AIMA
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology
conference
NAVIGATE
DEVELOPMENT AND MARITIME HERITAGE
CONFERENCE
PROGRAMME
DARWIN
2-3 October
2014
www.aima-underwater.org.au
Front cover photos
Clockwise from top left:
1. Leo, John Riley
2. Darwin Harbour, PH0734-0007, NT Library
3. Darwin Harbour, PH0747-0113, NT Library
4. Deconcreting raised objects, Darwin Harbour, David Steinberg
5. Works in Darwin Harbour, Roslyn Budd & Outback Photographics
Koombana Bay excavation 2011 (CRM/ foreshore development)
Credit: Ross Anderson/ WA Museum
Table of Contents
Welcome from the Administrator
2
President Welcome
3
Conference Convenor Welcome 4
2014 AIMA Conference Organising Committee 5
AIMA Officers and Councillors 5
Acknowledgements8
Levels of Support, Sponsors and Support in Kind
8
Pre and Post Conference Events 10
Conference Information
11
11
Conference Venue and Dinner
Transport
12
Maps
13
Conference Timetable
16
Guest Speaker Profiles and Abstracts 17
Session and Paper Abstracts 20
Session One
20
Session Two
22
Session Three
24
Session Four
27
Session Five
30
Session Six
33
Session Seven
35
Session Eight
38
2014 AIMA AGM 40
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
1
Welcome from the Administrator
Her Honour the Honourable Sally Thomas AC
Administrator of the Northern Territory
As Administrator of the Northern Territory, it is a
pleasure to welcome you to Darwin for the 2014
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology
Conference.
It is wonderful for Darwin to be able to host
delegates from across Australia, the Asia-Pacific
and around the world to support communications
and share expertise about maritime archaeology
and underwater cultural heritage management.
This year’s theme of Navigate: Development and
Maritime Heritage is sure to generate much
discussion as you delve into the principles,
strategies and regulations that work towards
reducing the effects of coastal and marine
development on maritime heritage.
With much development occurring in recent years
this theme is very topical and justly highlights the
importance of preserving our maritime heritage
for future generations.
I commend the organising committee for putting
together a stimulating program and for securing
such eminent guest speakers. I am sure there will
be many insights expressed and ideas formed to
support positive outcomes for maritime heritage.
Please enjoy your time in the host city of Darwin
and I extend my best wishes to you for a very
successful 2014 conference.
Sally Thomas AC
Administrator of the Northern Territory
2 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Welcome from AIMA President
Welcome to Darwin and the 2014 Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology Conference. I am
personally excited to visit the Northern Territory again as I attended my first AIMA conference here in
2006. This year’s conference theme Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage is of particular interest
to the Australasian region. Especially in Australia where 82% of the population lives within 50km from
the coast, development projects are likely to take place in those areas that impact our maritime cultural
heritage. Recent examples that spring to mind are the coastal developments locally in Darwin Harbour
and interstate in Western Australia at Beacon Island where recently fishermen camps have been removed
from the island to restore it to its natural state. The latter is a site of national heritage significance where
the famous mutiny of the 1629 Batavia shipwreck survivors took place. So, as a coastal nation, we can
expect developments to impact our maritime cultural heritage continually. This year’s conference will be
a gathering of ideas and case studies exploring the principles, strategies, science and regulation around
the business of mitigating impact to our maritime cultural heritage.
I especially want to welcome our first-time student and international attendees. It is exciting to have you
here and share your knowledge, expertise and perspectives. On behalf of the conference organisation
committee and AIMA executive, we are happy that you are here.
On behalf of AIMA I’d like to thank the organising committee, in particular David Steinberg, along with
the other volunteers who have been busily working on making this conference happen. I’d also like to
thank the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory for hosting our meeting space and all of the
contributing sponsors for providing funding for special events.
This year’s AIMA conference and Darwin have much to offer so welcome—experience, engage, and enjoy!
Sincerely,
Wendy van Duivenvoorde
President, AIMA
Buster, NSW, Brad Duncan
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
3
Conference Convenor Welcome
It was with great enthusiasm that I elected to convene the AIMA 2014 conference in Darwin. It is
a critical time for the Northern Territory. It is undergoing a significant boom in investment and
development, culminating in works such as dredging, submerged pipelines, land reclamation and the
expansion and intensification of coastal industries. There are plans for a considerable expansion of the
existing port, discussions about a second commercial port and new defence facilities.
The seas, harbours, rivers and coastal areas of the Northern Territory are also host to a remarkable
archaeological resource. For instance they contain a rich diversity of Aboriginal archaeological sites,
evidence of early contact with our northern neighbours, and the physical remains of WWII battlefields,
coastal defences, and operational bases. The research possibilities in the Northern Territory are
considerable, as is the responsibility to work towards the conservation of this unique and irreplaceable
record.
This tension, between the impacts of development and the conservation of our cultural resource,
inspired this year’s conference theme Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage. The challenge to
understand the maritime archaeological resource, grapple with complex engineering concepts and
reach consensus with stakeholders has never been greater. Recent heritage mitigation in the Northern
Territory has culminated in the largest maritime heritage consultancy in Australia’s history.
The conference will be a gathering of ideas and case studies exploring the principles, strategies,
science and regulation around the business of mitigating impact to our maritime heritage. It will be an
important first step towards a consensus on standards; standards that will inform project proponents of
what is expected, and provide practitioners assistance to navigate these difficult waters.
I warmly welcome you to the Top End and this year’s AIMA conference.
David Steinberg
AIMA Conference Convenor 2014
Brisbane, NT, David Steinberg
4 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
2014 AIMA Conference
Organising Committee
David Steinberg (Conference Convenor)
Professor Paul Tacon (Coordinator AIMA 2014 Djirurri fieldtrip)
Chris Lewczak
Debra Shefi
Ross Anderson
Wendy Van Duivenvoorde
Jennifer Rodrigues
Cos Coroneos
AIMA Officers and
Councillors
AIMA Executive
President
Dr Wendy van
Duivenvoorde
Dept. of Archaeology
Flinders University
GPO Box 2100
ADELAIDE SA 5100
08 8201 5195
[email protected]
Senior
Vice
President
Ross Anderson
Dept. of Maritime
Archaeology
Western Australian Museum
47 Cliff St.
FREMANTLE WA 6160
08 9431 8442
[email protected]
Vice
President
Dr Jennifer Rodigues
Dept. of Maritime
Archaeology
Western Australian Museum
47 Cliff St.
FREMANTLE WA 6160
08 9431 8445
[email protected]
Vice
President
Dr Bill Jeffery
Dept. of Archaeology
Flinders University
GPO Box 2100
ADELAIDE SA 5001
0418 413 299
[email protected]
Treasurer
Dr Debra Shefi
Dept. of Archaeology
Flinders University
GPO Box 2100
ADELAIDE SA 5001
0414 722 070
[email protected]
Secretary
Madeline Fowler
Dept. of Archaeology
Flinders University
GPO Box 2100
ADELAIDE SA 5001
08 8201 5674
[email protected]
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
5
AIMA Council
Australian
Capital
Territory
Andrew Viduka
National Historic Heritage
Section, Heritage Branch
Dept. of Environment
4 Westgarth St
O’CONNOR, ACT 2602
New South
Wales
Danielle Wilkinson
Cosmos Archaeology Pty Ltd 0423 170 698
PO Box 42, CONGDONG
[email protected]
NSW 2484
Chris Lewczak
Cosmos Archaeology Pty Ltd 0416 046 292
73a Clare Lane,
[email protected] BUNGENDORE, NSW 2035
Kieran Hosty
Australian National
Maritime Museum
2 Murray St, PYRMONT
NSW 2009
02 9298 3710
[email protected]
Dr Brad Duncan
NSW Office of Environment
and Heritage
Locked Bag 5020,
PARRAMATTA, NSW 2124
02 9873 8552
[email protected]
Andy Dodd
Subsurface Ltd.
