Fac. Ltrs. Rev. （34）, Otemon
Gakuin
Univ,
Dec. 30, 1998
The Battleof Midway
from the Standpoint
of
HistoricalPsychology Part Ｈ
Jiro Anzai
Conclusion
Thus,
the precious battle lessons that should have been obtained from
the Battle
of Midway's,
half ａ century before. the turning point of the Imperial Japanese
war conduct
as in the annals of the Pacific War, not only have not faded, but increased
in their importance
to the Japanese now
and international interactions as well.
Navy's
engaging in the reciprocal trade enterprises
The
facts that tribes, nations and many
culturally integrated groups tend to show or betray unmistakably indegenous
behaviors, unique Archetypus (archaic type)actions
Carl Jung, ０r as Wiederholungen
(Recapitulations)compulsion
been vindicated even at the Midway,
crisis,where
there the UN
unexceptionally
expounded
had
some
by Swiss psychologist
by Sigmund
Freud had
half ａ century before. Yes, indeed, when in
taken cognizance
of their being in crisis, almost
the ancient "Archety)us" or archaic type of images
had appeared
for
their psychic and psychological support.
This tendency kept popping
force's Commander
Masuda's
up even in the pre-PHA
diary
entry indicates.
flaghoisted carrier Aだagi, amidst snow
flakes from
islands chain's Hittoka)pu
the assembled
Commander
Masuda
bay, aboard
wrote as follows: “……remind
situation,in that the Nagumo
While
standing
overcast skies over
PHA
aboard
the
the Kurile
striking forces, Flight
me of that 47 Ronins
assembled
on the second floor ofａ noodle shop for the coup …"
Moreover,
the first stick of bombs
thrung under
the belly of ａ Type
“Remember……the
uttered by Lord Asano
accumulated
that would
go, the 250 -kilo sharpnel
99 divebomber
grudges
of ours!"
got
bomb
chalked with the words
They
were
the same
words
as he resorted to arms for his revenge on Lord Kira，in the Edo
-
period, had been chalked sprawlingly.
43 −
The Battle of Midway
from the Standpoint
To add further, the PHA
chance for winning,
of Historical Psychology Part
originator Yamamoto
H
himself had written : seeing not ａ
he had come to choose the possible execution of daring
simultaneous
attacks that would
remind
him
of the Okehazama,
Hiyodorigoe, and
Kawanakajima
(all of these had been daring surprise attacks executed by our historic
heroes)｡
Furthermore, when
pressed for mere
survivals in the post-Midway
Guadalcanal
struggles, where chances for survivals had dwindled, out of the hard-pressed destroyer
men, the word “Nagurikomi"
(Ｇｏfor broke) became
later phase, even the Yamato
had been forced to go in one-way
designated name
their common
clichS,and when
sortie for Okinawa,
in
the
for the special operation was The Kiku-Shui (Chrysanthemum/water)
op in the traditional legacy of Kusunoki
Chrysanthemum-water
Masashige's one-way
telling the pre- and
wartime
Japanese
sortie the very name
mind
set on their sui-
cidal mission for His majesty's service.
Against all these, almost one ｅχception was the Battle of Midway,
June 4th, 1942,
in which all the cautions were forgotten by us.
Now that l have ｅχamined all these tragic behaviors of ours in the past in the
twenty
chapters, I feel all the more, the battle lessons should be most heeded
to,now,
by us of the peaceful time, that because of our chances for survival are dependent
much
more
on the goodwill of other nations, including the American
inded, facts reveal more
so
people's； yes
than any other period before in our history, the fate of Japan
and Japanese nation's are locked with the welfares of not just the American
people but
with all the rest of other nations of the world｡
Infact, only with others we can survive, as the prosperous
with such limited amount
which
we
are in now
of natural resources.
are much
more
The
exporting
predicamental
country,
situations under
complicated, but in our reciprocality, entirely
peace-loving. But problems increase in their difficultyand delicateness,inasmuch
our post-war products are far more
who
welcomed
are willing to utilizethe American
market
oversaeas, can incur the recurrent memories
Thus,our enterprises who
so much
as the UN's HQ
would
by Americans.
refuse the job opportunities overseas, resemble
aboard Yamato
and Admiral
Yamamoto
even
day
and ａ half be needed
-
one
the job supplying
of the Kidobutai.
First Air Fleet) on the time-map
knots
Thus, our enterpreneurs
but refuse to meet
off the Kidobutai (Nagumo's
at twenty
as
44 ―
himself who had kept
distanced so far off that
to catch up and
assist the
Jiro
AnZA!
Kidobutai, so very afraid of their getting damages
the Kidobutai had been reduced
about their own
to shambling
power, and more than ａ hundred
they tried to rescue,
ruins. Indeed, so engrossedly concerned
of complete silence.
was indeed the multi-phased, multi-angled air-
sea battle of the grand order. These advancing
100.000 or more
in men-of-wars, became
Amidst this gigantic procession. aboard
Miwa
when
security,they had kept their own in the shroud
No doubt that the Battle of Midway
mander
that even
the
men in the overall man
useless in half a day ！
Yamato,
Operations
Officer Com-
had entered into his diary as follows :
This is indeed our Navy's hithertounfathomed campaign grandiose overseas.
And the pushed and pushers alikeeχpectnothing but victoriesforus.
