P E R I O D I C TA B L E
OF THE
ELEMENTS
1
IA
18
VIIIA
1
H
Hydrogen
1.0079
2
2
IIA
Atomic numbern
6
Symbol n
Name (IUPAC) n
Atomic mass n
Carbon
12.011
IUPAC recommendationsn
Chemical Abstracts Service group notation n
C
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
He
Helium
4.0026
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
LI
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Lithium
6.941
Berylium
9.0122
Boron
10.811
Carbon
12.011
Nitrogen
14.007
Oxygen
15.999
Fluorine
18.998
Neon
20.180
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Sodium
22,990
Magnesium
24.305
Aluminum
26.982
Silicon
28.086
Phosphorus
30.974
Sulfur
32.065
Chlorine
35.453
Argon
39.948
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
VIIIB
9
VIIIB
10
VIIIB
11
IB
12
IIB
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Potassium
39.098
Calcium
40.078
Scandium
44.956
Titanium
47.867
Vanadium
50.942
Iron
55.845
Cobalt
58.933
Nickel
58.693
Copper
63.546
Zinc
65.409
Gallium
69.723
Germanium
72.64
Arsenic
74.922
Selenium
78.96
Bromine
79.904
Krypton
83.798
Chromium Manganese
51.996
54.938
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Rubidium
85.468
Strontium
87.62
Yttrium
88.906
Zirconium
91.224
Niobium
92.906
57
72
73
Molybdenum Technetium
95.94
(98)
Ruthenium
101.07
Rhodium
102.91
Palladium
106.42
Silver
107.87
Cadmium
112.41
Indium
114.82
Tin
118.71
Antimony
121.76
Tellurium
127.60
Iodine
126.90
Xeno
131.29
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
55
56
Cs
Ba
*La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Caesium
132.91
Barium
137.33
Lanthanum
138.91
Hafnium
178.49
Tantalum
180.95
Tungsten
183.84
Rhenium
186.21
Osmium
190.23
Iridium
192.22
Platinum
195.08
Gold
196.97
Mercury
200.59
Thallium
204.38
Lead
207.2
Bismuth
208.98
Polonium
(209)
Astatine
(210)
Radon
(222)
87
88
89
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt Uun Uuu Uub
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
(262)
Seaborgium
(266)
Bohrium
(264)
Hassium
(277)
61
62
Fr
Francium
(223)
Ra #Ac
Radium
(226)
Actinium
(227)
*Lanthanide Series
# Actinide Series
(261)
58
59
60
Ce
Pr
Nd
Cerium
140.12
Praseodymium
140.91
Pm Sm
Neodymium Promethium Samarium
144.24
(145)
150.36
90
91
92
93
94
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Thorium
232.04
Protactinium
231.04
Uranium
238.03
Neptunium
(237)
Plutonium
(244)
Meitnerium
(268)
(281)
(272)
114
Uuq
(285)
(289)
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Europium
151.96
Gadolinium
157.25
Terbium
158.93
Dysprosium
162.50
Holmium
164.93
Erbium
167.26
Thulium
168.93
Ytterbium
173.04
Lutetium
174.97
95
96
Am Cm
Americium
(243)
Curium
(247)
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Fermium
(257)
Mendelevium
Nobelium
(259)
Lawrencium
(262)
Berkelium
(247)
Californium Einsteinium
(251)
(252)
(258)
Greek Alphabet and Its Uses in this Textbook
Alpha
A
α
Beta
Gamma
B
β
γ
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
E
Z
H
I
K
M
change of;
small
quantity of
alpha particle
(helium-4 nucleus)
relativistic factor,
photon
δ
ζ
η
θ
ι
κ
λ
μ
a small quantity
angle
wavelength
micro (1 × 10−6 ),
muon, coefficient
of friction
Nu
N
ν
Xi
Omicron
O
ξ
o
Pi
π
circumference/
diameter of a circle
Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
P
T
ϒ
X
!
ρ
σ
τ
υ
φ
χ
ψ
ω
density, resistivity
conductivity
torque
sum
flux
# of microstates
of a system, ohm,
precession angular
frequency
neutrino;
frequency (= f )
phase angle
angular frequency,
angular speed
Units of Measurement
kg = kilogram
N = newton (kg·m/s2 )
A = ampere (C/s)
m = meter
J = joule (N·m)
V = volt (J/C)
s = second
W = watt (J/s)
T = tesla (N/C)/(m/s)
C = coulomb
eV = electron volt = 1.6 × 10−19 J
Important Prefixes
pico (p) = 1 × 10−12
centi (c) = 1 × 10−2
nano (n) = 1 × 10−9
kilo (k) = 1 × 103
micro (μ) = 1 × 10−6
mega (M) = 1 × 106
milli (m) = 1 × 10−3
giga (G) = 1 × 109
Unit Conversions
1 kg = 2.2 pounds
1 liter = 1.1 quart
1 cal = 4.2 J
1 inch = 2.54 cm
TKelvin = TCelsius + 273.15
1 kcal = 4.2 × 103 J
1 foot = 30.5 cm
TFahrenheit = (9/5)TCelsius + 32
1 kcal is 1 food calorie, also called 1 “large calorie”
1 mile = 1.6 km
Physical Constants
G = 6.7 × 10−11
N·m2
kg2
0
; universal gravitational constant
1
molecules
moles
c = 3 × 108 m/s; speed of light
Avogadro’s number = 6.02 × 1023
e = 1.6 × 10−19 coulomb; proton charge
1 eV = electron volt = 1.6 × 10−19 J
h = 6.6 × 10−34 joule·s; Planck’s constant
=
kB = 1.38 × 10−23 J/K; Boltzmann’s constant
R = 8.3 J/K; gas constant
N·m2
1
= 9 × 109
4π ε0
C2
ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12
h
= 1.05 × 10−34 joule·s
2π
C2
N·m2
μ0
T·m
= 1 × 10−7
4π
A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Masses and Distances
1 u ≈ mproton ≈ mneutron ≈ mhydrogen atom ≈
1 × 10−3 kg/mole
= 1.7 × 10−27 kg
6.02 × 1023 atoms/mole
9
10
melectron = 9 × 10−31 kg
Radius of atom ≈ 1 × 10−10 m
MEarth = 6 × 1024 kg
Radius of Earth = 6.4 × 106 m
Height of atmosphere ≈ 50 km
11
MMoon = 7 × 1022 kg
Radius of Moon = 1.75 × 106 m
Distance from Earth to Moon = 4 × 108 m
12
MSun = 2 × 1030 kg
Radius of Sun = 7 × 108 m
Distance from Earth to Sun = 1.5 × 1011 m
13
mneutron = 939.6 MeV/c2
mproton = 938.3 MeV/c2
melectron = 0.511 MeV/c2
14
Miscellaneous
g = +9.8 N/kg; magnitude of the gravitational field near the Earth’s surface
15
Breakdown strength of air ≈ 3 × 106 N/C
16
Horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field ≈ 2 × 10−5 T in much of the United States.
17
Circumference of circle = 2πr
Area of circle = πr 2
Surface area of sphere = 4πr 2
Volume of sphere = 43 πr 3
18
19
20 cm