P.O. Box 31, PAEKAKARIKI,
New Zealand
[email protected]
Matt Carter
Harts Road, Lakeside RD3
Leeston, CHRISTCHURCH
New Zealand
[email protected]
Northern
Territory
David Steinberg
NT Heritage Branch
GPO Box 1680
DARWIN NT 0801
08 8999 5041
[email protected]
Queensland
Peter Illidge
Great Barrier Reef
Marine Park Authority
3 Warboys St, Nelly Bay,
MAGNETIC ISLAND
QLD 4819
07 4750 0618
[email protected]
Viv Moran
Queensland Museum
14 Jean St, NELLY BAY
QLD 4819
0419 797 634
[email protected]
Dr Peter Bell
PO Box 574
GOODWOOD, SA, 5034
08 8378 1900
[email protected]
Terry Drew
South Australian
Archaeology Society
(formerly SUHR)
38 Baker St.
SOMERTON PARK SA 5044
08 8297 1877
[email protected]
Amer Khan
SA Heritage Policy Unit
GPO Box 1047
ADELAIDE SA 5001
08 8124 4933
[email protected]
Mark Polzer
Dept. of Archaeology,
Flinders University
GPO Box 2100
ADELAIDE SA 5001
08 8201 5629
[email protected]
New Zealand
South
Australia
0458 024 343
[email protected] 6 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Victoria
Western
Australia
United States
Mark Ryan
Southern Ocean Exploration
MELBOURNE VIC 3000
0419 881 298
[email protected]
Peter Harvey
Heritage Victoria
GPO Box 2392,
MELBOURNE, VIC 3001
03 9208 3556
[email protected]
Rick Bullers
Ecology & Heritage Partners 0400 990 887
303 Autumn St,
[email protected]
NEWTOWN, VIC 3220
Vicki Richards
Dept. of Materials
08 9431 8472
Conservation
[email protected]
Western Australian Museum,
47 Cliff St., FREMANTLE WA 6160
Nicolas Bigourdan
Dept. of Maritime
08 9431 8448
Archaeology
[email protected]
Western Australian Museum,
47 Cliff St,
FREMANTLE WA 6160
Dr Jennifer McKinnon
East Carolina University
Admiral Eller House, Room
103, GREENVILLE, NC,
USA 27858-4353
1 252 328 6788
[email protected]
Officers and Other Positions
AIMA/NAS
Senior Tutor
Cassandra Philippou
The University of Western
Australia
Public Officer
(2013-2015)
Corioli Souter
Western Australia Museum [email protected]
Administrative
Officer
Kurt Bennet
Dept. of Archaeology,
Flinders University,
GPO Box 2100
ADELAIDE SA 5001
[email protected]
Website
Administrator
Chris Lewczak
Cosmos Archaeology,
PO Box 42
Condong NSW, 2484
02 9568 5800
[email protected]
Merchandise
Jennifer Rodrigues
Dept. of Maritime
Archaeology, Western
Australia Museum, 47 Cliff
St., FREMANTLE WA 6160
08 9431 8445
[email protected]
Photography
Competition
Jane Mitchell
Melbourne Aquarium, VIC
[email protected]
Scholarships
Committee
Emily Jateff
(Committee Chair)
South Australian Maritime 08 8207 6255
Museum, 126 Lipson Street [email protected]
PORT ADELAIDE S 5015
Facebook Page
Jane Mitchell, VIC, Danielle Wilkinson, NSW, Matt Carter, NZ
AIMA Bulletin
Editors
Dr Jennifer Rodrigues, Myra Stanbury with assistance from the AIMA Editorial Review Board
[email protected]
AIMA Newsletter Mark Polzer
Editor
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
7
Acknowledgements
Levels of Support
Gold Sponsor ($10,000 and over)
• Acknowledgement as a Gold Sponsor on the conference website and in conference publications
• Logo prominently placed on the conference website and included on session computer screen
PowerPoint slides
• Inclusion of organisation brochure or flyer in delegate registration package
• Complimentary full page article or advertisement in the conference abstract publication
• Two complimentary conference registrations
• Two complimentary tickets to the Welcome reception, conference dinner and closing drinks
Silentworld Foundation
Silver Sponsor ($5,000 and over)
ABN 90 283 838 145
• Acknowledgement as a Silver Sponsor on the conference website and in conference publications
• Logo placed on the conference webpage
• Inclusion of organisation brochure or flyer in delegate registration package
• Complimentary half page article or advertisement in the conference programme
• One complimentary conference registration
• One complimentary ticket to the Welcome reception, conference dinner and closing drinks
Silentworld Foundation ~ 285 Mona Vale Road St. Ives NSW 2075 AUSTRALIA
www.silentworldfoundation.org.au ~ email: [email protected]
Mobile: +61 418 119 881
8 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Bronze Sponsor ($1,000 and over)
• Acknowledgement as a Bronze Sponsor on the conference webpage and in conference
publications
• Logo placed on the conference webpage
• Inclusion of organisation brochure or flyer in delegate registration package
• Complimentary quarter page article or advertisement in the conference programme
• One complimentary ticket to the Welcome reception, conference dinner and closing drinks
Australia’s
Maritime Heritage
Australias
Maritime Heritage
Australia has a rich and diverse maritime heritage
help discover and protect it
www.environment.gov.au/heritage/shipwrecks
[email protected]
Image Credits left to right:
SS Lady Darling (1880) New South Wales, Department of Planning (Main image). Schooner Alert (1854) Tasmania, Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania; Brig Charles Carter (1854) South Australia, South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage;
Shipwreck trail plinth HMS Sirius (1790) Norfolk Island, Western Australian Museum; Walga rock art depicting a vessel believed to be the SS Xantho (1854) West Australia, Western Australian Museum; SS Brisbane (1881) Northern Territory,
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory; Face of the chronometer from SS Yongala (1911) Queensland, Museum of Tropical Queensland/Queensland Museum; SS Queensland (1876) Victoria, Greg Hodge Collection - Southern Ocean Exploration, Heritage Victoria.
Support In Kind
• Darwin Sailing Club
• Museum and Art Gallery of Northern Territory
• Northern Territory Government House
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
9
Pre and Post Conference Events
Evening Talk
Opening Night Drinks
Her Honour the Honourable Sally Thomas AC, Administrator of the Northern Territory is delighted to invite
the delegates of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology to a reception at Government House.
When: Wednesday 1 October, from 6.30 to 7.45pm.
RSVP: If you would like to accept the Administrator’s
invitation, please email Government House at rsvp.
[email protected] by Friday 19 September. Please
include the date of the reception, your full name and postal
address and you will receive a “to remind” card for the
reception.
Dress: Neat casual (collared shirts for men).
Government House is the oldest European Style
structure in the Northern Territory. For more detailed
information, please visit the Government House website
at www.govhouse.nt.gov.au
Fieldtrip
Djirurri
AIMA is pleased to announce a unique opportunity to visit
the Djirurri rock art gallery. Djirurri is situated in a large
overhang within the sandstone outcrop of the Mamadawerre
Formation in the Wellington Range.
The Djirurri complex has 55 panels with rock art, three of
which are extremely large and in close proximity to each
other, forming what is known as the main gallery.
Djirurri is one of the most extraordinary rock art complexes
in the Northern Territory. In terms of pigment rock art sites
it is the largest, most varied and historically significant in the
whole of Australia. There are many examples of rare and/
or unique rock art and Djirurri contains the oldest dated
example of contact rock art from anywhere in Australia; an
Indonesian prau with a minimum age of between 1624-1674.
Boat depictions at Djirurri, NT Heritage Branch
10 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
ST
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AMBULANCE
CULLEN BAY
Arafura
Stadium
F o o t b a l l Ov a l
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Darwin Airport
Resort
DICK
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Race course
( D a r w i n Tu r f Cl u b )
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The AIMA 2014 conference dinner will be held at the Darwin Sailing Club.
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When: Friday 3 October, from 6pm
Where: Darwin Sailing Club, Atkins Drive Fannie Bay.
EAST POINT
Contact:3 Ph: (08) 8981 1700
EAST POINT RESERVE
Website: www.dwnsail.com.au/index.php/
LIN
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ALAWA WAGAMAN
RAPID CREEK
12
1
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2
POLICE
Conference Dinner
MYILLY POINT
WANGURI
POLICE
BBQ
www.artsandmuseums.nt.gov.au/museums
Fa nnie Bay
Tracy Village
Spo rt s & Soci al
C lu b
CASUARINA
MAGNT is located in Conacher Street, Fannie Bay,
NIGHTCLIFF
Darwin.
