palsy
2.
3.
- causes stiffness and movement difficulties
athetoid cerebral palsy
- leads to involuntary and uncontrolled movements
ataxic cerebral palsy
causes a problem with balance and depth perception
-
Since cerebral palsy affects muscle control and coordination,
even simple movements
-
like
are difficult. other functions that also involve motor skiils and
muscles
such
as breathing, bladder and bowel controt, eating, and talking
also may be affected when a
child has Cerebral palsy.
standing still
-
-
There is no cure for cP, but treatment, therapy, special equipment,
and, in some cases, surgery
can help children who are living with the condition.
c. Regional and Communal parties
Regional parties are political parties which mostly participate in
the elections only within one
state. However the desire of certain regional parties to capture power
has led to rise of
regionalism.
Communal parties seek to protect and promote interests of a particular
community. However
the representatives should not exploit the communal politics to meet
thier vested interests
by playrng with the emotions of the people to get thier vote bank.
Regional and Communal parties can play a positive role by bringing
about peace and
communal harmonv.
d. Parliamentary Systenr
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where
the executive
branch derives its democratic legitimacy from the legislature (parliament) and
is also held
accountable to that legislature.
The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. lt is
bicameral with two
houses: Rajya Sabha (Council ofStates) and the Lok Sabha (House ofthe people).
The president
in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either
house of
Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha.
e. Corruption in Politics.
Political corruption means the abuse of political power by the government leaders
to extract
and accumulate for private enrichment, and to use politically corrupt means
to maintain their
hold on power. However, abuse of political powerfor other purposes, such as repression
of
political opponents and general potice brutality, is not considered political
corruption. political
corruption takes place at the highest levels of the politicalsystem, and hence it
can be
differentiated from administrative or bureaucratic corruption. lt can also be distinguished
from
business and private sector corruption.
Political corruption can be of two forms
:
The first one is which includes both accumulation and extraction and where government
officials use and abuse their hold on power to extract from the private sector, from government
revenues, and from the economy at large. Some of the examples of the
above mentioned form
of corruption are extraction, embezzlement, rent-seeking, plunder and even kleptocracy ("rule
by thieves").
The second form of political corruption is one in which extracted resources (and public
money)
are used for power preservation and power extension purposes. This usually takes
the form of
favouritism and patronage politics. lt includes a favouritist
and politically motivated distribution
of financial a nd material lnducements, benefits, adyantages,
and spoils.
Corruption in politics is also one of the obstacle in effective pafticipation
of women in politics.