Story of South Africa
•It’s European Invasion
and Struggle with Apartheid
SS7H1C: Explain the creation and
end of apartheid in South Africa
and the roles of Nelson Mandela
and F. W. DeKlerk
• Essential Questions???
• What events led up to apartheid?
• What is apartheid? What was its purpose?
• How were the black South Africans treated and
how does it compare to the treatment of the
black Americans prior and during the Civil
Rights Movement?
SS7CG3: The student will analyze
how politics in Africa impacts the
standard of living
• How did apartheid impact the standard of
living of black South Africans in contrast to
the standard of living of white South
Africans?
1652
• The Dutch settled the Cape Colony in Southern Africa.
• Over time they considered themselves more African
than European and called themselves Afrikaners.
They considered themselves superior to native
Africans and used them as slaves until the early 1800s
when the British took control of the Cape Colony and
abolished slavery.
Early 1800s in Southern Africa
After defeating the black South Africans, the Afrikaners
had migrated north of the Orange River, known as the
Great Trek, due to the British presence in the Cape
Colony.
▪ Large quantities of
gold were found by the
Afrikaners and
coincided with the
British discovering
diamonds in southern
Africa in 1867.
1899-1902
▪ The riches, along with the
colonial movement in
general, led to the British
crossing over the Orange
River resulting in the Boer
War of 1899-1902.
3 generations of Boers
• The Afrikaners were originally
•
•
called Boers (“farmers”) because
many Dutch settlers of the old Cape
Colony became frontier farmers.
They established self-sufficient
communities, developed their own
language and were committed to a
policy of apartheid.
They fought a bitter war with the
British ( Boer War, 1899–1902) over
the right to govern the frontier
territories. Though defeated, they
retained their old language and
culture and eventually attained
politically the power they had failed
to win militarily.
Afrikaners
/Boers
Boer War
• Native Africans fought alongside the
British due to their abolishment of slavery.
• The British won the Boer War and after a
few years of negotiation with the
Afrikaners, combined four colonies (2
Dutch and 2 British) into the Union of
South Africa in 1910.
• Even though it was a republic, the black
South Africans had no rights.
1948
• The 1948 election brought a new political
party to power in South Africa and the
policy of apartheid took a strong hold in
the country.
• Whites held 80 percent of the land, even
though they represented only 10 percent
of the population.
1950
• The Population Registration Act of 1950,
implementated of the policy of aparthied, later
referred to as "separate development."
• The act put all South Africans into three racial
categories: Bantu (black African), White, or
Colored (of mixed race). A fourth category,
Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later.
1952
• In 1952, the Bantu Authorities Act created
“homelands” for black South Africans, who
were assigned by origin to artificially
created parts of South Africa.
• The classifications were frequently
inaccurate and as a result of this law, nine
million South Africans were excluded from
any role in governing South Africa.
Afrikaner Nationalists’
policies
• The system of apartheid was enforced by a series of laws
passed in the 1950s: the Group Areas Act of 1950 assigned
races to different residential and business sections in urban
areas
• The Land Acts of 1954 and 1955 restricted nonwhite
residence to specific areas. These laws further restricted the
already limited right of black Africans to own land, entrenching
the white minority's control of over 80 percent of South African
land.
• Other laws prohibited most social interaction between the
races; enforced the segregation of public facilities, including
educational; created race-specific jobs; limited the powers of
nonwhite unions; and minimized nonwhite participation in
government.
1961
• In May, the South Africans voted for and
gained their independence from Britain.
• It took several more decades, and a
change in government leaders before
blacks began to have a role in government
A segregated beach in South
Africa, 1982.
A Black South African shows his passbook issued
by the Government. Blacks were required to carry
passes that determined where they could live and
work.
Houses in
Soweto, a
black
township in
the
“homelands.”
A girl looking through a window of
her shack in Cross Roads, 1978.
Segregated public facilities in
Johannesburg, 1985.
Young, black South Africans looking in on a game of soccer
at an all-white school in Johannesburg. Government
spending, about 10 times more for white children than for
black, clearly showed the inequality designed to give whites
more economic and political power. Poorly trained teachers,
overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate recreational
facilities were normal for black children, if in fact they had
any schooling available at all.
Young coal miners in South
Africa in 1988.
A number of black political groups, often supported by
sympathetic whites, opposed apartheid using a variety
of tactics, including violence, strikes, demonstrations,
and sabotage - strategies that often met with severe
consequences from the government.
The numbers don’t lie . . .
Blacks
Population
19 million
Whites
4.5 million
Land allocation
13%
87%
Share of national income
<20%
75%
Minimum taxable income
360 rands
750 rands
Doctors/population
1/44,000
1/400
Infant mortality rate
20%-40%
2.7%
Annual expenditure on education $45
per student
Teacher/student ratio
1/60
$696
1/22
Assessment 1: Create a protest poster.
• You are a black South African and you are
protesting against Apartheid.
• On your poster tell 4 things that the Afrikaners
are doing that are restricting your rights as a
black South African. (25 points for each
correctly explained event/right.)
• Include an illustration of each event. Make it
colorful and creative! You want to draw
people’s attention.
• Due: Tuesday Dec. 9, 2014
SS7H1C: Explain the roles of
Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk
in South Africa
• What did F.W. de Klerk and Nelson
Mandela do to end apartheid?
• What were their roles in the new
government?
Nelson Mandela
• Many people, known as political prisoners,
were arrested for their resistance to
apartheid.
• The most famous prisoner was Nelson
Mandela, a leader in the nationalistic
African National Congress (ANC) who was
arrested in 1962.
• Mandela was sentenced to life in prison in
1964 for treason and sabotage.
• He emerged as the international symbol
of resistance to apartheid, and the world
community demanded his release.
F.W. de Klerk
• In 1976, students in Soweto staged a
peaceful protest against learning Afrikaans,
the language of white South Africans.
• The protest grew throughout schools in the
city, and in June of that year, police shot
into a crowd of students who had thrown
stones at them.
• The rebellion that grew from those
shootings continued until 1990 when
President F.W. de Klerk ended the ban on
th ANC and released some political
prisoners, including Nelson Mandela.
F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela
• President de Klerk had a major role in
having the apartheid laws repealed.
• In 1993, he and Nelson Mandela were
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for moving
the country peacefully to nonracial
democracy.
• Mandela was elected president of South
Africa in 1994 and held that office through
1999.
Nelson Mandela
When Nelson Mandela and South African President F.W. De Klerk began
their historic negotiations to end apartheid, each man professed respect for
the other.
Nelson Mandela and F.W. De Klerk won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
Assignment 2: Write a newspaper article
• You are living in South Africa at the time of the
abolishment (outlawing) of apartheid. Write a
newspaper article describing what Nelson
Mandela and F.W. de Klerk are doing to create
equal rights.
• Describe what rights the black South Africans now
have due to the new republic and abolishment of
apartheid.
• Include an illustration (picture) and a headline
announcing the “main idea” of your article. (10 pts)
• Article needs to be at least 3 paragraphs long. (1st
= life like under apartheid (30 pts), 2nd = Mandela’s
role in abolishing apartheid (30 pts), 3rd= DeKlerk’s
role in abolishing apartheid (30 pts).
Due: ____________