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Conference Venue
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Conference Information
B ea g le G u l f
ROYAL DARWIN
HOSPITAL
GALM A
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DEVELOPMENT
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DARWIN WHARF
PRECINCT
FORT HILL
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Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
11
Transport
4
Major
Stops
www.nt.gov.au/publictransport
Casuarina to Darwin
via University, Alawa, Rapid Creek, Nightcliff and Fannie Bay
Casua- Charles
Nightrina
cliff Progress
Darwin
InterUni- Lakeside High
Drive Fannie
change versity
Dr
School Shops
Bay
map
ref
A
approx
travel time
B
4 min
C
3 min
Bus Route
am
pm
pm
4
Major
Stops
map
ref
I
Bus Route
am
pm
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4(c)
4
4
4(b)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
H
Fannie
Bay
F
Charles
Progress Darwin Casuarina
UniInterDrive
Shops versity change
E
B
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map
ref
A
7:25
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H
I
12 min
Explanations
Monday to Friday
6:34
7:04
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8.04
8:24
8:37
8:54
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6:30
6:54
7:28
7:42
8:06
8:59
9:34
9:59
7:01
7:31
7:51
8:01
8:23
8:36
8:51
9:04
9:21
9:31
9:46
10:06
10:43
11:16
11:49
12:26
12:55
1:31
2:01
2:34
2:49
2:59
3:41
3:56
4:21
4:37
5:06
5:26
5:49
6:13
6:37
7:01
7:35
7:49
8:13
9:06
9:41
10:06
7:07
7:37
7:57
8:07
8:29
8:42
8:57
9:10
9:27
9:37
9:52
10:12
10:49
11:22
11:55
12:32
1:01
1:37
2:07
2:40
2:55
3:05
3:47
4:02
4:27
4:43
5:12
5:32
5:55
6:19
6:43
7:07
7:41
7:55
8:19
9:12
9:47
10:12
7:17
7:47
8.07
8:17
8:39
8.52
9:07
9:20
9:37
9:47
10:02
10:22
10:59
11:32
12:05
12:42
1:11
1:47
2:17
2:50
3:05
3:15
3:57
4:12
4:37
4:53
5:22
5:42
6:05
6:29
6:53
7:17
7:51
8:05
8:29
9:18
9:53
10:18
4
4
10:15
11:05
10:19
11:09
10:26
11:16
10:33
11:23
10:39
11:29
10:46
11:36
10:52
11:42
10:58
11:48
Friday Nights Only
G
F
(a) Casuarina to Darwin
via Ludmilla. Normal
route of travel to
Dick Ward Dr until
Fitzer Dr then
Harney St,
Maranungu St,
Nadpur St,
Dick Ward Dr then
back onto normal
route.
(e) Casuarina to Darwin
via Essington
School. Normal route
to Ryland Rd,
Rossiter St,
Chapman Rd, Chrisp St
then back onto normal
route.
Timing points are
estimates only and are
subject to traffic and
weather conditions.
There are no bus
services on Good Friday
and Christmas Day.
Public Transport Division can be contacted by phone on 08 8924 7666
between 6:45am - 4:30pm Monday to Friday and 9:00am - 1:00pm
Saturday or at www.nt.gov.au/publictransport
Page 1 of 2
Effective January 2011, version 4 (map version 5).
E
B
map
ref
Charles CasuaDarwin Gilruth
rina
Progress Darwin
InterAv/
Parap Fannie Drive
InterUnichange Casino Shops
Bay
Shops versity change
I
Bus Route
Friday Nights Only
9:50
10:25
10:55
11:45
10:00
10:35
11:05
11:55
....
....
....
....
10:06
10:41
11:11
12:01
10:12
10:47
11:17
12:07
10:27
11:02
11:32
12:22
10:37
11:12
11:42
12:32
am
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6:05
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:35
9:05
9:40
10:10
10:40
11:15
11:45
12:20
12:55
1:30
2:00
2:35
3:05
3:40
4:10
4:45
5:15
5:50
6:35
7:00
8:10
9:00
9:50
10:40
11:30
6:15
7:10
7:40
8:10
8:45
9:15
9:50
10:20
10:50
11:25
11:55
12:30
1:05
1:40
2:10
2:45
3:15
3:50
4:20
4:55
5:25
6:00
6:45
7:10
8:20
9:10
10:00
10:50
11:40
6:22
7:17
7:47
8:17
8:52
9:22
9:57
10:27
10:57
11:32
12:02
12:37
1:12
1:47
2:17
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
2:51
3:21
3:56
4:26
5:01
5:31
6:06
6:51
7:16
8:26
9:16
10:06
10:56
11:46
6:29
7:24
7:54
8:24
8:59
9:29
10:04
10:34
11:04
11:39
12:09
12:44
1:19
1:54
2:24
2:58
3:28
4:03
4:33
5:08
5:38
6:13
6:58
7:23
8:33
9:23
10:13
11:03
11:53
6:46
7:41
8:11
8:41
9:16
9:46
10:21
10:51
11:21
11:56
12:26
1:01
1:36
2:11
2:41
3:16
3:46
4:21
4:51
5:26
5:56
6:31
7:16
7:41
8:51
9:41
10:31
11:21
12:11
6:55
7:50
8:20
8:50
9:25
9:55
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:05
12:37
1:10
1:45
2:20
2:50
3:22
3:52
4:27
4:57
5:32
6:02
6:37
7:22
7:47
8:57
9:47
10:37
11:27
12:17
Saturday
Major
Stops
A
4
4
4
4
pm
H
7 min
6:30
7:00
7:15
7:30
7:50
8:00
8:20
8:33
8:50
9:00
9:15
9:35
10:12
10:45
11:18
11:55
12:24
1:00
1:30
2:03
2:18
2:28
3:10
3:25
3:50
4:06
4:35
4:55
5:18
5:42
6:06
6:30
7:04
7:18
7:42
8:35
9:10
9:35
pm
There are no services on Good Friday and Christmas Day.
Timing points are estimates only and are
subject to traffic and weather conditions.
I
F
10 min
Charles CasuaDarwin Gilruth
rina
Progress Darwin
InterAv/
Parap Fannie Drive
InterUnichange Casino Shops
Bay
Shops versity change
Bus Route
Monday to Friday
6:38
7:08
7:25
7:56
8:10
8:32
9:00
9:31
10:05
10:39
11:13
11:47
12:21
12:55
1:29
2:12
2:30
3:02
3:22
3:40
4:00
4:15
4:27
4:40
5:00
5:12
5:32
5:48
6:15
6:38
7:01
7:24
8:45
9:39
Major
Stops
E
4 min
4
4
4(a)
4
4(e)
4(a)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Darwin to Casuarina
via Fannie Bay, Nightcliff, Rapid Creek, Alawa and University
Darwin Gilruth
InterAv/
change Casino
D
7 min
Gilruth Darwin
Av/
InterCasino change
am
pm
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4(f)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
H
G
F
E
B
A
Sunday & Public Holidays
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:35
9:05
9:40
10:10
10:40
11:15
11:45
12:20
12:55
1:30
2:00
2:35
3:05
3:40
4:10
4:45
5:15
5:50
6:35
7:00
7:10
7:40
8:10
8:45
9:15
9:50
10:20
10:50
11:25
11:55
12:30
1:05
1:40
2:10
2:45
3:15
3:50
4:20
4:55
5:25
6:00
6:45
7:10
7:17
7:47
8:17
8:52
9:22
9:57
10:27
10:57
11:32
12:02
12:37
1:12
1:47
2:17
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
2:51
3:21
3:56
4:26
5:01
5:31
6:06
6:51
7:16
7:24
7:54
8:24
8:59
9:29
10:04
10:34
11:04
11:39
12:09
12:44
1:19
1:54
2:24
2:58
3:28
4:03
4:33
5:08
5:38
6:13
6:58
7:23
7:41
8:11
8:41
9:16
9:46
10:21
10:51
11:21
11:56
12:26
1:01
1:36
2:11
2:41
3:16
3:46
4:21
4:51
5:26
5:56
6:31
7:16
7:41
7:50
8:20
8:50
9:25
9:55
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:05
12:37
1:10
1:45
2:20
2:50
3:22
3:52
4:27
4:57
5:32
6:02
6:37
7:22
7:47
Explanations
(a) Casuarina to Darwin via Ludmilla. Normal route of travel to Dick Ward Dr until
Fitzer Dr then Harney St, Maranungu St, Nadpur St, Dick Ward Dr then back onto
normal route.
(b) Darwin to Casuarina via Ludmilla. Normal route of travel to Dick Ward Dr,
Nadpur St, Maranungu St, Hearney St, Fitzer Dr, Dick Ward Dr, then back onto
normal route.
(c) Darwin to Casuarina via Nightcliff Primary School and St Paul’s School School term only. Normal route of travel to Aralia St, Pandanus St, Nightcliff Rd,
Ryland Rd, Waters St, Francis St, Trower Rd, then back onto normal route.
(e) Casuarina to Darwin via Essington School. Normal route to Ryland Rd,
Rossiter St, Chapman Rd, Chrisp St then back onto normal route.