This
should
hitherto much
pre-war
have
been indeed
the true confession of his, but the reversal of the
envied object and objective so one-sidedly expressed by the USN
days, or the dead
very tactics had
copy
been so much
of the much-publicized “Ring Formation"
propagandized
in the pre-war
in the
tactic the
publications in almost
every martitime nations｡
The gist of the ring formation is comparable
compounded
decoration
cake
whose
in its schematic
top is composed
design to that of
of sophisticated concerntric
designs, the center piece of which is the huge battleship row, of especially the flagship,
and
those creams
of crops are heavily defended
by cordons
of destroyers in huge
concentric, ring formations, thus acquiring the name, “Ring Formation."
permitted to add, this procession is an extension of "Westwards,
there the origin is directly traceable to that Caravan
Had ｌ been
ho !”tradition where
fashion.
Had there not been the presence of the loudly advocating
USA
and USN
other side of the Pacific ocean rim. the Japanese would not have awakened
self-induldgent isolation that had lasted 250 years under
the Tokugawa
on the
from their
goverment;
and in the end, the worst fate might have been lying for their future, and in that case
Japan
with its limited natural resources and obsolete industry
and economy
in what
Wittfogel（1896 −1988）calledAsiatic stagnation or Asiatische Stockung.
This would naturally bring up another illuminating angle : even though historians
used to refrain themselves
from “had it been
" inferences, psycho
historians'job is
not in the execution of the straight jacketting of such the non-if inference that has
−45−
The Battle of Midway
from the standpoint
been hindering possible breakthroughs
of Historical Psychology Part
into historic enigmas.
there not been the Yamamoto/Kuroshima
team
On the other hand, had
that beated all other alternatives off
the planning board at the UN's HQ. prior to the Midway
had not been adapted
Ｈ
op, and the offensive strategy
for the neχt phase of operations, the natural end result would
have been the adaption of attritionsstrategy. But even here, what's been plaguing us
and
our post-war Japanese
thinking. that stereotyped
way
of thinking would
have
recurred.
We recall the Ermattungsstrategie or that strategy based on the Attritions Warfare
concept had brought
nothing but stopgapping
ferences and their strict demands
means
forａ series of disarmaments
(in the 1921 − 1922)Washington
con-
and (1930)Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ
arms reduction conferences, placed in front of us, we seized that“Have
and Have-not
Nations" doctrine｡
One after another, the fully developed
another before the newly
developing
they had in essence hobbled
the UN
fullstrengths. In essence, the UN
countries' navies threw
Japanese navy ； so many
a hurdle after
they had thrown
that
to the ratio of 60 percent to the Anglo-American
with the unfair ratio had been forced to the level 0f
nil admiral.
The only plausible answer
existing impass6
or overwhelming
should
have
been
realitiesto which
have stood most effectively,by means
the perseverance
extreme
to the
persevering warrior spirits would
of Wiederholungen
recapitulations of the pattern
practice,of tea ceremonial legacies｡
Inthe wise-only-after-the-event way. these miss-chanced
tactics and very strate-
gics had even as the fittestone for the viscous type of persons whose
abundant
in our most warriors. at least,at the Showa
kinds had been
ages. But the course of history
took the other direction,leaving the UN in the dazed stupor and their once proud firstline carrier air arms
wiped offin a day. off the Midway,
such a littleisle that they had
thought they could have taken in ａ whiff.
The real tragedy brewed
out in the victory disease is that,instead of treating the
opponent in ａ tea-ceremonial master Rikyu's modest
dwarf the then small forced us navy
the friendly force's men
so as to awe
been cooked
with guilded utensils that would have awed
even
and officersin ａ blinding Potlatch (Tribal Indians' big feast
all the opponent.)! Inversely speaking the very tragedy
up at the start,by our own
-
throwing
Wabi-cha style,they had tried to
lack of empathy
46−
had
into the pressed enemy's
Jiro Anzai
mind as to what they would do when
Thus,trying to catch the USN
we ourselves were in their shoes.
in surprise, the UN
had been completely surprised
at Midway･
Inmy
by
view, arrogancy
of ours and devaluating
us, are essentially history-old recapitulating
Fuchida and Commander
Okumiya
and Europe
Midway
as the best manuel
come
are bound
but even our Asiatic neighbors
to term economic
Who indeed
phenomena,
about
capabilities
which
Captain
had been deploring as the Victory Disease.
As our re-considerations deepen. we
England
the Anglo-American
to infer that not only America,
have been countering, using the
to crash the post-war Japanese attacks or what
they had
agressions.
can deny
the pre-scientificfeels of the US's cartwheeling
offensives,
just on the brink of theirlaunching ？
Even about
measures
the British, there are more
including Sonar, OR's, and
than
Rolls-Royce
the past records of antisubmarine
engines of the ww
II innovations
that would have taught us.
It
s hould be recalled, with references to the above statement, that while we were
self-praisingly lulled in the so-called 1970 Eχposition held at Osaka,
Elizabeth IFs figure had been absent from
the said expo's dignitaries list； where
she been ？ She was absent ； not because she had
present at the starting ceremonies
Japan, Queen
been ill,but because
of the under-sea oil recovery
had
she had been
attempt
called the
North Sea Oil,off Scotland ！
As to the sharpness of eyes. no one could have ｅχcelledpilot-goggled Genda's that
had ben the gem
among
As to Kusaka,
fighter pilotofficers.
we know
that he had been known
for his striking out in the pre-
war days twenty-four corpsed plan by which he had proposed
warning
system
with big flying boats and twin-engined
the setup of the early
scout planes of ｅχceedingly
long distanced range･
And yet the fact remains
almost dragging
Admiral
his feet in the cold.
