L E A'U E FO R T H E P R E S E R'AT IO N O F
A M E RIC A N IN D E P E N D E N C E
Wo u l d P r es id e n t Wi l so n
'
Cove n a n t
o f th e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s
P r e ve n t W a r ?
O pin ions
o
f
s
P o l iti c a l P rophe t s a n d the R el i a bi l ity
Fo reca s t s M a d e D ur i n g the W a r
o ur
o
f thei r
By
0f
W IL L IA M H ERBERT HO BB S
L
th e Exe cutive C om mi tte e of th e N a tl o n a l S ec u r ity
Auth or o f Th e Wor l d War a nd I ts C on s equ e nc es
”
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AN N ARB O R M I CH I GAN
JANUAR ' 9 1 9 2 0
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,
L eagu e
Et c
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W o ul d P r esi den t W i l so n s C oven an t o f the Le agu e o f N a tio n s
P reven t W a r ?
'
O pi ni on s o
f
ou r Pol itic al Pr op h ets an d th e R el iab i lity o f th ei r
For ec a sts M ad e Du ri ng th e Wa r
Pr es id en t Wi l s on s tand s s p on s or b e for e th e e nti r e w or l d for th e
S ave for an i n s ig ni fic ant m i n or ity
C oven ant o f the L e ag u e of Nati ons
l arg ely m ad e u p o f p a c i fi s t s an d r ad ic a l s oc ial i s ts thi s C ov enant i s n ot
d e s i r ed by the n ati on s of Eu r op e a lthough w e hav e b ee n as s u re d th at
w ithou t it t h e h ear t of th e w orl d w il l b e b r ok en I t i s n ow k n own
fur the rm or e that the C ove nant i s n ot d es ir e d by the Am e ric a n p eop l e
a s a p eop l e alth ou gh th e w or l d has b e e n as s u r ed tha t Mr Wi l s on has
”
h el d thei r m andate for its r ati fi c ati on w ith ou t the c r o s s i ng of a t o r
”
t h e d otti n g of a n i
As th e r es u l t of i ntr igu e an d of a n atr oci ou s
offi cia l p r op agand a to c onc e al the facts the S e nate of the Unite d State s
h as b e en p rac tic al ly es t op p ed fr om r ej ec ting th e C ov en ant i n it s e u
t i r e t y and ha s b e e n for c e d t o c onte nt its e l f with r e s erv ati on s w hic h
w i l l r ob it o f its m or e vi c i ou s p r ovis i on s
I f the C ove na nt c ou l d b e e xp e cte d t o p r eve n t f ut u r e wa rs as h a s
b e e n c laim e d by its adv oc at es a l l Am er ic an c itiz en s w orthy of th e
n am e w ou l d b e its s u p p orte r s al m os t w ith out r egar d to i ts other c on
It s o f fic ia l g od fath er s tand i ng i n th e au gu s t p r es enc e of th e
d i ti o n s
a s s em b l e d d e l egate s of the Pe ac e C on fe r e nc e at the s ol em n m om e nt o f
p r om ulgati ng th e T r eaty of P eac e w ith G erm any w he n th e w hol e
w orl d s tood at atte nti on d ec l ar e d i n w ord s w hi c h p erm itte d o f n o
d e fin it e as a g uar ant e e
s had ow o f u nc ertai nty that thi s c o v enant i s
”
I n a b ar n s torm ing c am p aig n w hi c h for m agnitu d e ha s n o
o f p e ac e
p ar al l el i n al l hi s tory a n ar m y of
s p eak er s organ iz ed b y th e
L eagu e t o Enfor c e P eac e have d em an de d r atifi cati o n o f the C ove na nt
i n ord er t o p r event futu r e w ar s
S h ou l d th e Am eri c a n p e o p l e ac c ep t
the j u dgm e nt o f this arm y a s s ou nd o r s h ou l d w e r e j ec t t he c ove nant
a s v oi ci ng th e O p i ni on o f v i s i o nari es ?
Th e L eagu e s s u p p orter s i n c l ud e the Pr e s id e n t a nd hi s e nti r e
c abin et a Rep ub l ic an ex -p r es id ent of th e U n ite d S tat es th e p r e s i d ent
H ar v ar d Un ive rs i ty v ari ou s am b as s ad or s an d m i ni ste r s of the
of
Wi l s o n r egim e and p r ofes s or s an d p r eac h ers alm os t w ith out n um b e r
A n o l e s s n otab l e b od y o f em in e n t m e n o n the c ontr ar y h ol d s the
b eli e f that th e C o v ena nt i s vi ci ou s that it w i l l l ead , n ot t o p e a c e b ut
t o i nte r minab l e w ars , and that it w i l l m or e o v e r te n d t o r e p l ac e d e m o
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2 66
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c rati c by d es p otic form s o f g overnm ent
B y wh os e j ud gme nt a r e w e t o b e gu ide d ?
.
Th e i s su e i s cl ear l y j oin ed
.
Fr om th e b egi nni ng this p r ob l em h as b e e n c onc ern ed p rim ar ily
w ith the re li ab il ity o f j u dgm e nt o f ou r p oli tic al p r oph et s
I n the b u s i
n es s w orl d an expert w h os e j u dgm ent u p on a m atter o f th e fi r s t i m
p ortanc e ha s b ee n fou nd t o b e s e ri ou s l y at fau lt c e as e s t o b e a
r e lian c e i n futur e trans acti ons
H ow m u ch m or e im p ortant i s it that
i n a fi a i r s e ffe cting the ve ry l ife of the n ati on w e s hou l d r ely u p on
m en of p r oved s anity an d of s ou nd j u dgm ent ' Th e gr eat cr i si s fr om
whic h w e have j u s t em e rge d h a s fortu n atel y su p p l ie d a te s t of th e
r eli ab i l ity of ou r p ol itic a l p r op h et s i n th ei r r eacti on s t o P r esi d ent
Wi l s on s p ron ou n ce d p a c i fi s m an d hi s attem pts t o di ctate the affai rs
w di d th e p ri n
e p al advocat es of th e C ov en ant of th e
of th e w or l d H ow
nci
L eagu e of Nati on s r e act t o the u np r ov oke d a s s au l t of Germ any u p on
C ivili z ati on ? H ow c l earl y d i d th ey th e n v i s u al iz e th e m en ac e that
hu ng ove r Am er ic a and h ow 0
c l e ar l y d i d they s e e the n ec es s ity o f ou r
j oi n ing i n a r e al an d p ractic al al l ianc e of free d om -l ovi ng n ati ons — n ot
i n a v i s i onary l eagu
ue
e of al l n a
ati on s good an d b ad an d d om in ated from
Eu r op e —t o p r event th e d ow nfal l of C ivi li z ati on ? H ow w i l l ing w er e
they the n t o s e nd arm ie s t o Eu r op e w he n fr e e t o act thr oug h thei r
ow n r ep r es entativ es n ot i n a hyp oth eti cal i ns tanc e wh en ord er ed t o
d o s o by a b ody of ni n e am b as s ad or s fr om al ie n n ati on s i n w hic h they
w oul d hav e b ut a s ingl e r ep r es entativ e
B el ow i s th e r e cord for t en
of the adv ocates of the C ove n ant m os t pr om i ne ntl y b efor e the p ub l ic
and for an equ al n umb er of th os e op p os e d t o it
Gr ou p ed w ith s om e