(f) Darwin to Casuarina via Parap. Normal route of travel to East Point Rd, then
Gregory St, Parap Rd (Parap Markets), Ross Smith Av, Dick Ward Dr, then back
onto normal route.
(g) Darwin to Casuarina via Parap. Normal route to Dick Ward Dr until Ross Smith
Av, then Ross Smith Av, Parap Rd (Parap Markets), Gregory St, East Point Rd
then back onto normal route.
Public Transport can be contacted by phone on 08 8924 7666 between 6:45am - 4:30pm
Monday to Friday and 9:00am - 1:00pm Saturday or at www.nt.gov.au/publictransport
Effective December 2012, version 5 (map version 5)
Page 1 of 2
12 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Stokes
Attractions and accommodation options
located
outside the city are shown on
3 Leichardt
Memorial
15 Crocosa
MAP B - Darwin City and Suburbs.
4 The Cenotaph
16
Burnett
5 Lyons
Cottage (B.A.T House)
17 Framed
For further information and bookings
for accommodation,
attractions, tours,
6 Chinese
andVisitor
Museum
fishing charters, cruises and vehicle
hire callTemple
in to the
Information 18 Wave L
7 Parliament
HouseCity.
/ NT Library
19 Darwin
Centre. You can find us at 6 Bennett
Street, Darwin
8
Deckchair Cinema
20
Government House
21 Chan C
22 Darwin
Attractions in Darwin City Survivors Lookout
11
WWII
Oil
Storage
Tunnels
1 Aquascene / Doctors Gully
12 Indo Pacific Marine
2 USS Peary / USAAF Memorial
14
Hill Wharf
Hotels15 /Stokes
Motels
/Apartments
3 Leichardt Memorial
Crocosaurus Cove
1 Palms Motel
17 Novotel
Attractions and accommodation options located outside
city are shown on
4 Thethe
Cenotaph
16 Burnett House - Myilly Point
2 Alatai Apartments
18 Value In
MAP B - Darwin City and Suburbs.
5 Lyons Cottage (B.A.T House)
17 Framed - The Darwin Gallery
3 Quality Hotel Frontier Darwin
19 Darwin
6 Chinese
Temple and
Museum
18 Wave Lagoon, Beach & Water Recreation
For further information and bookings for accommodation,
attractions,
tours,
4 Vitina Studio Motel
20 Mantra
7 Parliament
House / NT Library 6
19 Darwin Convention Centre
fishing charters, cruises and vehicle hire call in to the
Visitor Information
21 The Cav
Peninsular Apartments
Deckchair Cinema
20 Darwin Amphitheatre
Centre. You can find us at 6 Bennett Street, Darwin 8City.
7 City Gardens
22 Crowne
Apartments
9 Government House
21
Chan Contemparary Art Space 23
8 Mediterranean
All Suite Hotel
Palms C
Tel:1300 138 886 / (08) 8980 6000 or online: www.tourismtopend.com.au
10 Survivors Lookout
22 Darwin Entertainment Centre
9 Marrakai Luxury All Suites
24 Mandal
11 WWII Oil Storage Tunnels
Attractions in Darwin City
10 Poinciana Inn Darwin
25 Coast H
1 Aquascene / Doctors Gully
12 Indo Pacific Marine
11 Quest Darwin
26 Medina
Hotels / Motels /Apartments
2 USS Peary / USAAF Memorial
14 Stokes Hill1 Wharf
12 Travelodge
27
Mirambeena
Resort
Darwin
Vibe Ho
17 Novotel Atrium Darwin
Palms Motel
3 Leichardt Memorial
15 Crocosaurus
13 Holiday
28 SKYCITY
CoveApartments
AN
Inn
Darwin
2 Alatai
18 Value
InnCASINO DRIVE
28
QU
4 The Cenotaph
N
16 Burnett House
14 Holiday
29I RD A
- Myilly
Point
Inn Esplanade
Darwin
3 Quality
19 Darwin
CH Argus
Hotel
Frontier Darwin
Central Hotel
5 Lyons Cottage (B.A.T House)
17 Framed - 4The Darwin Gallery
16 Mantra
Pandanus
20 Mantra
Vitina Studio Motel
on the Esplanade
6 Chinese Temple and Museum
18 Wave Lagoon,
Beach & Apartments
Water Recreation
6 Peninsular
21 The Cavenagh
7 Parliament House / NT Library
Hostels
/
Backpackers
- Bed & Breakfast in Da
19 Darwin Convention
Centre
7 City Gardens Apartments
22 Crowne Plaza Darwin
1 Barramundi
8 Deckchair Cinema
Lodge
7 Frogs-Hol
20 Darwin Amphitheatre
8 Mediterranean All Suite Hotel
Palms
City Resort
2 Elkes23Inner
City Lodge
9 Melaleuca
9 Government House
21 Chan Contemparary
SpaceAll Suites
9 MarrakaiArt
24 View
3 Banyan
Luxury
Mandalay
Lodge Luxury Stay
10 The Youth
10 Survivors Lookout
22 Darwin Entertainment
4 YMCA25Darwin
10 Poinciana Centre
T
11 Chillis Bac
Inn
Darwin
Coast
Holiday
Accommodation
11 WWII Oil Storage Tunnels
5 Darwin
EE Darwin
11 Quest Darwin
12 Ashton Lo
26 YHA
Medina RGrand
6 Dingo Moon Lodge
T
12 Travelodge Mirambeena Resort Darwin
27 Vibe SHotel
Hotels / Motels /Apartments
13
28
Holiday
Inn Darwin
SKYCITY Darwin
1 Palms Motel
17 Novotel Atrium
Visitor Information
Darwin Bus Term
Darwin
14
29 Argus Apartments
2 Alatai Apartments
18 Value Inn Holiday Inn Esplanade Darwin
General Post Office
Transit Centre
16 Mantra Pandanus
3 Quality Hotel Frontier Darwin
19 Darwin Central Hotel
M
DIN
IU 17
ATM - Auto Teller AH
4 Vitina Studio Motel
Cycle & Walking
20 Mantra on the Esplanade
BE
AN T
R
S
E
Hostels / Backpackers
- Bed & Breakfast in Darwin City
G
6 Peninsular Apartments
21 The Cavenagh
Darwin
Tel:1300 138 886 / (08) 8980 6000
or online: www.tourismtopend.com.au
9
10
UE
EN
AV
LA
TC
E
EY
AH
D
2
RO
AD
5
13 14
1
D
AK
RR
ES
26 18
19
5
23
3
Lameroo Beach
21
7
10
DARWIN
WATERFRONT
9
PLANADE RVO
IS R
ES
JE
D
8
4
KI
TCHE N
12
DARWIN
CONVENTION CENTRE
STOKES HILL WHARF
FORT HILL WHARF
CRUISE SHIP TERMINAL
RR
LA
Larrakeyah Defence Force Base
Restricted access
STREET
SHEPHERD STREET
McLACHLAN STREET
LINDSAY
McLACHLAN
ST
BRIGGS
ST
Lame
DRIV
E
HUGHES AVE
22
3
2
14
11
11
Bicenten
DR
17 20 24
WEST LANE
SMITH ST
KITCHENER
15 9 18 12
STREET
10 11
THE MALL
BENNETT
KNUCKEY
SEARCY
ST
19
SHADFORTH LA
12
ESPLANADE
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LR
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STREET
S TO K
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21
McMINN STR
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TC
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25
7
MITCHELL
22
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AR
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CK
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FOELSCHE
ST
CARDONA
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ST
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MAUNA LOA
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PACKARD
ST
2
4
SCHULTZE ST
PLACE
BURN
MORINDA
ST
LAMBELL TCE
BAROSSA STREET
27
Larrakeyah Defence Force Base
AUSTIN LANE
Restricted access
EDMUND
ST
LINDSAY
MANTON
ST
GARDINER
ST
BARNESON STREET
STREET
MOTT
CRT
McLACHLAN
ST
WHITFIELD
ST
SHEPHERD STREET
BRIGGS
ST
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STREET
S
Larrakeyah
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STRE
9
Restricted ac
AK
PA
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AR
ET
RE
ST
25
6
Bicentennial Park
EL
1
ESPLANADE
16
29
HERBERT
ST
13 14
STREET
STREET
MITCHELL
22
6
ER
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10
6
5
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SCHULTZE ST
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3
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11
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Fishermans Wharf
Darwin Bus
DR
IV
E
LITCHFIELD STREET
PEEL
BAROSSA STREET
2
9
McLACHLAN
ST
STREET
DOCTORS
GULLY
PACKARD
ST