Kusaka
As we
off Midway
had been so slow and
recall,the laurel had
come
to crown
of this. the real starter that came
to crown
Spruance's head, the steady strolling walker.
Though
Spruance
that the same
paradoxical to mention
at Midway
is Admiral
Halsey
and
his skin rashes that forced him
to be
-
hospitalized. The truth of the matter is during that criticaltime, both Nimitz and his
47 −
The Battle of Midway
Fleet's Cheif Surgeon
by
from the standpoint
Captain Gendreau
that otherwise dauntless Halsey
ever doubted
the same
statement
of mine
due to his skin-rashed irritations,but none
of Spruance
had
for his right successor！ Indeed,
had underlined assuredly the oncoming
would
Ｈ
feared for the possible rise of miss judgements
Halsey's recommendation
Halsey's word
of Historical Psychology Part
victory, even if this
have smelled of that wise-after-the-event kind of comment.
Nevertheless, the very Halsey's piece of advice or what is the most thought-out quality
for the good task force'scommander
was the serene non-self losing self that would not
disintegrate even in the midst of ordeals and my colleague Ray
man
Spruance
would be the
for it｡
There are, to be sure, too many
shallow
sporadic temper-losings, have pronounced
thinkers who, seeing Admiral
Halsey's
him and his whole person as a fiery bull-run
fighter with no brains, no hind sight, not to speak of prescientificcautions ； but the
facts prove otherwise, indicating
thought-through
who
sailor,in the us
had overthrown
Friday
as the most
in the Pacific. In my
about
Browning,
Force's sortie on the
alone in his Carrier Task
post； he had provided for his comrade, ａ real super weapon
his capabilities can be classed navy's “Capability Brown,"
of whom
Prof Morison
one, among
spoke as“Human
Thus, not only
Yamamoto
Slide Ruler!"
that Browning
all the USN's captains.
was true-to-goodness real brown-shoed
Admirals
had
Koga
Although
been the most
followed in their wakes,
and
Yamato
the Prof
emotionally
and
to the sea bottom. though not at the Midway,
minds in the entire UN's.
As pronounced
but also
the “small vesseled
destroyers such
as the direct result of the obsolete Wiederholungen
stereotyped
Miles
fleetairman, and air staff chief at that.
legacy (materialized) by Tokugata (Special Type)
Yugiri had gone down
: the
Be that as it had been, this Browning
the Porter Gesit like super dreadnought
and
Captain
surprize attacker doctrine or destroyer flotilladoctrine uplifter" Admiral
ocean
Halsey
had been ａ true psychologist of
Halsey had not left Spruance
not hesitated to add ａ comment
unsteady
cautious, foremost
view, Admiral
fixing for his Task
13th, is one such the proof that this Admiral
Force's commanding
had
Navy
the order by CincPac
the first order. Furthermore,
man
Admiral Halsey
Makaroff's
as Hatsuyuki
and
but in the Pacific
or Recapitulations in the
in Part l ，and Part n, the
unbelievable fiasco and debacle of the Imperial Japanese Navy, was neither ａ chance
failure nor the incredible victory of a dwarf force set against the giant Japanese Navy.
w
equation-wise. the Nagumo's
-
Thus, the famed
48−
victorious aircraft carrier striking
Jiro
Anzai
force alone would
have
operation, but brought
won
the battle； alas. they not only blundered in their basic
about the beginning
of the ends for the UN
and the Empire
of
Japan｡
As propounded
in Part l ，and Part 皿,the unbelievable fiasco and debacle of the
Imperial Japanese Navy, was neither ａ chance failure nor ａ result of ａ force set against
the inferior American
Navy. The
famous
N^ equation
ensured
the victory.
striking Force alone would
have
according to the prewarning
by Vice-admiral Yamaguchi's
wise，the Nagumo's
Had
they acted or reacted
double warnings ？ Alas！
the victory disease or psychological case of overcompensation
only Nagumo's
had come
to ruin not
vain glories but the entire UN's.
Psychic as well as psychological lessons the author
mentioned
Carrier
has endeavored
in the fore-
19 chapters are indeed many, but the very fact that more than ａ passage of
half ａ century
the self glorifying post-WW
financial quarters and
even
Japanese
II Japanese
Government
industry
and business and
functions that seem
to be over-
confident, are the things to be most refrained｡
For essentially the same
unhealthy
psyche- and
psychologically deep-rooted arrogant and
attitude had been prevailing in the nation's been amply
original text (The Battle of Midway-A
Psychological Account, PHP
pointed out in my
Publications, 1986)!