r egar d to th eir p os iti on s an d i nt er es ts th ey ar e a s fol l ow s '
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F or t
W i l s on L ea gu e
he
Wood r ow Wi ls on
N ewt on D B ak er
Wi l l i am Jen nings B r ya n
Gi l b ert M Hitc hc oc k
Jos ep hu s Da ni e l s
A L awr enc e L ow el l
Henry For d
Wi ll iam H owar d Taft
Jac o b H S c hi ff
St ep h en S Wi s e
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Al m os t w ith out exc ep tion th e n am e s i n th e fi rs t l i s t ar e th os e of
m en w h o r e acte d aga ins t or at b es t b ut m i l dl y for as sum ing ou r r e «
1 9 1 4 an d
s p o n s i b i l i t i e s as a nati on in th e p er iod b etw e en Augu s t
Ap ril 1 9 1 7
I n fact it w ou l d b e s tr ange i f a ny p acifi s t w ere n ot al s o
a n internati onal i s t si n c e b oth p r op os e t o p l ac e th ei r r eli an c e for
nati onal s ecu rity on s c rap s of p ap er s — what Mr Wil s on has c al l ed the
m or al j udgm ent o f m a nki nd
Th e s ec ond l is t i nc l u d es th e p r omi n ent
p r ep ar ed n e ss m en of th e r ec ent c ri si s and as a r ul e p r ep ar ed n es s m en
ar e O p p os ing th e Wi l s on L eagu e
Th er e ar e h ow ev er m any ex c e p
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ti on s th e m os t n otab l e b e i ng tha t s p l e ndi d
Putnam h ead o f th e Am eric a n Right s L eagu e
,
p atr iot
Ge orge H a v e n
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g
F or th e L e a ue
W OO D R O W W I L SO N, Pr es id e nt o f th e United S tat e s
u s ou t o f w ar
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—C am p ai g n
s l ogan
w hi c h w on
Mr
H e k ep t
Wi l s on h i s r e
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e l ec ti on i n 1 9 1 6
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REA C T I O N T O PA C I F I S M D URI N G T HE WAR '
A w a r w ith w hic h w e hav e n othi n g to d o w h os e c au s es c a nn ot
”
t ouc h u s
De l i v e re d t o j oi nt s e s s i on o f C ongr e s s o n Dec em b er 8 1 9 14
”
Wi th it s c au s e s a nd its ob j ec ts w e ar e n ot c on c e rn e d
S p e ec h
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o f May 2 7 1 9 1 6
H av e you ev e r h e ar d what s tart ed th e p r e s ent war ? I f y ou h a v e
I w i s h you w ou l d p ub l is h it b e cau s e n ob od y e l s e has s o far a s I c an
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g ath e r
S p e ec h of O c t 2 7 1 9 1 6
We s hal l n ot al te r ou r attitu d e b ec au s e s om e am ong u s ar e
n e r v ou s a nd exc ited
Th e c ou ntr y h as b e e n m i si n f orm ed
We
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h ave n ot b ee n negl ige nt o f nati onal d e f e n s e
1 914
”
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M r Wi l s o n o n D ec
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8,
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Mor e tha n a ye ar l ater Ge n eral Wo od d e c l ar e d '
'
We k n o w thi s
t hat i f a w ar d oe s hit u s w e hav e n ot i n any p ar tic u l ar—I m a k e n o
e ce p t i o n w hateve r— ad e qu ate r e s e r v e m ater ial s f or th e fi r s t f or c e w e
'
,
,
s h oul d hav e t o
T her e are ac tu al ly m e n i n Am e r ic a w h o a r e p re achin g w a r w h o
a r e p r eac hi ng th e d uty o f th e Unit ed S tat es t o d o wh at i t n ev er w ou l d
b e for e— s e e k e ntangl em e n t i n th e c ontr ove r s i e s w hic h h a v e aris e n o n
t h e oth er s i d e of th e w at er ' ab an d on its hab itu al an d t rad iti on al
p ol ic y a nd d el ib e rate l y e ngag e i n th e c on fl ic t w hi c h i s n ow e ngu l fin g
th e r es t of th e w orl d
I d o n ot k n ow w hat th e s tand ard of c itiz en s hi p
o f th es e g entl em en m ay b e
I onl y kn ow that I for on e c ann ot s u b
”
M r Wil s on s s p e ec h at D es M oin es F eb
s cr i b e t o th os e s e ntim ents
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1, 1916
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REAC T I O N T O I NTE RNAT I O NA L I SM AT TH E WAR S C L O S E '
It '
th e C ove nant 'i s d e fi nite as a gu ara nte e of p e ac e I t i s d e fin ite
I t i s p r actic al and at t he s am e
a s a gu ar an tee agai ns t aggre s s i on
”
tim e i t i s d e s ign ed t o p ur i fy t o r ecti fy t o e l evat e
At p r omu l gati on
o f the Tr e aty at P ar i s
Th e s t ruc tu r e o f p eac e w i l l n ot b e v ita l w ithou t th e L eagu e o f
”
Nati on s an d n o m an i s g oing t o b ri n g b ac k a c ad ave r wi th hi m
Sp e ec h on Marc h 5 1 9 1 9
The thi ngs that the s e m e n ( s ol di er d e ad ) l e ft u s t h ou g h t h e y d i d
n ot i n th ei r c o u n s e l s c on c e i v e i t, i s th e gr e at i ns trum en t w hi c h w e
'
hav e j us t e re c te d i n th e L e ague of N ati on s
Mem orial Day ad d re s s
a t S u r es n e s C em etery n ear P ari s
P u t u p or s hu t u p you c ontem pti b l e qui tte rs
Re fer ri ng i n a n
a dd r e s s t o hi s c ri tic s i n th e Uni t ed Stat es S en at e
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Agai n s t
THE
OD OR E
R
OO S E'E L T
6
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g
th e L ea ue
Form er P r e s id ent o f th e Unit ed Stat es
year s an advoc ate of n ational p rep ar ed nes s
a nd for thirty- fi v e
,
,
.
P l ain
'
s p eec h w ith p l ai n folk
,
An d p l ain w or d s for fal s e th ings
Pl ai n
,
faith i n p l ai n d eal ing s
Twixt neigh b ou r s and ki ngs
'
H e u s ed and h e fol l ow ed
H ow eve r it s p e d
O h ou r w orl d i s n on e m or e h on es t
,
N OW
Gr eat Heart i s d ead
”
.
— Ru dyard K ip l ing i n p o em
d e d icate d t o The od ore Roos eve lt
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REACTI O N T O PAC I FI SM DURI N G THE WAR '
'
O nl y m is chie f has s pr u ng fr om the activiti es of the p r ofe s s i onal
p eac e p r attl ers
eu n o ch s
vation
th e u l tra - p a c i fi s t s
,
wh o with the s hr il l
e fii c a c y
i n the
c l am or
vi rtu e
p r each th e g os p el of th e mi l k and wat er of
b e l ie f
th at
,
of
an d s cr eam
of d i lu te d m oral m u s h i s e s s enti al t o s al
”
.