6 Bus
Darwin
PEARY
ST
Supermarket
STREET
STREET
STREET
LLE ST
M E LVI
MITCHELL
MORINDA
ST
SMITH
Police Station
LAMBELL TCE
BURN
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DASHWOOD CR
Darwin Cinema
7
12
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ET
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CULLEN BAY
MARINA
EN AND MANDORAH
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16
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7 Frogs-Hollow Backpackers Resort
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9 Melaleuca
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10 The Youth Shack
ST
FINNISS
11 Chillis Backpackers
112 Ashton
2 Lodge
RO 1
AD
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Bay
AN
ERM
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1 Barramundi
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QU
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3 Banyan View Lodge
S
4 YMCA Darwin
5 Darwin YHA
6 Dingo Moon Lodge
A
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20
Hostels
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MIR
28
y
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Y
GHWA
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Mindil Beach
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16
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s, tours,
ation
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shown on
7
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GI
6
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H
4
Visitor Information
AC
3
17 Novotel Atrium Darwin
Palms Motel
18 Value Inn
Alatai Apartments
19 Darwin Central Hotel
Quality Hotel Frontier Darwin
20 Mantra on the Esplanade
Vitina Studio Motel
21 The Cavenagh
Peninsular Apartments
22 Crowne Plaza Darwin
ET
City Gardens Apartments
RE
23 Palms City Resort
Mediterranean All Suite Hotel
ST
24 Mandalay Luxury Stay
Marrakai Luxury All Suites
25 Coast Holiday Accommodation
Poinciana Inn Darwin
26 Medina Grand Darwin
Quest Darwin
UM
DINAH
NI 17
BE
A
27
R T
Travelodge Mirambeena Resort Darwin
Vibe Hotel
GE S
28
Holiday Inn Darwin
SKYCITY Darwin
29 Argus Apartments
Holiday Inn Esplanade Darwin
Mantra Pandanus
DUKE
2
TI
1
AVENUE
Hotels / Motels /Apartments
AVENUE
11
RO 1
AD
ATM - Auto Teller
7
9
10
11
12
K
Place of Worship
ST
10
Barramundi Lodge
Elkes Inner City Lodge
Banyan View Lodge
YMCA Darwin
Darwin YHA
Dingo Moon Lodge
16
MARINA
HARVEY
AND MANDORAH
FERRY STREET
NTransit
A Centre & FISHING CHARTER
TERMINAL
FINNISS STCycle & Walking Path
SCH
MB
EE
Hostels / Backpackers - Bed & Breakfast in DarwinInternet
City Café
1
2
3
4
5
6
Y
GHWA
HI
9
20
A
8
Mindil Beach
Internet
Café
7 Frogs-Hollow
Backpackers
T PL Resort
ET
9 Melaleuca on Mitchell
Public Toilets
10 The Youth Shack
11 Chillis
BackpackersVE
Darwin
Cinema
A
12 Ashton Lodge IN
L
Police Station AH
1 Barramundi Lodge
2 Elkes
Crowne Plaza
Darwin
Inner City Lodge
Banyan View Lodge
Palms City3 Resort
4
YMCA Darwin
24 Mandalay Luxury
Stay
5 Darwin YHA
25 Coast Holiday
Accommodation
6 Dingo Moon Lodge
26 Medina Grand Darwin
27 Vibe Hotel Visitor Information
28 SKYCITY
G ARDarwin
DEGeneral
NS Post Office
29 Argus Apartments
MIR
7
Indo Pacific Marine
14 Stokes Hill Wharf
15 Crocosaurus Cove
16 Burnett House - Myilly Point
17 Framed - The Darwin Gallery
18 Wave Lagoon, Beach & Water Recreation
19 Darwin Convention Centre
20 Darwin Amphitheatre
21 Chan Contemparary Art Space
22 Darwin Entertainment Centre
GILRUTH
6
12
RT
UA
ST
5
23
CRES
4
22
8
City Gardens Apartments
Mediterranean All Suite Hotel
9 Marrakai Luxury All Suites
10 Poinciana Inn Darwin
11 Quest Darwin
AN
1228
Travelodge
Mirambeena
CASINO
DRIVE Resort NDarwin
QU
I D
13 Holiday Inn Darwin
CH R
14 Holiday Inn Esplanade Darwin
16 Mantra Pandanus
Attractions in Darwin City
3
7
HILL
Tel:1300 138 886 / (08) 8980 6000 or online: www.tourismtopend.com.au
ENS
GARD
UE
EN
AV
For further information and bookings for accommodation, attractions, tours,
fishing charters, cruises and vehicle hire call in to the Visitor Information
Centre. You can find us at 6 Bennett Street, Darwin City.
George Brown
Botanic Gardens
DOCTORS
GULLY
H
UT
LR
Attractions and accommodation options located outside the city are shown on
MAP B - Darwin City and Suburbs.
Aquascene / Doctors Gully
USS Peary / USAAF Memorial
Leichardt Memorial
The Cenotaph
Lyons Cottage (B.A.T House)
Chinese Temple and Museum
Parliament House / NT Library
Deckchair Cinema
Government House
Survivors Lookout
WWII Oil Storage Tunnels
GILRUTH
GI
Map A - Darwin City
2
George B
Botanic G
Mindil Beach
www.tourismtopend.com.au
1
H
UT
LR
Maps
GI
Map A - Darwin City
DARWIN HARBOUR
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
13
Maps
www.tourismtopend.com.au
Map B - Darwin City & Suburbs
Outer Darwin Region
Outer Darwin Region
This map shows Darwin City and surrounding suburbs to the north and indicates the
location of major visitor attractions and accommodation options available.
The map should be read in conjunction with Map A which provides a more detailed
view of the city and its features.
For further information contact the Visitor information Centre on 1300 138 886 /
(08) 8980 6000 or online: www.tourismtopend.com.au
Attractions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
19
11
12
13
14
3
Casuarina Coastal Reserve
Casuarina Square Shopping Centre
Darwin Military Museum/
Defence of Darwin Experience
East Point Reserve
Mangrove Boardwalk
Ross and Keith Smith Memorial
Fannie Bay Gaol
Fannie Bay Racecourse
Darwin Sailing Club
Museum and Art Gallery of the NT
George Brown Darwin Botanic Gardens
Mindil Beach Sunset Markets
SKYCITY Darwin - Casino
Cullen Bay Marina and
Mandorah Ferry & Fishing Charter
Teriminal
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
2
4
5
6
7
8
Coconut Grove Holiday Apartments
Parap Village Apartments
SKYCITY Darwin
Cullen Bay Holiday Apartments
Marina View Serviced Apartments
Rydges Darwin Airport Resort
Rydges Darwin Airport Hotel
9
11
12
13
14
15
Best Western Darwin Airport Gateway Motel
Hi Way Inn Motel Darwin
Dragonfly House
Orana Lodge
Quest Parap
Casa on Gregory
Hostels, Backpackers, Bed & Breakfast, Caravan Parks
1
Aurora Shady Glen Tourist Park
HiddenValley Tourist Park
4
Beale’s Bedfish & Breakfast
Darwin FreeSpirit Resort
3 Grungle Downs Tropical Bed & Breakfast 6 Bromeliad Bed and Breakfast
2
RD
5
Hospital
Boat ramp
General Post Office
Caravan/Camping Park
Public Toilets
15
Quest Palmerston
Bed & Breakfast
Lure Inn
12
14
Hotels / Motels /Apartments
1
Gardens Park Golf Links
Framed – The Darwin Gallery
Charles Darwin National Park
Australian Aviation Heritage Centre
Holmes Jungle Nature Park
Crocodylus Park
Parap Village Markets
Nightcliff Markets
Rapid Creek Markets
Leanyer Recreation Park & Waterslides
Flight Path Golf & Archery Range
Darwin Trailor Boat Club
Darwin Golf Club
Darwin Show Grounds & Exhibition Centre
BBQ
Barbeque
Police Station