Essentially the same psychic and psychologicaly deeprooted arrogancies and
unhealthy
attitudes had
been
prevailing in this nation's in the post-war booms
industrial and economic
fieldshad been pointed ｏｕt｡
Utilizeingnot only
Dr. Ernst Kretschmer
theory
(1888 −1964)'s Korperbau
but also Adlerian Doctrine of Minderwertigkeitsg好此l
theory, and above
all Carl Jung's Umbewuβtes
theory, I have tried to interpreat all the enigmas
that success at the PHA
and
in
und Charakter
(Inferiority Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ)
kollektive (Collective Unconscious)
pertaining to the Midway
the subsequent. simultaneous
Battle,but
operations all over the
Pacific theaters had been the accelerated reactions out of his inner psyche, that resort
to the Wiederholungsz切ang (Recapitulations Compulsion
What indeed
should
have
or Repetition Ｃｏｍｐｕlｓｉｏｎ)｡
been lying at the depths ？ As l explored at, l have
discovered the unexpected “Fall" of which seems to have ａlead.
Over my
retrospection, it would link with my
been told by Admiral
Kusaka
personal experience in that l have
and Captain Fuchida in person.
The gist of revealing hints especially by Fuchida is as follows : Had
−49−
the UN
been
The Battle of Midway
succeeded
in the Midway
from the Standpoint
Ops
and
come
of Historical Psychology Part
out as the victors, even
Ｈ
the flag-hoisting
carrier Akagi should have been de-classed to the decisive Night Fighting Second
Fleet's
auxiliary arms ！
Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue
(1889-1975)'s now
ment
warfare would not be fought in the Fleet versus Fleet
that the Japano-American
revealing anticipatory pronounce-
encounter, but be fought in ａ succession of airbased islands taking or losing between
the two ……"
The fact remains
Koga
not just Yamamoto
could not disengage
in the Midway
himself from
Ops, but his C-in-C successor
the spells of the now
Fleets'decisve encountering in the midst of the Pacific Ocean.
presence in his or even in Koga's
mind
Inmy
premature
Behind
this existed the
of categorizing the aircraft carriers as the
auxiliary ships, the most surprisingly backwarded
Yamamoto's
obsolete Battleship
tunnel vision even, despite Admiral
death.
view, this underlined
clich6 seems
pronouncement by Admiral Koga,
to now
have
clinched the following
Yamamoto's very successor and his one-time
colleague, ex-Naval General Staffs member.
The above-mentioned
“Decisive Night Action's Force" would
come
to complement
the enigmatic strategic principle over-em phasized by Koga･
As the component
of the Second
Fleet…(Night
Engagement
Forces)made
up of
with heavy cruisers,light cruisers and screen destroyers and fast battleships. And in
her wakes, come
which
would
the armor-decked
Taiho and other Yamato-class
take up the screening positions around
battle-ships),Yamato and Musashi
Significantmessages
Battle Forces'！ Even
of
was put ashore. and became
Fleet had been
at this late stage！
Spruance's career, after the Midway
Chief of staff for Admiral
stroller. Thus, enjoying the land-based life.in unison.
ter had observed ； all her life this victorious father and now
same
(11 0r more
included.
Now back to the ｅχamination of Commander
known
Body
can be read in the above，in that this Second
entitled“Decisive Night Engagement
victory Spruance
the Main
sized super carriers
Nimitz, also a
For all that his daughVice Admiral
kept the
habit or saving use of paper tissues.splitting them into halves and using only
one half at ａ time ！
psyche, partly witnessing
of his saving parsimonious
economics in his
of his glutinous or VISCOUS temperament,
but also of his
-
Thishabit, however, can be ａ symbol
50−
Tiro Anzai
psychic
trauma
(he
had
seen
his once
overnight). Spruance's wife came
widowed
she was
astounded
rich grand
father lose all his possessions
to him. with ａ modest
to find the original had
careful manipulations, into what
amount
been
of Mitgift, but when
multiplied by
Admiral's
could be called fortunes, that reminded
her of his
exceeding love.
Justhow
Nagumo,
much
of this psychic hysteresis. had played in his decisive victory over
can hardly be measured,
withholding
not to speak
of judging.
But
Spruance's careful
the so-called let-loose by attackers until the last moment,
thus made
Air Chief of staff Captain Miles Browning
in ａ furious uproar, should have
the essentially same
and
parsimonous
psyche
his
betrayed
temper, as confided in his daughter's
anecdotal episode.
Having observed the wakes
might
or courses of the Midway
be led to believe that long-drawned
ancient Japanese
operations in history one
out hours of attacks, which
tactics of “Wheeled-out
Pattern of Attacks
resembled
the
called Kuruma-gakari
tactic.
It
looked at firstsight the USN's been thrown
so sophisticatedly timed as in “wheeled-out
they had been
everything they could get hands on,
pattern of tactic",but the truth had been
forced to attack the Nagumo
forces, so sporadically from
coordinations, and due to disparitiesin their equipments
performances,
and pilot trainings as to the
he could not have possibly effected the hundred-percent
attacks, but this basic strategy that intended to catch Admiral
in the midst of re-fuelling and re-arming
the lack of
coordinationed
Nagumo's
four carriers
for the decisve second attacks had been fully
paid off,because of Spruance's calculated risk taking principle that would betray even
now
the presence of the Anglo-Saxon
this, the Japanese
considering
attitude of ours. or Nagumo's
so proud of his knowing
on his own
of none
the American
tenacities,not to speak
stumbled
subjectivity period.