REACT I O N T O I NTE RNAT I O NAL I SM AT TH E WAR S C L O S E '
'
'
Th e G erm an s s e em l ik el y t o try t o m ak e p eac e
and ar e
ap
s eeki ng t o c ove r the ir r etenti on of s om e of their i l l - gotte n
p a r en t l y
s u b stantia l gain s
by
n omi nal an d th e or etic al s u pp ort of s om e gl itt er
i ng p r op os al a b ou t a L eagu e of Nati on s to e n d al l war
T here for e
.
i t i s w el l at thi s tim e for s o b er and r es olut e m en and w om en t o app l y
that ex c e l l ent var iety of w is d om c ol l oqu i al ly kn ow n as
t o th e p r o b l em s of n ati on ali s m an d i nt er nati onal ism
be
w il l n ot
by
s olve d
c om p etitiv e r h etor ic
though evan e sc ent
g l itt er
,
b ut
,
r he t ori c
.
‘
h or s e s en s e
-
Th es e p r ob l em s
.
L eas t of al l wi l l they
be
s olved
by
Mast er s of p hras emaki ng m ay wi n imm ens e
.
ap p l au s e
by
'
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outvyi ng one an other i n w ord s tha t
th es e glitt er ing w ord s w il l n ot h av e on e s hr ed of l as ti n g
e ffe c t on the outc om e e xc ept i n s o far as th ey m ay have a very m i s
ch
effect i f they p ers u ad e g ood ign orant p e op l e to a b and on t h e
i ev i o u s
,
p os s i b l e r eal g ood i n the fantas tic e ffort t o ac hi eve an im p os s i b l e
u nr eal p er fecti on
.
b
L e t hon es t m e n and w om en r em em er that thi s
ki nd of p hr as em ong ering d oes n ot r ep r es ent id eali s m
ar e m ad e d efend ed and p r es erv ed n ot
,
,
by
Nati on s
.
th e il lu s i oni sts
,
b ut b y
th e
m e n an d w om e n wh o p r actic e the h om e ly virtu e s i n tim e of p eac e
a n d wh o i n t im e of right eou s w ar ar e r eady t o di e
t hey l ov e
tu r e
”
by
b es t
t o d ie for a shi n ing ideal
,
”
.
Fr om
'
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or to s end thos e
The Gr eat Adve n
Th e od or e Roos ev elt p u b l i sh ed i n N ov em b er 1 9 1 8
,
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e
g
F or th e L e a u e
N E WT O N D
BA K E R
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S ec r eta r y o f Wa r i n Pre sid e nt Wi l s on s
'
,
Cab i n et
Wh en Pr es id en t Wi l s on a year a ft er th e s i nkin g o f th e L u s i ta n i a,
ap p oi nte d M r B ake r S e cr etary o f Wa r h e a b s ol u tel y i n s u re d a l l the
'
t rou b l e that ha s c om e fr om th e b r eakd ow n s i n ou r w ar p r ogram
The od or e R oo s e v e l t w ritin g i n N o v em b e r 1 9 1 8
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REACT I O N T O PACI F I S M DURI NG T HE WAR '
A f te r ob stru cti ng n ea rl y eve ry s e n s ib l e wa r p r ogram wh i c h w a s
r ec om m en d e d b y m i l itar y exp erts S ec r etar y B ak er afte r w e had b e e n
”
”
fo rc ed t o ente r th e w ar , ex p r es s ed p u b li c l y h i s d el ight and p r id e
”
i n th e fac t th at w e w e r e n ot p r ep ared
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REA C T I O N T O I NTERNAT I O NA L I S M AT THE WAR S C L O S E '
L eagu e of Nati on s ' i s form ed u m
Un l es s s u ch an org ani z ati on '
d e r s om e n am e a nd u nd e r s om e c on s ti tuti on anar chy b re d by d is e as e
”
hu ng er a nd d es p ai r w i l l o v erwh el m th e ear th
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Ag ai n s t
th e L e a
W OO D , Maj or Ge ne r al U S A
T he Am e r ic a n L or d
Ro b erts th e fath e r a n d th e g e niu s of th e P l atts bu rg C am p s th e m a n
w h o trai ne d tw o s p l e ndi d d ivi s i on s was w ou nd ed i n Fr an c e o n i n s p ec
'
ti on w o r k b u t wa s b arr ed fr om h i s c omm an d at th e fr ont by ord er s
fr om Mr Wi l s on s S ec r etary of W ar
LE
O NA RD
gu e
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REA C T I O N T O PA C I F I SM DURI N G T HE WAR '
”
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We k n ow that a s l on g a s m e n ar e m e n w ar s w i l l alw ays oc cu r
F rom an add r es s i n 1 9 1 2
We ow e it t o ou r s elve s an d t o th os e w h o c om e afte r u s t o t ake
h e ed n ot t o th e i d l e p r ating of d ream e r s bu t t o th e s te r n fa cts th at
s u r r ou n d u s an d w hi c h l i e ah ead of u s
What w e w an t m u s t n ot i n
fl u en c e u s t o o m u ch ' w e m u s t tak e i nto c o n s i d er ati on c ondi ti on s whi c h
w e m u s t m e et
We m ay d e s i re w orl d p eac e
an d w e m ay p ray
d evoutl y th at w a r w il l n ev er c om e t o u S b u t w e s h ou l d n ot forg et th e
t eac hings of his tory or n egl ec t th e ob s ervati on s an d d ed u cti on s of
”
c om m o n s en s e
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RE ACT I O N
T O I NTE RNAT I O NA L I S M A T T H E WAR S C L O S E '
'
S p eaki ng t o Hos p ital Unit N o 3 6 i n 1 9 1 9 wi th r efer enc e t o th e
c l aim that any c ove n ant w i l l p r otec t the w or l d fr om war Gen e ra l
Wood d ec l ar ed thi s t o b e i d l e twad d l e an d a d r e am of m ol lyc odd l es
Th e p a c i fi s t s m or e over te l l you l i e s w he n the y s ay that war a s
a n i n stituti on i s d ead
D on t l is t en t o th e m ol lyc odd l es
B e a c itiz en
”
of c om m o n s e n s e
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F or th e L ea gue
—
Ex
S ec retary of S tate i n M r W i l
,
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s on s Cabi n et an d th e w or l d s champ i on p l atform p r ea c he r o f p a c i fi s m
an d u np re p ared ne s s
W I L L IA M 'E N N I N 'S
B R 'A N
*
.
'
.
REA C T I O N T O PA C I F I SM D U RI N G T H E WAR '
We c ann ot p os s ibl y take p ar t i n thi s w ar w ithou t c ontracting an
en orm ou s w ar d eb t
I n th e s ec on d p l ac e n o m an c an t el l h ow
m an y me n i t w il l c os t u s
T he t h ir d obj e c ti on i s t ha t w e w ou l d
f or f eit a n opp or tun ity that n e v er c am e t o any othe r n ati on b efor e
”
s i nc e tim e b ega n
S p ok en at L ake M oh on k C onfer e nc e i n 1 9 1 6
'
.