Visitor Information
Bike Paths
Public Swimming Pool
Berry Springs Lakes
Holiday Park
13
Outer Darwin Attractions
1
Howard Springs Nature Park
Jenny’s Orchid Garden
3 Palmerston Shopping Centre/Cmax Cinemas
4 Reidy’s Fishing Lure Factory
5 Didgeridoo Hut and Art Gallery
6 Berry Springs Nature Reserve
7 Territory Wildlife Park
8 Fogg Dam Reserve
9 Window on the Wetlands
10 Jumping Crocodile Cruises
11 Leaders Creek Fishing Base
12 Wetland Cruises (Corroboree Billabong)
12 Wetland Cruises (Corroboree Billabong)
13 Crazy Acres Farm Shop
14 Flicking Fresh Barramundi Farm
15 Palmerston Water Park
2
Casuarina Bus Terminal
14 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Maps
L EE P O I NT
BBQ
www.tourismtopend.com.au
LEE
POINT
RD
CAS
U
ARIN
AB
E
ACH
Le e Poi nt
V i l l a ge Re s or t
MAP B - Darwin City and suburbs
SU
BE
TIWI
BRINKIN
TROWER
AMBULANCE
POLICE
RD
9
DRV
OSGOOD DRV
M arrara Spo rt s
C o m pl e x
E
HENRY WRIGLEY
OSGOOD DRV
DRV
DICK W
ARD
14
15
10
TIGE
RB
RE
AVE
UTH
11
GILR
STUART
Golf Course
5
LA R R A K E YA H
ARMY BASE
LARRAKEYAH
NAVY PATROL BOAT BASE
DOCTORS
GULLY
AM
POLICE
13
McM
14
ILLA
DRV
NS
3
HNSON
HIGHWAY
TIGER BRENNAN DRV
CHARLES DARWIN
NATIONAL PARK
AMY JO
2
Avi a ti on He r i ta ge Ce ntr e
28
D ar wi n Sh o w G ro u n ds
D ar wi n
G re yh o u n d
Trac k
S ha d y
Gl e n
Ca r a va n
Pa r k
1
4
5
6
STUA
AVE
RT
SON
JOHN
COONAWARRA
AMY
1
VANDERLIN
11
18
HIGH
7
5
WAY
2
CO O NAWARRA NAVAL B AS E
TIG
ER
BRE
NNA
N
8
Hi d d e n
Va l l e y
Tour i s t
Pa r k
MC
2
DR
V
MIN
CH
FORT HILL
WHARF
H
G
WISHART
STOKES HILL
WHARF
RD
P
Fr a nc e s B ay
DARWIN WHARF
PRECINCT
Aur
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FISHERMANS JETTY
DARWIN
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Coc
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Ma
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Hi d d e n Va l l e y M otor S p or ts Comp l e x
Cas
Cas
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Ma
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Fan
Fan
Dar
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Geo
Min
SKY
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Ma
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BERRIMAH
DARWIN FISHING
HARBOUR MOORING
BASIN
N
ER O
D a r w in H a r b o u r
12
20
POLICE
STUART
PARK
L
OB
EA
S
BBQ
N DVE
TI G E R BRENNA
15
EMERY P O I N T
BAYVIEW
11
LAN
BERRIMAH RD
12 THE 16
13 4 GARDENS
DIL
MIN
6
STUART
17
HIGHWAY
CH
14
WOOLNER
George Brown
Dar win Botanical
Gardens
BEA
CULLEN BAY
R A A F BA S E
WINNELLIE
13
10
19
25
DVE
AN
NN
Museum & Art Galler y
of the
BU LLOC K Y
Northern Territor y
P OINT
DARWIN INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
BAGOT
8
PARAP
VEST
EYS B
EACH
T
POIN
2
21
Richardson Park
(Rugby League HQ)
MIL
RD
RD
AMBULANCE
EAST
F annie Ba y
ROSS SMITH
7
26
9
LUDMILLA
8
9
MC
HOOK
CH
6
Fannie Bay
Race course
(Dar win Turf Club)
7
6
M al ak
C arav an
P ark
M arrara C ri c k e t
G ro u n d
THE NARROWS
DICK
A
AY B E
NIE B
FANNIE BAY
6
AVE
RD
FA N
WARD
D UDL E Y P O I N T
M YI L LY P O I N T
Golf Course
5
KARAMA
D ar wi n
G o l f C o u rse
NORTH LAKES
8
5
BBQ
NT Hockey
Association
4
Da r wi n Ai r p or t
Re s or t
DRV
BBQ
So c c e r
MALAK
DRV
DRV
EAST POINT RESERVE
F o o t bal l O v al
4
IN
VANDERLIN
BAGOT
DRV
ST
4
27
C l ay Targ e t C l u b
7
3
BBQ
ERL
ANULA
O pt u s O v al
Athletics
Arafura
Stadium
2
BBQ
MARRARA
NT Institute
of Sport
24
VAN
D
RD
MC MILLANS RD
NEAL
3
1
Le an ye r
Re c re at i o n
P ark
JINGILI MOIL
T R
D
23
RD
DRV
BBQ
MILLNER
COCONUT
GROVE
Attra
WULAGI
RD
ROTHDALE
DICK WARD
TROWER
For fu
(08) 8
LEANYER
DRV
ALAWA WAGAMAN
LEE POIN
TROW
POLICE
EAST P O I N T
LIN
ROTHDALE
D
ER R
22
BBQ
VANDER
2
BBQ
RAPID CREEK
The m
view o
WANGURI
CASUARINA
BBQ
E A S T P O IN T
M ILITA RY M U S E U M
Tr a cy V i l l a ge
S p or ts & S oci a l
Cl ub
MAP B
HTC
This m
locatio
RD
NAKARA
For further information contact the Visitor Information Centre on 1300
EAC H 886.
F B 138
LIF
12
1
GA
A
NG G
KK I
RD
BBQ
1
LEE POINT
BBQ
The map should be read in conjunction with Map A overleaf which provides a more
detailed view of the city and its features.
NIGHTCLIFF
INT RD
LEE PO
ST
Beagle Gulf
NIG
Le e Poi nt
V i l l a ge Re s or t
LYONS
DARWIN PRIVATE
HOSPITAL
This map shows Darwin City and its suburbs to the north and indicates the
location of major visitor attractions and accommodation options available throughout the city
and outlying areas.
Ma
ROYAL DARWIN
HOSPITAL
GALM A
ARRM
CRT
CA
AC
H
LYONS UNDER
DEVELOPMENT
NA
ARI
P
B
C
TH E G HAN - R ailway Station
BERRIMAH
RD
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
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Conference Timetable
Wednesday 1 October
5:00pm
Tim Smith - Public lecture - HMAS AE2 Submarine
NT Library (Parliament House)
6:30pm – 7:45pm
Opening Drinks NT Government House
Thursday 2 October
8:00am
Conference Registration
8:20am – 8:30am
Welcome to Larrakia Country
8:30am – 9:30am
Keynote Address - Dr Antony Firth
Risks, Resources and Significance: navigating a sustainable course for
marine development-led archaeology
Session One
9:30am – 10:45am
Maritime Heritage and the Environmental Assessment Regime
Chair: Amer Khan
10:45am -11:15am
Morning Break
Session Two
11:15am - 12:20pm
Coastal Archaeology and Maritime Heritage
Chair: Dr Brad Duncan
12:20pm -1pm
Lunch
Session Three
1pm - 2.30pm
Archaeological Impact Studies
Chair: David Nutley
2:30pm – 3pm
Afternoon Break
Session Four
3pm -
Open Session
Chair: David Steinberg
Friday 3 October
8:30am – 9:30am
Guest Speaker - Associate Professor Kevin Crisman
Coffins of the Brave: Lake Shipwrecks of the War of 1812
Session Five
9.30am - 11am
The Archaeology of Conflict
Chair: Dr Silvano Jung
11am – 11:30am
Morning Tea
Session Six
11.30am - 12.30pm
Mitigating Impact and the role of Pragmatism
Chair: Paddy Watterson
12:30pm - 1:15pm
Lunch
1:15pm- 2pm
Guest Speaker - Professor Paul Tacon
Maritime heritage from an Indigenous visual perspective: depictions at
rock art sites and on portable objects
Session Seven
2pm - 3pm
Indigenous Narratives and Maritime Archaeology
Chairs: Dr Jennifer McKinnon, Dr Amy Roberts and Maddy Fowler
3:00pm -3:30pm
Afternoon break
Session Eight
3.30pm - 5pm
Monsoon Coast
Chair: Corioli Souter
5pm
AIMA Annual General Meeting (Museum)
from 6pm
Conference Dinner and Awards (Darwin Sailing Club)
16 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Guest Speaker Profiles & Abstracts
Keynote address
Dr Antony Firth
Fjordr’s Director, Antony Firth, has been at
the forefront of the development of marine
archaeology for over 20 years and has an
unparalleled range of skills and experience
in marine development-led archaeology and
conducting major, innovative projects.
Early in his career, Antony combined academic
training in European and international
organisations, and sea-use law and management,
with practical diving-based fieldwork on both
submerged prehistoric sites and shipwrecks.