In re-
but Yamamoto's
of his bragging
internationally minded ！ So grossly
blinding success. So overwhelmed
every chapter of my
the person that had been
industrial as well as fighting capabilitiesand
was not all,l have fullyｅχplicatedａ number
and
been
to
we have to admit as follows; the very defeat colossal had been brought
about by the subjective psychology
very
objectivity even in their gambles ； compared
of points which l have discovered in each
nineteen chaptered
assay. and
pretations of mine, such as capturing the Nagumo
-
by his own “Sneak" attak that
51 −
came
up with novel inter-
as the chronical thumb
sucker, and
The Battle of Midway
interpreting
Yamamoto
of the unconscious
And
been
and
essentially
Kuroshima
operational
exporting
same
turned-superiority
as the day
industries
as
been
trapped
PHP
oil and
pusher
that
they
had
roots
images.
happened
to have
booming
financial
been
recapitulating
inferority-
to lose.
Anglo-American
gas
as the very
of Japan's
as
Ｈ
Yamamoto-Kuroshima-branded
we are bound
the
bublication,
the downfall
or
planning
of their daring
well. so long
Nagumo-Kusaka
it had
the
of my
predicated
ｃｏｍｐｌｅχ
way,
Yes, indeed
team's
despite the existence
10th, 1986, I have
the
uncovered
of Historical Psychology Part
defeatism,
finally, as early
the June
market
and
from the Standpoint
layers
and
situated
Dutch
deep
ingenuities
under
the icy
that
had
North
Sea
bottoms.
Though
having
operations,
it had
of the
Marine
us
result in
assure
the
relations
the end product
Corps
case
air-minded
of the
wholy
creation
nations is beginning
are about
to turn.
novel
point
victory
makes
us aware
to take
the British ingenuities
and
themselves
most
about
to chorus
afflicted with
But our
people
not
they
because
because
they
have
once
not
are lacking
cultural groups
and
Navy
had
have
patriotism
Kuroshima
Japanese
matter
time
in
Americans
daily
the
studies
by
with
the author
cheap ； as facts have
had thus
they
aircraft, which
was
to
about
the world
cheap
and
outside
most
enthralled
outside
either
eloquently
Anglo-Saxon
that British had
in twin
England
histories
the
are to show
the
weakling,
Re-
diseased,
Americans
of this thesis, prove
had
been
due
deficits｡
tenacity,
or America,
of other
nations
taken
shown
but
and
the moralistic
legacies
52−
guts
follies of Admiral
、the basic
cultivated
and
the
level of Inferiority
Suprriority
the American
the
to the effect that
to the simple
Overflowing
so devastatingly undermined
nation's, especially
to
implications｡
Inferiority-turned
because
came
the Anglo-American
of the past
not lost that Battle of Midway
lost the war,
even
likewise
contacts
that
of these
people
erred in evaluating
their techno-cultural
Ｃｏｍｐｌｅχ
o r Self-centered
they
again
have
The facts re-eχamined
Imperial
us aware
of either the British or American
British disease, and
did
that when
keep
the
those
at the Battle of the Fauklands.
the Anglo-American
for that
-
been
began
just
concepted
past UN
especially
of British innovations
VTOL
Reconsiderations
eloquently
of half ａ century's
of the relentless joint ventures,
telling that
countries
to the Midway
officers and
of the turning
of this Harrier
Anglo-Saxon
tables
been
creation
another
considering
no immediate
Ｃｏｍｐｌｅχes,
but
and
their kind
Yamamoto
psychology of
handed
down
of
and
the
by
Jiro Anzai
Admiral
Togo/Nimitz's line of Chivalry/Bushido
If
anyone
principles｡
challenged for the proofs of these psychic, psychological and psychiatric
interpretations of history, especially those of Midway
how
both
the nations've been observing
testimonies.
The
ops as l have just finished,just
this date June
Japanese have suppressed
had been observed only by the
forces on the June 5th on Japan, the day remembered
the day in which
the Americans
have
eloquent
almost all these painful and humiliating
defeat experiences ； as the result The Battle of Midway
American
4th are the most
been much
very feebly by us as
fussed over the triflething of the
past.
As we recall,０ｎJune second, the Nagumo's
soupy
fog and they had been forced to make
striking force had run into the thick
medium-wave
radio contacts with other
forces to effect the necessary turns. Ironically the fogs lifted soon
propagation
had been effected.
Much to teeth-gnawed
the American
to pick them
seemingly
Genda, but for some
reasons,
the surface forces failed
up.
seemed to
individuals
chagrin of the Commander
listening posts of not only on land but aboard
Forall that, had
what
after the radio
and
we taken ａ second look into the Midway
have
been the inevitable
groups, who
had
played
had been the
end
not just cardinal roles but
insignificant parts, all of which
logical effects upon
destiny
debacle, the course of
had
been
playing
results of
also hitherto
categorically psycho-
both opponents.
