Name ________________________________________________________________________ Period _______
Chapter 3 Reading Guide – Industrialization (1865-1901)
Lesson 1, pp. 118-122 The Rise of Industry
Directions:
Define or identify the following:
1.
gross national product
2.
laissez-faire
3.
entrepreneur
Directions:
Locate each heading below in your textbook and use the information under the correct heading
and subheading to answer the following questions:
I. The United States Industrializes
A. Why was petroleum in high demand, even before its use as fuel for automobiles? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
B. After the Civil War, what happened to the United States’ Gross National Product? ____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
C. How did railroads help the nation develop? ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
D. How did a growing population help the nation’s industrialists? ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
II. New Inventions
A. What inventions did Thomas Alva Edison’s laboratory produce?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Edwin Drake and Alexander Graham Bell were responsible for two revolutionary breakthroughs. List them
below:
a.
b.
C. Explain the effect of mass production on shoemaking.
III. Free Enterprise
A. What did laissez-faire supporters believe about the role of government in economic affairs?
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B. Explain how the United States was different from Europe in regard to tariffs. _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
C. What do laissez-faire supporters believe about tariffs? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
D. How did high tariffs hurt many Americans? ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Directions: Summarize the main ideas of this lesson by answering the following question:
Explain how new technologies affected all Americans.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 2, pp. 123-126 The Railroads
1.
Define land grant
Directions:
Read each main idea below and use your textbook to supply the details that support or explain
each one.
A. Main Idea: The railroads played a major part in linking and uniting the nation.
Details:
1. The railroad boom began in the year ____________ with the _______________________ Act.
2. One railroad line, the ____________________ pushed westward from Omaha, Nebraska, in the year ___.
3. The Central Pacific employed about 10,000 workers from ___________________.
4. Both railway lines met at __________________________________________ in the year 1869.
5. In order to make rail service safer and more reliable, the country was divided into __________.
B. Main Idea: The U.S. government gave land grants to railroad companies, and this led to bribery and
corruption.
Details:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Land grants helped railroad entrepreneurs such as _________________and _______________ become
extremely wealthy.
This wealth led to accusations of swindling and bribery, resulting in many of the railroad owners being
called ________________________.
To get more land grants, investors began bribing ____________________.
The ____________________ scandal involved several members of Congress who had bought shares in a
construction company.
The most successful transcontinental railroad was the _________________________, which did not
accept any federal grants. ___________________ built and operated this railroad.
This railroad was the only one not eventually forced into ____________________.
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Directions:
Summarize the main ideas of this lesson by writing 2 or 3 well-constructed sentences to answer
the following question:
How did the creation of transcontinental railroads benefit the United States?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 3, pp. 127-131 Big Business
Directions:
Define or identify the following:
1.
corporation
2.
economies of scale
3.
monopoly
4.
holding company
5.
trust
Directions:
Locate each heading below in your textbook and use the information under the correct heading
and subheading to answer the questions below:
I. The Rise of Big Business
A. Why do corporations issue stock? __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
B. What are fixed costs in business?___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
C. How were large corporations able to operate in poor economic times? ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
D. How did large corporations achieve economies of scale?
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II.
A.
Consolidating Industry
Who was Andrew Carnegie? ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
B. What is vertical integration of a company? ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
C. How is horizontal integration different from vertical integration? _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
D. Who was John D. Rockefeller? _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
E. How did Standard Oil find a way around laws against monopolies in 1882? _________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
F. What encouraged the growth of the advertising industry? _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
G. What new developments in retail sales occurred in the late nineteenth century?
1.
2.
3.
Lesson 4 pp. 132-137 Unions
Directions:
Define or identify the following:
1.
deflation
2.
industrial union
3.
lockout
4.
arbitration
5.
injunction
6.
closed shop
Directions:
I.
Refer to your textbook to complete the outline below by filling in the blanks:
Working in the United States
A.
B.
C.
Between 1860 and 1890, the average worker’s wages ____________________ by 50 percent.
However, working conditions were often ____________________.
The uneven division of ____________________ between the wealthy and the working class led to a
feeling of resentment among ____________________.
In the 1800s, the two types of industrial workers in the United States were ____________________
and ___________________.
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D. Business leaders opposed workers of a particular industry forming ____________________.
E. Companies used ____________________ to break up unions by refusing to allow employees into
their facilities to work.
II. Struggling to Organize
A. The Knights of Labor opposed ____________________, preferring to use more peaceful means such
as ______________________ and ____________________ to achieve goals such as an ___________
____________________ workday.
B. The ____________________ Strike against a steel mill involved the use of replacement workers called
_________________________.
C. In 1894 railway workers organized a strike against the _______________________ when their wages
were reduced. A federal court issued an __________________________________ to stop the strike.
III. New Unions Emerge
A. The most powerful union in the 1800s was the ____________________________________________,
known as the ___________. It represented the interests of _________________________ workers.
B. This union’s goals included an 8-hour workday, ____________________ shops, and for companies to
____________________ unions.
C. A more radical group called the ________________________________________________ wanted to
organize all kinds of workers into one union.
D. One of the most famous female labor organizers was _____________________________________
(also called_________________________).
E. In 1900 ____________________ and ____________________ immigrants started the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers Union to fight for better ____________________ and ________________.
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