Antony’s PhD included a detailed analysis of
marine heritage management across seven
countries in north-west Europe, combining
research into the history and implementation of
UK legislation with commercial diving in support
of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 as a member
of the Archaeological Diving Unit (ADU).
one of the most capable specialist teams in
this sector anywhere in the world. During this
time Antony was involved in a very wide range of
marine archaeological projects, including major
development-led schemes, strategic research into
methods and applications, and projects designed
to broaden engagement with industry, schools and
the general public.
Antony worked for Wessex Archaeology for
almost 16 years, initially as a Project Manager
and then as Head of Coastal and Marine, building
As well as authoring numerous reports, Antony
has continued to publish extensively across a
range of topics relating to marine archaeology.
Risks, Resources and Significance: navigating a sustainable course for marine
development-led archaeology
Our world is as dependent on the sea as it has ever been, for transport, raw materials, energy,
communication and other basic needs. Satisfying these needs requires infrastructure and activity that
have effects on marine and coastal environments, including elements of the historic environment. In
consequence, marine development sits at the sharp point where archaeology meets today’s society.
Archaeological investigations prompted by marine development present an enormous opportunity to
understand and safeguard aspects of the past that are hitherto little explored. But such investigations
also require daily negotiation of the principles, ethics and role of archaeology in society. This paper
takes the combined purposes of archaeology – research, conservation and public engagement – as a
framework for examining practical questions raised by marine development-led archaeology in respect
of risks, resources, and the significance of the past. Examples are drawn from the author’s experience
of marine development-led archaeology in the UK since the early 1990s.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
17
Professor Paul S.C. Taçon FAHA FSA
Paul S.C. Taçon FAHA FSA is Chair in Rock Art
Research and Professor of Anthropology and
Archaeology in the School of Humanities, Griffith
University, Queensland. He also directs Griffith
University’s Place, Evolution and Rock Art Heritage
Unit (PERAHU).
Prof. Taçon has conducted archaeological and
ethnographic fieldwork since 1980 and has over
84 months field experience in remote parts
of Australia, Cambodia, Canada, China, India,
Malaysia, Myanmar, southern Africa, Thailand and
the USA. Prof.
Taçon co-edited The Archaeology of Rock-art with
Dr. Christopher Chippindale (1998 and republished
4 times) and has published over 200 academic
and popular papers on prehistoric art, body
art, material culture, colour, cultural evolution,
identity and contemporary Indigenous issues.
Much of his current research is related to better
situating Australian archaeology and contact
history in a Southeast Asian regional context
and to more fully involving Indigenous peoples in
archaeological research. Prof. Taçon leads the
Protect Australia’s Spirit campaign devoted to
raising awareness about and threats to Australia’s
unique rock art heritage and the establishment of
an Australian national rock art heritage strategy.
In 2013 he edited the December special issue on
maritime rock art of The Great Circle, Journal of
the Australian Association for Maritime History.
Maritime heritage from an Indigenous visual perspective: depictions at rock art
sites and on portable objects
Indigenous peoples in many parts of the world were fascinated by the transport that brought new
groups to their traditional lands. At rock art sites and on early portable objects detailed paintings,
drawings and engravings were made showing everything from various types of watercraft to horses,
camels, elephants, airplanes, automobiles, bicycles and buggies. Ships are the most common and in
Australia these include a range of Macassan and European vessels, usually away from where they were
sighted and sometimes far inland. In this highly visual presentation this fascination with transport is
explored with a focus on depictions of maritime subject matter.
Examples are drawn from across Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including Djulirri in Arnhem
Land with over 20 magnificent paintings and Tham Phrayanaga in southern Thailand with over 70. It is
argued that these pictures served a variety of roles. They are about recording historic events that had
big impacts, informing other people about a changing world, empowerment and memory. They are also
about creatively and affirmatively participating in cultural change. The depictions of ships and other
forms of transport tell the story of the arrival of new people to Indigenous lands, something that would
change Indigenous cultures in unexpected and profound ways. Together with other forms of contact
period rock art they form a unique historical archive of the reverse gaze of colonisation.
18 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Associate Professor Kevin Crisman
Kevin Crisman is an associate professor at
the Nautical Archaeology Program and the
Director of Center for Maritime Archaeology and
Conservation at Texas A&M University. Kevin
specializes in world seafaring from A.D.1400 to
the present and teaches courses in New World
seafaring, post-Medieval European seafaring,
and historical archaeology. He has directed or
participated in the underwater investigation of
numerous wrecks, including sailing merchant
craft, naval ships, steamers, and canal boats.
Recently, Dr Crisman has been directing the
archaeological excavation of an 1832 Western
River Steamboat in the Red River of Oklahoma.
His publications include The Eagle: An American
Brig on Lake Champlain During the War of 1812
(New England Press and Naval Institute Press)
and When Horses Walked on Water: HorsePowered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America
(Smithsonian Institution Press; co-authored with
Arthur Cohn).
“Coffins of the Brave”: The Archaeology of a Freshwater Naval War, 1812-1815
The years 2012-2015 mark the 200th anniversary of the Anglo-American War of 1812, a short, intense
conflict over freedom of the seas and territorial ambitions in North America. During the war, much
naval and military activity focused on three separate lake systems straddling the U.S.-Canadian border:
Lake Champlain in the east, Lake Ontario, and the upper Great Lakes. In all three theaters shipwrights
labored in wilderness conditions to build naval squadrons comprised of sloops of war, frigates, and
even (on one lake) ships of the line. This lecture will discuss the results of thirty years of archaeological
research under the lakes, describing and comparing the design philosophy and workmanship evident in
the U.S. and Royal Navy warships.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
19
Session and Paper Abstracts
Session One
Maritime Heritage and the Environmental Assessment Regime
Chair - Amer Khan
Senior Maritime Heritage Officer
Department of Environment, Water sand Natural Resources, South Australia
[email protected]
Whether impacts to maritime heritage are mitigated effectively is in part dependant on whether a site
is protected under heritage law. But this is only part of the picture. Many decisions that determine
whether significant cultural heritage is conserved are made through other government processes
dealing with planning, development permits and environmental assessments. For example, whether
previously unrecorded cultural heritage in a project footprint is considered in a project assessment,
may depend on the language of an Environment Impact Statement. Whether dredging, or land
reclamation, or spoil dumping is monitored effectively for impacts, may depend on when the developer
gets advice regarding possible heritage impacts, mandatory referral triggers, permit conditions, and
how reporting outcomes are subsequently integrated back into the planning system.
This session will review the environmental impact assessment referral processes in different jurisdictions
and how heritage legislation is recognised within these bigger frameworks. With the prospect of Australia
ratifying the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage it is timely to
consider how these management and planning regimes will respond to its standards.
Durlg (Dreaming), Dredging and
Development: Sacred Landscapes in
Darwin and Bynoe Harbour
Dr Ben Scambary
Chief Executive Officer, Aboriginal Areas
Protection Authority (AAPA)
[email protected]
Gareth Lewis
Senior Anthropologist, Aboriginal Areas Protection
Authority (AAPA)
[email protected]
In the context of recent and current major
industrial development in and around Darwin
harbour, Larrakia sacred sites, cultural landscapes
and values associated with marine country have
been re-scrutinised and engaged with in various
ways as part of the development approvals
process. The Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority
(AAPA) in accordance with the Northern Territory
Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act, has undertaken
extensive consultations and fieldwork with Larakia
site custodians in recent years as part of these
approvals for INPEX, the East Arm Port, Darwin
Waterfront and various other developments.
These investigations have demonstrated that
Larrakia belief systems and values, whilst at times
incongruent with major development, remain vital,
persistent and adaptable so that Larrakia people
both individually and collectively are seeking
engagement opportunities with government and
developers both for economic opportunities and
for the protection of the cultural values essential
to Larrakia identity and land and sea country. This
paper will examine the role that AAPA plays in
the dialogue between Larrakia and the world of
development and through examples highlight the
unique and innovative ways in which Larrakia seek
to engage with an often nonreciprocal corporate
world.
Going to Plan: the protection of historic
shipwrecks and the planning referral
system in South Australia
Amer Khan
Senior Maritime Heritage Officer
Department of Environment, Water and Natural
Resources , South Australian Government amer.
[email protected]
With the prospect of Australia ratifying the 2001
UNESCO Convention it is timely to consider
20 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
how heritage legislation and planning regimes
interact. This paper will review the environmental
impact assessment process in South Australia
and focus on how historic shipwreck legislation
“embeds” within the broader planning system.
Understanding our experiences with legislative
integration already in place to protect historic
shipwrecks is essential to develop our thinking
and consideration of regulatory changes needed
for the protection of UCH.