０ｎ the other hand, to the victory-crowned us Navy and its successive
generations, June 4th, 1942, the historic date's been repeatedly observed on the day, as
betraying on frequent visitationsin the past of the now
force's perfect-timed Yokosuka
deliberately shanned
nothing
friendly us
Navy's
arrivals,but to most Japanese whose memory
the past records until the avergae
carrier
had been
post-war generations think
of the Midway｡
Forall these, l would like to point out the fact that on June 10th, 1942 l had seen
on the Mainihci News
over the USN
Navy's won
in the original Japanese version that the UN's sweeping
victory
had been flashed on the front pages, with block letters that the Japanese
the gigantic victory on the Midway,
and eastern Pacific theater. It was
complete to the oiled picture of at least one American
carrierin flames, and its caption
declared the control of the Pacific ocean had been forced to flee from
−53−
the Pacific……
The
B attleof Midway
This had been more
The
author
Nomonhan
from the Standpoint of HistoricalPsychology Part Ⅱ
than plain lies｡
remembers
somewhat
resembling
case had
incident in which the proud Imperial Japanese Army
humiliating
fiascos of defeat in which
tanks and artillerybeen crashed
thousands
of men
under the Russian
and
mechanized
our tanks had been crashed by the Russian armored
burned
been
flashed over
1938
had been thrown
into
equipments
including
troops. Rumors
that
forces like a tofu (bean ｃｕrd)，ｏｒ
to theirinfernal deaths and destructions by means
of flame thrower came
to
us, even the patrioticschool kid's ears.
In both cases these inglorious defeats and their facts had
been
washed
off as if
they had been minor errors or mistakes that can be corrected by and with the rise of
our patrioticspiritsand morale uplifting.
For
all that, the feats meeted
out to the junior officers and most
men
had been
more than harsh and cruel｡
As
Captain Fuchida's and Commander
of the survivors had been locked
Okumiya's
Midway
up inside various domestic
accounts tell,
ａ number
barracks as if prisoners,
and later ordered to various outlying posts or surface fleet to die. But the facts that
how
the Midway
debacle had been handled by the late Admiral
day of his inglorious life after the Midway
room
He
for doubting how
until the last
at the Island of Saipan, betray beyond
any
the admiral had been thinking himself of the Midway.
kept saying to the effect what
of Midway,
Nagumo
but the fact his PHA
within the distance of some
Russian ship on the open
had shocked
him most
striking Forces had
been
was not from the Battle
seen in clear and sure
8,000 meters by ａ hammer-and-sickle-insignia
sea. on the 6th (5th in American
day)December,
funneled
1941, some
800 miles due north of the Oahu, Hawaii.
To
this reseracher, this case, had it been true,seems ａ startling one and makes ａ
case of what
Dr. Sigmund
the unwelcome
Freud
had
memory
Freud
termed
Covering Memory
with ａ pleasurable one.
told us of the almost
un-consious
or the working
of covering
In ｅχplicating things in dreams,
working
of one's memories,
substituting some bright-faced memory to inhibit the unpleasant memory
Nagumo's
case, covering memory
being discovered
by ａ Russian
exploration； that was
charge of his PHA
Admiral
as though
is the victorious PHA
ship.
Important
Nagumo's
washing
that of
； in
with the spine-chilling thrill0f
is ａ thing that needs
off the stigma
a further
of Sneak
Attack
these accusations were water drops on the Vinylite rain
−54−
Jiro Anzai
coat.
Covering
memory
unconsciously
had
been
in human
psyche.
and
Shoｗａ)ｒｅｃｏrdｓ
of the UN's
our
emotion-
memories
and
The
II had
facts remain
modern
day
past
taken
self-searching
in
version
behavior
In reconsidering.
sentiments-laden
of the ww
of no moralistic
a lid-placing
in one's mind
three
that works
generationed
almost
(Meiji, Taisho,
acts and
deeds. are but epics and lyrics as well of
national
history, but
sprirally diminishing
as the
years
went
course, unitl they
by, the
had
become
material｡
that
the historical
of the ancient
and
historic courses
Tale of the Heike
of the
clan or acts of Lord
UN
as
the
Yoshitsune's
as in the ancient ｓtｏry｡
In retrospecting，
hosts
of true
Togo,
Togo
seem
the UN
and
and
The
of war
Sawachi
reasoned
war.
Admiral
Togo,
along
Of the said
of ｅχpressing
deep-seated
Nimitz's love
after the Midway
the UN
represented
as well as moral
and
and
with
Admiral
love
and
admiration
to
the total Defunction
of
out
had
matched
us deeply
alive, well-treated
just like
！ The
been
had
have
In
my
no right to equate
had
time
Togo's
had
acted
occurred ！ Their Bushido
their deeds｡
ashamed
of the First Air Fleet's but some
point
Admiral
staff Officer Akiyama's
not one of the survived
for the first time.
that we
the British legacied
prisoners-of-war
as to make
at the Midway,
by
Senior
case of torturing
the hands
came
tired
even
Mahan-influenced
at Tsushima
Hisae
that
facts so saddening
Midway,
POW's
facts
morale
alive from
Russo-Japanese
Admiral.
diminished
of Admiral
his command.
； not one
caught
the existence
had never
to this senior
American
blamelessly
reconsider
Nimitz
not to have
very
must
as in the Meiji-period
respect
under
The
code
heroes
even Admiral
professional
time
we
American
to the prisoners
airmen
fifty Japanese
prisoners
uncovered
last
happened
of war
by
chapter,
in
the 1905
up
this unfair treatment
by
come
captured
the famous
l took
had
off the
Russian
woman
writer
this problem
us with
out
and
the atomic
bombing.