.
.
.
REA C T I O N T O I NTERNAT I O N AL I S M AT THE WAR S
C LO S E '
t oward s p eac e
'
The L e ague o f Nati on s i s the great es t s tep
in a
th ou s an d y ear s
Th e i d ea of s u b s tituting r eason fo r f o r c e i n t h e
s ettl em e nt o f i nte rnational d i s pu te s i s i n its el f an e po c h-m a k i ng
”
advanc e
'
.
.
Agai n s t
th e L ea
gue
E L IH U R OO T, S ec retar y o f War and l ater S e cretary o f State i n
Pr es id ent Roos ev e lt s C ab in et H o nora ry Pr es i d ent o f th e Nati o n a l
S ecurity L eague and one o f Am er ic a s Forem os t Authorities o n I nter
nati ona l L a w
'
,
'
,
.
REA C TI O N T O PA C I FI SM DURIN G THE WAR '
'
O rd in ary p ractic al s ens e i n th e c ondu ct of a fi a i r s d em and ed that
s uc h s tep s s h oul d b e ta k e n that b ehi n d the p e ac eab l e a s s e rti on o f o ur
c ou ntry s r ights its i nd ep end enc e a nd it s h on or s h ou l d s tan d p ow er
m anife s t and avai l a b l e war ni ng the w h ol e w or l d that it w ou l d c os t
t oo m uc h t o p r es s aggr e s s i o n t oo far Th e D em ocratic Gov er nm ent at
Was hington d id n ot s ee i t
O the r s s aw i t and thei r opi ni ons f ou n d
'
,
,
,
.
.
v0 1c e
”
.
REA C TI O N T O I NTERNAT I O NAL I S M AT THE WAR S C L O S E '
'
I t i s t o b e O b s erv ed that neith er th e Ex ecut iv e C ou nc i l n or th e
b ody of de l egate s t o wh om d is pu te s ar e to b e s u b m itte d u nde r Art icl e
th e C ov enant 'i s i n any s e ns e w hat ever a j ud i
' ' o f th e agr e em ent '
The hon ora b l e o b l igati on of e ac h m em b e r
c i a l or an ar b itral b od y
i s a p olitic al O b l igati on as th e r ep r es entativ e of a Stat e
The s c hem e p ractical ly a b a nd ons al l e fforts t o p r om ote or m ain
tai n anything l ik e a s yst em of i nt er nati ona l l aw or a s yst em of ar b i
t r a t i o n or of j udi cial s ettlem e nt thr ou gh w hich a nati on c an as s ert its
l egal r ights i n l i eu of w ar
I t p uts th e wh ol e s ubj ect of a r b itra
ti on b ack w h er e it w as 2 5 ye ar s ag o
I n s tead of p er fecting an d p ut
ting t e eth i nto th e s yst em of ar b itrati on p r ovid ed for b y th e Hagu e
”
c onve ntions it thr ows thos e c onve nti ons u p on the s crap he ap
'
.
.
'
,
.
.
,
.
F or th e L e a
gu e
'I L B E R T M HI T C H C O C K , U S S en ator from N eb ra ska a nd
D em oc rati c L ead e r i n th e S e nate Fight for the L e agu e o f Nati on s
.
.
.
,
.
REAC T I O N T O PA C I FI S M DURI N G T HE WAR '
I n 1 9 1 4 S e n ator Hitc hc oc k i ntrod u c ed th e r e s ol uti on t o p re v e nt
w a r l oan s t o th e Al li es a n d al s o th e G e rm an - i n s p ir ed b i l l t o p r e v ent
th e shi pm e nt of arm s an d amm u niti on t o the Al l ie s a b il l w hi c h i f
p a s s ed w ou l d p r ob a b l y h a v e c a u s e d th e d ow n fal l o f C ivi li z ati on
,
,
'
.
R EA
CTION
T O I NT ERNAT I O NA L I SM AT T H E WAR S C L O S E '
'
I t i s th e u ni o n o f n ati on s a n d th e s e n ati on s i ntru s t th e r eal
p owe r t o a n Exe c utive C ou nc i l o f n i n e nati o ns
M os t of the p ow e r
o f th e L eagu e i s p erm an e ntl y i ntru s t ed t o a n Ex ec utiv e C ou nc i l
'
,
.
Aga i n s t
H E NR ' C ABO T
L
O D 'E
U
th e L ea
S en at or fr om Mas s ac hu s ett s an d
C hai rm a n of the For eign A fi a i r s C omm itte e w h o ha s l e d the fi ght
agai n s t the C ove n ant i n that b od y
Roo s eve l t ha s te s ti fie d that S en a
t o r L od g e w as for ye ar s hi s s tr ong es t a l l y i n th e fi ght for p r ep ar ed
O n D e c 8 1 9 1 4 S e nat or L odge i ntr od u ce d i n th e
n es s l egis l ati on
S en at e a r e s ol uti on c al l ing for i n v es tigatio n i nt o th e ml i i t a r y p r ep ar
e d n e s s of th e c ou ntry an d te n d ays l ate r he i ntr od uc e d a b i l l for arm y
i nc r eas e and r es erv e
,
.
S
g ue
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
R EACT I O N T O
P AC I FI SM
DURI N G THE WAR '
'
T h e tal k ab out p eac e j u s t n ow i s or igi n at ed by G erm a n ag ent s
f or th e p u rp os e o f aff e cti ng p u b li c op i ni on h er e and e l s e whe r e
We
m u s t d i s m is s from ou r m i n d s an y i d ea of a s p e ed y p eac e
If
Germ any c on qu er s Franc e Engla n d a n d Rus s i a s he w il l d om i nat e
E u r op e and w i l l s u b s equ e ntly ext end that d om i nati on if s h e c an t o
”
I nte rvi ew S ep t 2 4 1 9 1 4
t h e re s t of the w orl d
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
'
R EACT I O N T O I NTE RNAT I O NA L I SM AT TH E WAR S C L O S E '
'
Th e r ank s of th e arm ie s and the fl e ets of the n avy m ad e n ec e s
s ary b y s u c h p l edg es '
th os e i n th e C ov e nant ' ar e t o b e fi ll ed a n d
m an ne d b y th e s on s hu s b ands an d b rother s o f the p e op l e of Am e r i ca
I w i s h th em ca r efu l l y t o c ons id e r w h eth e r th ey ar e w i l li ng t o h av e
t he y ou th of Am e ric a ord e re d t o w ar b y othe r n ati on s w ithout reg ar d
t o w h at th ey or th ei r r ep r e s e ntativ es d es ir e
I w ou l d h av e th em d e
,
,
.
,
.
te rm in e afte r m u c h r e fl e c ti on w hethe r they are w il l in g t o hav e th e
U nit ed Stat es forc ed i nt o war b y oth e r n ati on s agai n s t h e r ow n w i l l
T hey m u s t b ea r i n mi nd that w e h ave onl y on e v ote i n th e Exe cutive
C ou nc il onl y on e v ot e i n th e b od y of d el egat es an d a m aj ority o f th e
”
v ote s ru l e s and i s d e c is ive
.
,
,
.
