Executive Summary - African Economic Outlook

From:
African Economic Outlook 2011
Africa and its Emerging Partners
Access the complete publication at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/aeo-2011-en
Executive Summary
Please cite this chapter as:
OECD, et al. (2011), “Executive Summary”, in African Economic
Outlook 2011: Africa and its Emerging Partners, OECD Publishing.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/aeo-2011-2-en
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or
sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to
the name of any territory, city or area.
Executive Summary
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Africa’s Performance and Prospects
Macroeconomic Prospects
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