It was
First
facts of history
striking
Showa
that
forces' strength.
officers and
been
men,
Bushido
had
preached
in his Busido
there
we
had
terrorized
but
due
to the hollow-outing
can
be no
disintegrated.
book,
no
nor Okakur
mistaking
matter
how
in his Book
−55−
the world
that
we
with
Zero
fighters' and
of the Bushido
have
eloquently
of Tea, they
been
Dr. Inazo
had
come
in
our
defeated,
our
Nitobe
had
to no avail
The Battle of Midway
from the standpoint
of Historical Psychology Part
ｎ
under the feeble influence of the shallow-seated Buddhistic philosoophy ； when
compared
much
to Admiral
advancedly
Togo
and his righ-hand
equipped
could not possibly command
these supposed-to-be
with Zero
Akiyama,
fighters or super
other peoples' respect. Why
Bushido equipped
officers and men
in their warrior mind ；in their ever growing
and equip-ment-wise
man
even though
battlewagon
Yamato,
Tothe author, so much
they
this has occurred ； because
had been long since hollowed
dependency
on their material strengths
self glorificationsthey have forgotten the importance
in a word, they have come
materially
of Bus
to ignore the quality of men's spiritsbehind guns ！
similarity can be observed between
the slack attitudes and
arrogancy in the Heike clan's warriors and those of the UN's Showa
Indeed,to this thesis author, acts and
period ones.
actions taken by the UN's very personnel
drunken in the Victory-diseased spiritsin the First-phase ops, so much
resemble to the
unhealthy
acts and actions of the Heike clan's men. as told in the Tale of Heike, in that
the young
and robust Kiyomori, on his pilgrimed seaward
ate ａ huge
fish that had jumped
into his boat, as good
journey to Kumano
omen
(though
shrine,
the Buddhistic
doctrine forbade killing even a fish during the religious pilgrimage)｡
The Nagumo's
officers and
men,
most
of all, had
optimistic moods, never doubting the on-coming
been
wrapped up
success at Midway,
in such
such ａ speck-of-a-
foam-like ａ couple of isletsin the vast Pacific ocean.
But far more had been waiting for the doomed Nagumo and Yamamoto.
Yamamoto
that had distanced himself from
all his subordinates and
officers,in his estimations of the Anglo-American
handling the Nagumo
and his men. as though
half-brothered Yoshitsune, younger
even
his staff
might, had so blundered
in his
the latter'sforce had been the hapless
brother. to Yoritomo, the elder,and sent him
and
his force on the constant runs as depicted in the Gikei or even in the Tale of the Heike
Clan.
That
subordinates-loving Yamamoto
would
and his staff；quite discriminatingly. Yamamoto's
though
have
mistreated Admiral
right-hand man
Kuroshima
Nagumo
acting as
the dead copy of the sinister Kajiwara, that agent-like supervisory man
young but heroic warrior Yoshitsune. Moreover,
Yamamoto
should have slighted Nagumo,
how comes,
to the
that all-knowing
the earnest-to-goodness Commander,
of the
crack 1st Air Fleet,and kicked him up to the silent galley or attic even. In a word, it
been discovered
Kuroshima's
that the C-in-C Admiral
Yamamoto
and his senior staff officer
set had been dictating all the war plans and battle phases to the complete
-
had
56−
Jiro Anzai
neglect
of other officers' initiative. especially
Inasmuch
as all the operations
combination,
the Midway
the paired
folie.
character,
I would
die Vatertotung
Yamamoto
As ａ master
been
he had
piece
that
had
kicked
out
from
the
reached
into
himself
had
he been
out
of the casion
Ugaki's.
Yamamoto/Kuroshima
of these two
the depths
men's
into
Fischer
chess,
that he had
in Monaco,
Verlag).
chequer,
often
or
of Dostoevski's
of Fijlop-Miller's Dostoiewski
Werke、Vol.χIV,
pushing
staff Admiral
the end-product
ａ mention
Gesammelt
enthralled
issued
also been
to make
relentlessly
been
been
had
be permitted
so engulfedly
has it that
debacle
(PP. 339−418,
had
games,
had
of his Chief-of-the
und
Our
shogi
man
and
go
at ａ loss : one anecdote
for his straight
winning
runs.
To the fatty physiqued
vulnerability,
Admiral
risky ａ gamble
Admiral
Yamamoto
just because
Yamamoto's
his glucous
temperament,
perament,
all of which
fix him
at the subordinates
recorded
being
miχed
as miχed
was
hesitate
to tell: you
of playing
nearing
with
asthenic,
steadfast
to the populace
so ｅχpressive in
hours
replying
for even
grade-school
kids' fan-letters ； he
in his friends
his inner
psyche
and
or nucleus
As to this viscous
that
had
been
foes.
There
Korean war Japan),
many
indications
as the typical viscous
temperament,
introduced
were
by
beneath
tern-
in saluting
Ugaki's｡
such
acts
had
Despite
his
as spending
been
that would
eχtremely
taletelling of
type.
the resounding
Dr. Deming
hiding
of friends.
service
too
or pokers｡
schizophrenic
of staff Vice-admiral
selective in his selection
of its
not say
observances
wholesale
choosy
should
bridges
constant
in
to tell him
the fatty, was
rather
type. His
to his Cheif
of very
did not
fond
physique
so contrary
For all that Yamamoto
been
been
muscular
the mask,
back
that
had
l have
later year
Kusaka
success
in the post
had its basic stratum,
of Quality
World
War
Control
Ｈ Japan
method
(tｈｅpre-
in the Japanese love of viscous
recapitulations ！
Despite this episode
articles have
appendiχ ； but
movable
Overall
and
glossed
under
moving
Commander
his subordinate
had
over
been
as though
so
well known
this habit
the magnifying
finger
Admiral
Nagumo's
Yamamoto's
the Sonde
the very
itchy
(exploring
-
all too plain now.