_ _1 Q
g
F or th e L ea ue
'O S EP H U S D A N I E L S , S ec r etary of t he N avy i n M r Wil so n s
C ab in et Mr D an ie l s w as the one m an wh o m or e than a ny oth er h a d
”
s tood i n th e way of th e p r ep ar ati on of th e Am eric an n avy for war
H enr y B rec ke nridge ex -as si sta nt s e c retar y of war i n Mr Wi l s on s
c a b i n et
'
.
'
.
.
.
'
,
.
.
REACT I O N T O PAC I FI S M D U RI NG TH E WAR '
”
We s h ou l d g o on j u s t as th ough th er e w er e n o w a r
S ec reta ry
Dani el s b efor e th e C ongr es s i ona l C omm itt e e i n c on sid erin g th e qu es
ti on of p r ep are d ne s s
'
‘
.
.
REACT I O N T O I NTERNAT I O NAL I S M AT T H E WAR S
'
CL O S E '
Whe n the r ep re s entative s of the fourtee n n ati on s s itti ng i n P a ri s
emb r aci ng th e m os t p o w erfu l vi ct or i ou s c ou ntri es an d r epr e s entin g
tw el ve hu nd r ed m i l l i on p eop l e agre ed u p on the C ove n ant of P eac e i t
w as an ev ent i n th e w or l d s hi stor y s ec ond onl y t o th e d ec l a rati on of
th e s h ep h er d s of B ethl eh em ' W e h av e s e en Hi s s tar i n th e Eas t a n d
hav e c om e to w ors hip Hi m
Pract ic al s tatesm en fr om P ari s t o T ok io
w ith d i ffe r ng tradition s and s p ee ch al l s p oke an d u nd ers tood the
'
,
,
'
'
‘
'
'
,
.
i
sam e l angu ag e for th e fi r s t t im e s i nc e th e days of Pentec os t at
”
Je ru s al em
O n Marc h 1 5 1 9 1 9 r eferr i ng to th e O p p os iti on t o th e L eagu e o f
Nati ons Mr D an ie l s m ade p u b l ic this forec ast '
Th ey '
th e op p os i ti on 'hav e p r es ent ed u s with th e P r es id enc y and
”
C ongre s s tw o y ea r s fr om t od ay
.
,
,
.
,
'
.
Aga i n s t
th e L e a
gu e
'A M E S M B E C K , Ex -As si s tant Attor n ey G en eral of th e Unite d
S tate s em i nent ju ri s t and one of th e forem ost advocates of p rep ar ed
”
”
n es s Hi s Evid enc e i n th e Cas e and Th e War for Hu manity p as s e d
thr ou gh m an y ed iti on s and p r o b a b ly d id m ore than any othe r b ook s t o
m ou l d p u b l ic opi ni on i n p r ep arati on for Americ an r es p on s i b i l iti es i n
the w ar
.
'
,
,
'
'
.
.
REACT I O N T O
'
PAC IFI S M
DURI N G THE WAR '
P os s i b l y
hal f of the traged i es of hi s tory ar e due t o m i litary u n
p r ep ar ed n es s an d i n n o way h as th e s ol em n w ar ning of S ol om on b e e n
m ore s tr ikingl y i l l u s t r a t e d z Whe re ther e i s n o v i s i on the p eop l e
p er is h
e
‘
'
.
The n o b le st s pi rit of Am er ic a h as b ee n d u l l e d b y t oo m any d ip l o
m ati c p l atitu d es d uri ng th e l as t tw o y ea rs and th e r i s ing s p i rit of i n
dignati on am ong tru e Am er i can s wi l l s oone r or late r d em an d a fear
l es s ap pr ec i ati on o f w hat has hap p en ed and a r es ol ut e p ur p os e t o
”
v ind ic ate its hon or
'
,
,
‘
.
_ 11 _
A p eac e w ith ou t v i c tory w ou l d c ru c i fy th e c au s e o f i nt er nati on a l
”
j u s tic e afre s h an d pu t i t t o a n op e n s ham e
'
'
‘
.
'
REACT I O N T O I NTE RNAT I O NA L I SM AT T H E WAR S C L O S E '
Up on the b r oad e s t g r o u n d S o f p atri oti s m a nd b e c au s e the C ove nant w ou l d p erm an entl y a ffec t th e d es tini es of th e Am e ri c a n p e opl e
the Re p ub l ic an S e nat or s p re fe rr e d t o r i s k a p ar ty s c hi s m t o d e f e at th e
p ro j ec t w hi c h i n entir e g ood faith th ey r egard ed a s a m en ac e t o th e
b e s t i nte res ts of the U nite d State s an d i nd ee d t o the w or l d whi c h
c ou l d on l y b e i n j u r ed b y fol l ow ing thi s w i l l - o f —
th e - wi s p i nt o th e
m oras s o f d i sas te r i n w hic h C ivi l iz ati on n ow fi n d s its el f
Th ey t el l you th er e i s a p ro fou n d agi tati o n for th e L eagu e o f
Nati on s '
i n Gr eat B ri tai n fr om w hi c h M r B ec k had j u s t r etur n ed ' I t
t el l you i t i s n ot s o
T h er e m ay b e s om e s u c h thin g am ong th e a d
”
v a n c e d s oc ial i s ts
'
‘
r
,
,
,
,
'
.
'
.
.
.
.
F or th e L ea
A
gu e
AW RE N C E L O W E L L P r es id ent o f Harvard
th e C ou nc i l o f the L eagu e t o E nfor c e Peac e
L
U niv er s ity m em
b e r of
a n d one o f th ei r
p rin ci p al s p eak er s on tour a for em ost auth orit y i n m att er s o f g ov er n
m ent
.
,
,
,
,
.
REACT I O N T O PA C I FI S M D U RI N G TH E WAR '
Pr es id e nt L owe l l d id n ot i d e nt ify h im s e l f i n a ny n otabl e w ay w ith
th e p r ep ar edn es s m ov em ent b u t wa s i d enti fi ed w ith var i ou s p eac e
as s embl ie s
O n Ju n e 1 7 1 9 1 5 h e s p oke at a p eac e c onve nti o n b u t o n
Ju n e 2 5 th fol l owi ng s ai d i n grad u ati on add r es s at Harvar d Uni v er s ity '
Ca n w e s i t s ti l l an d c ou n t ou r p e nc e and watc h b al l - g am e s an d
n ot tu r n ou r att enti o n t o th e oth e r s id e ? O ught w e n ot t o fee l that
”
?
i t imp os e s b u rd e n s o n u s
,
.
,
,
.
'
REACT I O N T O I NT ERNAT I O NAL I S M AT TH E WAR S C L O S E '
'
'
I f the h ou s e i s on fi r e an d w e have the al te r native of th r owi n g
th e b a b y ou t of th e w i nd ow or l etti ng it b u r n w e d o n ot as k th e c os t
o f the fi r e e s cap e
I f the r e h ad b ee n n o d ange r s t o b e m et ther e
w ou l d hav e b ee n n o n ec e s s ity for th e C on s titu ti on an d th er e w ou l d
”
h ave b ee n n o C on s tituti on
T hu s i t i s w ith th e L e agu e o f Nati ons
,
.
,
.
.
Aga i n s t
HI R A M
m os t b i tte r
'
th e L e a
W 'OH N SO N , U S S enat or
g ue
f rom C al i forn ia
O n e o f th e
op p on e nt s of the L eagu e i nc lu d e d am on g t h e s o - c al le d
”
I r r ec on c i l ab l es
.
.
.
.
.
REA C T I O N T O PA C I FI S M D U RI N G TH E WAR '
'
D em oc rac y
,
to s u r v iv e
,
m u s t ev e r b e r ead y t o p r ot ec t its own
Eve ry n orm al l y c on s titu te d m a n ab h or s
w ar
.
.
B ut a n ati on s uc h
12
our s d ep end ent f o r its p ros p erity u p on th e charact er o f its c itiz en
s hip that d ar e n ot m aintai n it s id ea l s and wi l l n ot p rotec t the l ives
”
o f i t s citiz ens s ows w ithi n its el f th e s e ed s of d i s s oluti on
as
,
,
,
,
.
R EACT I O N T O I NTERNAT I O NA L I SM AT THE WAR S C L O S E '
'
And l ong b efore w e sa w a l in e of thi s s ec r et d ocum e nt a tr e
m e n d o u s p rop aganda fi nanc ed w ith hu nd r eds of th ou s and s of d ol l ar s
obtai ned fr om c l u b s an d org ani z ati ons e nthu si as tic e nd or s em e nts O u r
p e op l e w er e t au ght to c hant p r om ot e p eac e an d p r ev ent w ar
Th e
form u l a p r om ote p eac e and p r eve nt wa r s we p t ove r al l the l and an d
i t s n ec es s ary c or ol l ary b efor e th er e w as any l eagu e of n ati on s at al l
w as the end ors em e nt of the fantastic thing whic h fea r ed the l ight i n
i t s c r eati on and has d e ni ed t o thos e m os t a fl ec t ed b y i t th e s l ight es t
k n ow l edge of the c irc um stanc e s eve nts and d etai l s of its c omp os iti on
I r ec eiv ed j u s t as oth er S e nator s did i nnum erab l e r es oluti ons b efor e
a n y of u s had the s lightes t c o nc ep ti on of w hat the l e agu e of n ati on s
was a nd th e r es oluti ons i n l i k e t en or hav e c onti nu ed fr om that tim e
t o th e p r es ent
B efor e p ub l icati on of it th e v ar i ou s train l oad s of di s
t i n g u i s h e d ge ntl em e n w er e g oing ab out th e c ou ntry h ol di ng m eeting s
a n d c o nve nti on s i n d iffe r e nt l oc al iti e s ad v ocating an u nd is c l os ed d ocu
”
m ent d eal ing w ith th e futu r e of th e R e p ub l i c
'
,
,
.
'
‘
.
'
‘
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
F or th e L ea
H E NR ' FO RD
gu e
m u ltimi l li on air e autom o b i l e m anufactu r er and
H e s ent out th e O s ca r II l oad e d d ow n w ith p a c i fi s t s t o
u l tr a p a c i fi s t
s ecu r e a p eac e w ithout vict ory i n 1 9 1 4 s p ent l arge s um s t o s ec ur e the
”
r e el ecti on of Pr es id ent Wi l s on and w as
c omm and ed t o b ec om e ca n
d i d a t e for U nite d State s Se n ator fr om Mic higan
,
.
,
'
.
R EACT I O N T O PA
C I FI S M
DURI N G TH E WAR '
I am again s t p r ep are d n es s o f any ki nd for p r ep are d ne s s i s s ur ely
”
I nt ervi ew of Ja n 3 1 9 1 6
w ar
I d o n ot b el i eve i n the fl a g
I t i s s om eth in g t o r al l y ar ou nd
”
P atri oti s m i s a lways th e l as t r es ort of th e s c ou ndr el
I nt er v i e w w ith
M r Wis e Wood May 1 6 1 9 1 6
'
,
.
.
.
,
'
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
'
REACT I O N T O I NTERNAT I O NAL I S M AT TH E WAR S C L O S E '
Te s tifyi ng on the stan d Ju l y 1 5 1 9 1 9
'
,
A
Q
A
'
'
.
Q
A
'
.
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
I am s tr on g for p r ep ar ed n es s
”
?
But i n 1 9 1 5 y ou w e re n ot
”
I w as n ot
”
?
Why are you for it n ow
I am for it u n l es s w e g et a l eagu e o f n ati ons
”
?
'ou ar e for a g reat w ar n ow
”
I w ant th e Unit ed S tat es to c l ean i t a l l up
.
.
Q
A
”
.
”
.
_13 _
Agai n s t
th e L ea gue
H E N R' A W IS E W OO D i nve nto r an d m anu f ac tu re r e x m emb e r
o f Na v a l C o n s u l ti n g B oard p i on e e r o f p r e p ar ed n es s an d f ou nd e r o f th e
L e agu e f o r t h e Pr e s e r v ati on o f Am e r i c an I nd e p e n de nce
-
,
.
,
,
.
REA C T I O N T O P AC IF I S M D U RI NG TH E WAR '
,
I am n o a l armi s t
I d o n ot c al l f or n o r d o I b el ieve i n a n
B u t i n thi s h ou r o f c on f u s ed c ou n s el I d o
h ys t er i c al ru s h t o arm s
fi rm l y b e l i eve that by w ay o f p r ep arati on ou r p e opl e s h ou l d b e t aught
th e truth
W e ar e a p r acti c a l p eop l e an d w e ar e fas t l ear ni n g
that th i s i s a grim l y p rac tic a l age
T her e f or e as p rac ti c al m e n
l et u s r ec ons id er ou r s itu atio n
S hal l w e n ot d eal wit h th e tim e s
a ft er th e fa s hi o n o f th e tim e s a nd w ith d ignity an d th or ou gh n es s b u t
w ith ou t h ur ry or r es t e qu ip ou rs elv e s s o effectu al l y that o f a l l ou r
”
fear s the l eas t s ha l l b e of u np r ep a re d n es s
S p ee c h o f Janu ar y 1 9 1 5
'
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
REA C T I O N T O I NTE RNAT I O NA L I S M AT TH E WA R S
CL O S E '
'
Hi s t ory i s fu l l of t he w r e ck s o f s u c h p r o j e c ts
I deal is m i n
d e ed ha s exact ed a nd th e w or l d h as p ai d a h ea vy p r ic e for th e s i n s o f
its l eade r s w h o e ntru ste d t o p ap e r i ns te a d of t o arm s th e s afety of
th eir p e op l es
I t i s al l v ery w el l t o d r eam Ut op i an d r eam s b u t i t i s
u n s afe t o a ct u p on Utop ia n p r i n ci p l e s u nti l w e k n ow that w e ar e i n
T hi s tr uth th e i d eal i s t ha s n ev er l ear n ed
W e s c r ap ou r
U top ia
t rad iti on s s trik e ou r n ati ona l te nt a n d r u s h b li nd l y i nt o the u ntri e d
w i l d er n es s o f int er n ati on al is m w h er e tho s e w h o h av e n e v er s e e n it
”
s ay the r e l ie s a w ar l es s Ut op i a n w or l d
'
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
F or th e L ea gue
W IL L IAM
H OW ARD
T
AF T
ex
p r es id ent of th e U ni te d Stat es
,
f ou nd er a nd p re s id e nt of the L e agu e t o E nfor c e Pe ac e
,
.