57 −
all the published
of Ｙａｍａｍｏtｏ'ｓ
been
glass of depths
tips are but
now,
psychology,
indeχ into
books
and
ａ sort of psychic
these
never-ceasing
his inner
psyche.
and
finger tips are no less tale-telling than
implement)into
his inner
psyche,
are
TheB attleof Midway
Hisnot-a-moment's
from the standpoint of HistoricalPsychology Part n
resting finger tips were but the betrayal of his lifelong Lebens-
formen (lifestyles),with his yen will power
to fight. But then, why
he had succumbed
so fast to his death, as early as April 18th, 1943｡
AsI've been dwelt on in the main text.using Dr. Kretschmer's character/body
(Kor)erbau
und
Charakter) theory for reference. we
fighters could have
could say
been categorized into the muscularly
persevering temperament.After
Ｙａｍａｍｏtｏ'ｓ
muscular
getting middle
many
his basic temperament
warriors and
strong physiqued,
aged, one's physique
and strong physique in his later years seems
viscous,
tends to stay.
to be tale-telling
as that of viscous type. but also of asthenic thin bodied.
stead-fast observances in saluting back at subordinate's, (so unlike his nominal
of staff Vice-dmiral Ugaki's),is becoming
orderliness in parlances
temperament.His
type
and
the correspondoing
manners.
Cheif
love of the well-dressed
As the very indication of glucous
love of the carefully selected men
His
type
of
and friends, oddly offensive and
sporadic bursts of anger that often materialized in his practical jokings all seem
to be
tale-tellingof his inner psyche as the typical viscous type｡
Repeating again, the resounding
success of Quality Control method
war Japan (introduced by the American
War)had
minds
succeeded so amazingly
of the Japanese
authority Dr. Deming
of them. working
glucous, repetitions-loving type, the spirits of which
ceremonies
lover.
that betray
just before the Korean
because not only the seeds were sown
workers, (many
girls) who
the existence of complex
and
with
rightly on the
had been
go wel卜ｎ harmony
Repetitive actions that fitin harmony
in the post-
of the
with the tea
Wiederholungenzwang
often sophisticated love
process coupled with the yen for the purified and orderly atmosphere.
of complicated
These
tactics
are in ａ word also those of ａ typical tea people's｡
The next issue is how
to add ａ grain of salt creativity (laden most heavily with
schizoid or schizopherenic
temperamented)
asthenic physiqued. That
types, who
so symbolically
vindicated in ａ thin or
fatty manic-depressive tempered Churchill/Yamaguchi
despite their bulky forms. often gifted with fast-revolving brains and ready
for actions on
Yamaguchi
the instant
at Midway,
Finally,we had
departements
come
to make
attitude, gifted in multi-channeled
receptiveness, as in
as panacea ！
mention
of the workings
of propaganda
and publicity
of both navies. It is said that to the retreating ears of the survived UN
men, the American
broadcast in perfect Japanese told them
−58−
that the ghosts of the dead
Jiro
Anzai
incurred at the Midway
Benkei.
Amazing
would
haunt the UN,
as told in the ancient Noh-play's Funa
seizure of the situation by the victors had made
the defeated to take
their hats off｡
The author of this thesis has not ben committing
himself and his endeavors in the
self-critical
ironies alone. He has only wished
to emphasize
now
Historian Ranke's saying that every age
is the time for us to re-consider German
is in ａ close relation to the almighty God.
pushing
off this kind of the Romantic
The
present generation may laugh
also know
the Meiji-bred Akiyama
our Showa
had
believer in religion,but we
as if a bunch
of born atheists； moreover,
they allowed atrocitiesprevail. We, the Showa
our Showa-aged
matter had High
Command
epigram.
been ａ devout
warriors had behaved
world over. Had
him off,
wist-fulness, but l have to admit, the present
generation has to seriously reconsider this Rankian
We know
the point to the effect that
men, had succeeded in terrorizing the
soldiers and sailors and General Staffs,and for that
officersstood up like Meiji-warriors Nogi and Togo, even
if the Japan had been defeated, the world over should have come in our defense in the
same International Tribunal Court.
Had our Showa-era
sailors and soldiers been upright as the Meiji bred Togo
Nogi, and their everyday
and
humane
human
philosophy
concept of mercy
and
uncertainty of
life and prosperity, or the short periodness of victories,the world all around
problems,
and
should
us
differently｡
Inthe end, l stressed upon
Midway
been guided in the Heike story depicted human
spirits,lined with the Buddhistic
had been behaving
and
suggested
the importances
of break-through
the future Japan, learning
be bent upon
from
educational reforms, techno
above all enlarging domestic demands.
the past lessons
All these l had spoken in the book
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1976,pp.573-604）.
In addition,Gesammelte W&rka (CollectedWorks) or the works of Freud, Jung and
Kretschmer have been liberallym ade use.
−60−