REACT I O N T O PAC I FI S M DURI N G TH E W A R '
‘
'
Dur in g th e ear l y ye ar s of the w a r M r T aft s atte nti on w a s l argel y
tak e n u p w ith p eac e m e eti ng s t hou gh h e b ecam e a tard y an d m i l d
adv ocate of p re p are d n e s s
H e p u b li c l y p rai s e d the n eu tral ity attitu d e
of Pr esi d en t Wi l s on s p ok e ag ain s t ou r entry i nt o th e war aft er th e
s i nki ng of the L u s i t an i a , an d p rai s e d th e Wil s on n ote s w hi c h d eve l op
e d from that i nc id ent
Janu ary 3 1 9 1 6 h e p ut him s el f on r ec or d for
”
r eas on ab l e p re p ar ed n es s
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
'
.
'
REACT I O N T O I NTE RNAT I O NAL I SM AT TH E WAR S C L O S E '
I f th e Pr e s id e n t i n s is ts as I h op e h e w il l th at the L eagu e b e
i nc orp orat ed i n th e P eac e T r eaty an d b ri ng s i t b ack th en th e r e
s p on s i b i l ity for p os tp on in g p e ac e i s w ith the b od y tha t re fu s e s t o
r ati fy i t
'
,
,
,
.
'
th e
It
wil l
b e the dut y of th e P r e s id ent and hi s fel l ow d el egate s t o
C on fer enc e t o i ns ert s uc h a c ov enant i n th e tr eaty as i ndis p en s abl e
th e p eac e s ought
to
f or e , s u c h a
p os e d
'
If i n
.
c ov enant
a c c orda nc e
f duty the re
w ith the s en s e
o
,
em b odying th e s u b stanti al featur es o f th e p r o
one s hal l b e i nc orp orate d i n
r ep r es entativ e s of th e p ow er s and
'
a
t r e a ty
b r ought
of p eac e
,
s igne d by th e
b ac k b y th e Pr es id ent a nd
s ubm itted by him t o th e S en ate the que sti on w hic h w il l addr es s its el f
,
th e fam ou s r ou nd ro b i n '
to th e p r op o n ents of thi s S enat e r es oluti on '
‘
w i l l b e n ot
a
w hether
'
th ey w ou l d p re f er t o c ons id er a L eague o f Nation s
ft er th e Tr eaty of Peac e
,
b ut
w h eth er th e y w i l l fe el
j u sti fi ed
in d e
f e ating or p os tp oni ng a tr eaty b ecau s e it c ontai n s a c on stituti on o
f
a
L eagu e of Nati on s d e em ed b y th e Pr es id ent n ec es s ary t o th e p eac e
whi ch a ll s eek
.
At Metrop ol itan O p er a Hou s e
.
Ne w ' ork March 4
,
,
N ew ' or k T im es r ep orts th at Mr Wil s on
'
T aft p r e s ente d the ab ove p r op os al '
1 91 9
Mr
”
'
s m il e d b r oadly
.
.
D
A 'I D 'A'NE
p r e s id e nt
g
t h e L e a ue
H I LL , ex -Unit ed State s Am b as sad or to G erm any
t h o r i ty
,
thr ou gh out th e w ar of the National D efe ns e S oc iety an d of
,
th e Nati onal As s oci ati on for C onstitutional Gov er nm ent
on i nt ern ati on al l aw
,
a nd a n
au
.
EACT I O N T O PAC I FI S M DURI N G TH E WAR '
'
Unl e s s w e c on s cri pt our se lve s for the
b attl e
and l ay ou r w ea lth
ou r l iv es at th e altar of th e d efen s e of our i n stituti on s
a nd
we will
,
fi n d ou r d es c endants i n the vortex of w or l d d omi nating s chem e s
a
as
.
Agai n s t
R
”
,
utoc racy
of
”
.
'
R EAC T I O N T O I NTERNAT I O NA L I SM AT THE WAR S C L O S E '
'
of
Th e d es ti ni es of manki nd c an not s afel y b e e ntr u st ed to th e acti on
a s ec r et c onc l ave n or c a n the futu r e of Am er ic a
,
the
'
”
.
Th e c onte nti on that thi s C ove nant c r eate s an i mp e r i u m d oe s not
es t a l on e on its attitu d e t owar d s s tat es ou tsi d e th e L eagu e
r
A rt icl e ' ' I I the C ou nc il u nd ertake s t o g over n
a
g ents va s t ar eas and num er ou s p op u l ati on s
,
i t may g ove rn i l l ,
s
b ut
be
a nd
b es t
at its
e ngage i n
,
.
Und er
thr ough its ap p oi nted
I t m ay g ov er n w el l or
,
it a s s um e s the right t o g over n
im p erial ism wh eth er it
,
.
,
.
Im p er iali s m
j oint or s ingl e ' and i t i s n ot a
that te nd s t owar d d em oc racy or toward s j u st ic e
g
b ou nd u p with
ukas e of a s ingl e n egotiator s ep ar ate d fr om c ontact w it h the
A m er i c an p eop l e
i
be
.
b us i n es s
Eve n i n its purity
estat e i t i s a danger ou s e nt erpr is e for a fr e e p eop l e t o
an d i t is m ore dange rou s than eve r
ood intention b ec om e th e
g am e for p ow e r
”
.
p artn er s
when
i nn oce nc e and
of s eas on ed exp eri enc e i n t h e
g
F or th e L ea u e
‘
'A C OB H S C H I F F , G erm a n -Am er ic a n b ank e r a n d on e o f th e
h ead s of th e b anki n g fi rm of K u h n L oe b
C o Ac c ordi n g t o Harvey s
W e ekl y M r S c hi ff ha s d is p e n s ed th e v as t s um s f or th e p r op aganda o f
t he L e agu e t o Enforc e Pe ac e
.
'
.
,
.
.
REACT I O N T O PAC I FI S M D U RI N G TH E WAR '
Fo r ma n y r eas on s m y p er s ona l s ymp ath i es ar e w ith G erm any
I c an n ot fee l c o nvi nc e d that s h e ha s b e e n the r e al aggre s s or ' I b e l i ev e
that w ar w a s forc e d u p on h e r al m os t a s i f b y p re arr an gem e nt am on g
th e nation s wi th w hom s h e n ow c ont e nd s
Alth ou gh I l e ft G erm any
h al f a c entu ry ag o I c ou l d thi nk a s l ittl e of ar r ayi ng mys el f agai n s t
h er th e c ou ntry o f m y b irth i n thi s the m om e nt of he r s truggl e for
”
e xi ste nc e a s of a rraying m ys e l f agai n s t m y p ar e nts
C omm u ni c ati on
t o the Ne w ' ork Tim es N ovem b e r 2 2 1 9 1 4
'
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
'
REACT I O N T O I NT ERNAT I O NA L I S M AT TH E WAR S C L O S E '
'
I bl es s th e d ay w h e n Pr es id ent Wi l s o n s et out fo r Eu r op ea n
s h ore s t o m ak e s u r e that w e s hou l d n ot b e c h e ate d — an d I u s e thi s
w ord b ec au s e I c an n ot thi n k of a b ett e r w ord n ow— ou t of th e s ac r i
h e e s w e m ad e a b r oad i n ou r e nd e av ors t o m ai ntai n ou r hig h id e al s
We ar e g oi ng to s uc c e ed tha nk s t o Wo od row Wi l s on i n s p it e of th os e
”
wh o tri e d t o p ut him d ow n
.
,
,
.
Aga i n s t
g
th e L e a ue
K AH N, G erm a n —
Am er ic a n b ank er and on e o f t h e h ead s
o f the banki n g fi rm of K u h n L oe b
w h o thr ou gh ou t th e wa r w a s
i ns is t ent i n ar ou s i ng h i s c om p atri ots of G erm an b i rth t o th ei r f u l l
d utie s a s c itiz e n s
O TT O H
.
,
.
REACT I O N T O PAC I FI S M D U RI N G TH E WAR '
A c e ntu r y an d a hal f ago Am eri c an s o f Engl is h b irth r os e t o f re e
thi s c ou ntry fr om th e op p r es s i o n o f th e r u l er s o f Engl an d
T oday
Am eri ca n s of G erm an b i rth ar e c al l ed u p on t o ri s e tog eth er w ith th ei r
fel l ow citiz e n s of a l l rac e s t o fr e e n ot onl y th i s c ou ntr y b ut the w h ol e
w or l d fr om th e opp r es s i o n o f th e ru l er s of Germ any a n O p p r e s s i on f ar
”
l e s s c ap ab l e of b ein g e ndu r e d an d of fa r gr eat e r p orte nt
'
.
'
,
,
,
.
R E A C T I O N T O I NTE RNAT I O N AL I S M AT TH E WAR S C L O S E '
'
'
Nothing that w e fought for m ak e s it i nc u mb e nt u p on u s t o r e
l i n qui s h ou r fu nd am e ntal n ati on a l p oli c i es an d tr ad iti ons an d t o
”
t ran s for m th e Ame r ic an e agl e i nt o a n inte rnati onal n ond e s c ri pt
N othi ng that w e fou ght for mak es it i nc um b e nt u p on u s t o ac t
”
he nc e forth a s p ol ic em e n for Eu r op e a nd As i a
I hav e b e e n at p ain s to r ead th r ough th e P eac e T r eaty i nc l u d ing
the C ove nant f r om begin ni n g t o e nd
I l ai d i t awa y s ore at h e ar t an d
”
s i c k en ed
,
.
'
.
'
,
,
.
.
Agai n s t
th e L ea gue
S TEP H E N S W IS E Jewi s h Rabb i o f th e Fr e e Synagogu e a nd on e
of th e p ri n c i p l e s p eak er s for th e C o v enant on th e s p e c ial t our s organ
i z e d b y the L e agu e t o En f or c e Pea c e
,
.
.
REA C T I O N T O PA C I FI S M D U RI N G THE WAR '
I b l am e s e cr et d ip l om acy f or th e p r e s e nt w ar
Nov 2 2 1 9 1 4
W e th an k Th e e 0 God for th e firm n es s an d s agac ity o f ou r
Pr e s id ent an d hi s advi s er s w hi ch c ool ed ou r ow n l u s t f or w ar
We
b es e ec h Th e e t o s a v e ou r nati on f r om b eing s u c k ed i nto the p r es ent
May ou r l an d r em ai n a n i s l an d o f p eac e i n this red
fl ood o f p as si on
”
s ea of tr oubl e
Grant ou r p e op l e a s ob er and n eutr al m ind etc
A
p rayer p r ep ar ed b y th e pr o -G erma n Walt er Rau s ch enbu s ch and d e
l iv er ed i n th e F r e e Synag ogu e b y Rabb i Wis e on Peac e S u nd ay O c t
”
'
.
.
.
,
'
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
5, 1 914
.
REACT I O N T O I NTERNAT I O N AL I SM AT TH E WAR S C L O SE '
'
Anyone w h o d el i b e r ate l y u n d ermi n es the w or k of Pr es ident W il
s on i n hi s end eav or t o b r in g ab ou t th e L eagu e i s gui lty of m ora l
t re as on and w i l l b e d eal t w ith b y the Am er ic an p e op l e i n du e tim e
I f n o L eagu e c om e s w ith p eac e Am eric a w i l l hav e t o b ec om e t h e
”
m os t p ower fu l m i l itary an d n aval n ati on i n the w or ld
'
.
,
.
Agai n s t
I
L ND L E ' M
C ab i net
.
th e L ea gue
'A R R ISO N, ex s ec r etary o f w ar i n Mr
'
-
.
Wil s on s
.
REACT I O N T O PAC I FI S M DURI N G THE WAR '
Mr Gar ri s on was a b e l i eve r i n p r ep ar ed ne s s but f or ob v i ou s
r eas on s w a s d e b arr ed from exp r es s ing s u c h vi ew s whi l e a m emb er o f
th e Cab i ne t
H e l eft the C a b i net b e cau s e h e c ou l d n ot s u pp ort the
s h am Arm y B i l l s up p ort ed b y P r es id ent Wi l s on i n d efi an c e of th e
advic e o f the exp erts
Up o n hi s r e s ignati on h e w as r ep l ac ed b y the
p ac i fi st B ak er
.
,
.
.
.
,
REACT I O N T O I NTERNAT I O NAL I SM DURI N G TH E WAR '
'
I have n ot h eard on e r es p on s ib l e v oic e l i fte d t o s ay that th e
L eagu e of N ati ons i s n e ed e d for any Am eri can p ur p os e
N o on e ha s
s ai d that thi s nati on b or n i n i nd ep end en c e and de s ir i ng n oth ing of
i ts n eighb ors n e ed s t o b e dir ect ed b y a c ou ncil of n in e or by a c ou n ci l
of forty - ni ne b ec au s e of fai l u r e on our p art t o l ive u p t o th e p r inc ip le s
up on w hic h w e ar e c ons ecrated as a n ati on
We a re aske d to give u p on the othe r han d a p ol icy whi ch ha s
b e en i nh er e nt i n Am eri c an n ati onal l i fe s i nc e Wa shi ngton s tim e and
l ater r ea f firm e d b y the Monr oe D octri ne although thr ough out hi story
w e hav e fel t fr e e t o d ir ect ou r ow n for eign p ol ici es by ou r ow n s ens e
”
o f duty
.
,
,
,
.
'
,
,
'
,
,
.
1 4 D A' U SE
I
R ETU RN T O D ESK FR O M W H C H BO RR O W ED
LO A N DEP T
Th i s b o ok i s d u e on t h e l ast d ate stamp ed b el o w ,
o n th e d ate t o w h i ch rene wed
or
.
R enewe
—
e ct t o i mm ed i ate r eca ll
d b oo ks a r e s u b '
L D 2 1 A 5 0m
( D 3 2 7 9 8 1 0 ) 4 7 6B
.