Guidelines for Maritime Archaeological
Consultants: A Framework
Alex Moss
Principal Consultant, Maritime Heritage Surveys
[email protected]
A need has been identified in informing and
allowing a mutual understanding of requirements,
processes and obligations for heritage
practitioners, marine developers and industry.
A Framework has been produced to encourage
the production of Guidelines For Best Practice,
and to invite discussion. How Australia manages
Underwater Cultural Heritage has been in part
influenced by other countries. It is reasonable
to look at these overseas models, however this
discussion must include environmental, legislative
and aspects particular to Australia.
This paper presents an overview of the problems
and definitions, the relevant seabed activities, and
the nature of the heritage sites and mitigation
strategies. This will include recommendations
to be made for best outcomes in incorporating
Underwater Cultural Heritage into Environmental
Impact Assessments.
Benefit of the Doubt: advocating for the
protection of the unknown
David Steinberg
Senior Heritage Officer, Heritage Branch,
Northern Territory Government
[email protected]
Measuring the risk of a development proposal
to the archaeological resource depends on a
clear and comprehensive understanding of what
the resource is. One crucial consideration is the
unknown: those historic remains that may exist
within the footprint of a project, but have not
yet been identified and recorded. These sites or
isolated artefacts may be small and hidden on
the seabed. They may have no relationship to
other cultural finds found in close proximity, or
alternatively they do share an historic connection,
and together illustrate something significant
about the area.
This paper is concerned with the advocacy for
this unrecorded resource from the perspective
of those who regulate heritage legislation
and contribute to government responses to
development proposals. What are the crucial
elements that will lead to a good outcome?
Whether a project is small or major there are
numerous judgments to be made by the regulator.
The conservation of known sites, as part of
development impact mitigation, can certainly be
a challenge; but so is arguing for the possibility
of something significant ‘being there’ without
knowing for sure.
Recovering, recording and relocating
remains of United States Navy PBY
Catalinas as part of the Ichthys LNG
Project – East Arm, Darwin Harbour
Cos Coroneos
Director
Cosmos Archaeology
[email protected]
On the morning of 19th February, 1942, the first
Japanese raid on Darwin took place. Of the many
casualties three were United States Navy (USN)
PBY Catalinas from PatWing-10 which had been
moored at East Arm, Darwin Harbour. Strafed and
bombed, these planes quickly sank, fortunately
with no casualties.
The designs of the Nearshore Development
component of the INPEX-operated Ichthys LNG
Project studiously avoided any direct impact to
these important heritage sites. However, debris
identified as belonging to these wrecks was
found during the seabed anomaly identification
phase in areas that were to be dredged. Due to
the significance of this wreckage, it was decided
to relocate these remains away from the dredge
footprint to a location near one of the USN
Catalina wrecks.
As these USN wrecks are protected under the US
Sunken Military Craft Act 2005, INPEX sought and
obtained an Archaeological Research Permit for
Ship and Aircraft Wrecks under the Jurisdiction
of the Department of the Navy from the US Naval
History and Heritage Command. It is understood
that this is the first such permit awarded within
Australian waters.
This paper discusses the processes involved and
the criteria required in obtaining the Research
Permit and will also outline the conduct and
findings of the recovery, recording and relocation
of the wreckage including the use of 3D
photogrammetry as a means of rapidly recording
artefacts to reduce the time between recovery and
relocation.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
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Session Two
Coastal Archaeology and Maritime Heritage: Dynamic Change
in and around the Littoral Landscape
Chair - Dr Brad Duncan
Maritime Heritage Program Team Leader
Heritage Division, NSW Government
[email protected]
This session examines maritime heritage sites within the wider context of the coastal zone, both
under and above water. The increased focus of development on waterfront areas, particularly in large
urban areas, has placed increasing pressure on maritime heritage places beyond the water. These
include shipwrecks and maritime infrastructure heritage sites beyond the edges of the land, and sites
now being discovered under reclamation and/or shoreline progradation. Similarly, submerged sites
are often disturbed from coastal reclamation and dredging. To further complicate the issue, dynamic
environmental conditions (such as gales or floods) often uncover maritime sites which have often
been buried for decades.
This session explores the dynamic nature of maritime sites in and around the coastal littoral and
riverine zones, and welcomes papers from researchers recording maritime heritage which falls
within these zones.
The historical archaeology of the
Northern Territory’s littoral zone
Rebecca Mirams
Latrobe University, PhD candidate
[email protected]
The littoral zone of the Northern Territory
celebrates an historical archaeological record
that spans a period of over three hundred years.
These histories reflect a time of Indigenous trade
with Maritime Southeast Asia and beyond through
the Macassan trepang industry, multiple attempts
of British colonisation that led to the permanent
settlement of Palmerston, and the importation
of Chinese indentured labour that grew into a
number of entrepreneurial businesses. Since the
1960s, archaeologists and other interested folk
have been examining these histories through
academic research, heritage reports, and field
trips run by historical groups, all of which
contributes to my own doctoral research on
the historical development of coastal Northern
Territory prior to 1911.
Through the analysis of previous historical
archaeological research and my own experiences
of fieldwork, it has become blindingly obvious
that the littoral zone in a monsoonal environment
holds many obstacles and surprises. From
transferring 1960s mapping coordinates into a
GIS database to travelling hundreds of kilometres
to find virtually nothing, this paper sets out to
describe the processes involved in working with
data from various sources in order to understand
the historical development of this coastline.
In doing this, factors such as archaeological
interest within coastal Northern Territory and
my interpretation of heritage management in a
remote setting shall be discussed, along with the
significant role of Indigenous people in locating
archaeological sites and their knowledge of the
site’s history, that being their history also. Overall,
this paper is about sharing a rather personal
account of one archaeologist’s experience within
the Northern Territory’s littoral zone.
Metal Detector Survey, Dundee Beach NT, David Steinberg
22 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Maritime archaeological fieldwork
conducted in 2013 and 2014 for the
Cyprus Ancient Shorelines Project
(CASP) off the Vasilikos and Maroni Valley
Regions of southern central Cyprus
Andrew Viduka
Assistant Director Maritime Heritage, Australian
Government
[email protected]
In 2013 and 2014 fieldwork was conducted for
the Cyprus Ancient Shoreline Project [CASP]
looking for material culture associated with
maritime activity off Late Bronze Age sites in the
Vasilikos and Maroni Valley Regions of southern
central Cyprus. The Vasilikos Valley Region
is subject to unique development pressures
for Cyprus which have likely impacted on the
underwater archaeological record. Both the
Vasilikos and Maroni Valley coastal margins
are subject to dynamic environment conditions
typified by seasonal storms that contribute to
erosion. Underwater survey activity was initially
concentrated around the eroded terrestrial
deposits of the Late Bronze Age early Iron Age site
of Tochni-Lakkia and then extended eastwards to a
similar period site Maroni-Tsaroukkas. This paper
will outline cultural and natural issues facing the
preservation of underwater material culture in
these regions and the potential of the material
culture assemblages for extending views of
coastal and maritime interaction and searching for
patterns associated with terrestrial based activity.
The Fringe Dwellers
Peter Taylor
Maritime Archaeology Association of Victoria (MAAV)
[email protected]
Situated at the north end of Port Phillip Bay is the
former working-class suburb of Port Melbourne.
Since the mid-1990s the area has undergone a
metamorphosis, becoming a sort out and affluent
suburb for the middleclass. As such, the area
is under constant pressure from developers,
reclamation work and suburban beach expansion.
Picking up the Pieces – Gold Coast
Wreck Project
Lauren Davison
Flinders University [email protected]
Wendy van Duivenvoorde
Flinders University
[email protected]
Kevin Rains
Gold Coast City Council.
[email protected]
Paddy Waterson
Department of Environment and Heritage
Protection [email protected]
In 1974 the remains of a shipwreck were exposed
on Kirra Beach, Queensland after Cyclone
Pam and were removed from the beach by the
Gold Coast City Council. Popularly believed to
be Coolangatta, which wrecked in 1846 after
being blown ashore in a south-easterly gale,
the remains were used as memorials, trophies,
sculptures, and presents for visiting dignitaries.
Sections that were not given away were stored at
the Gold Coast City Council depot at Tugun. There
has been a debate over the identity of this wreck
with some believing that the remains are in fact
from Heroine, which wrecked in 1897 in similar
circumstances to Coolangatta. A joint project was
conducted in July 2014 between the Gold Coast
City Council, the Department of Environment
and Heritage Protection and Flinders University
investigating and recording the remains in an
effort to contribute to the debate over the identity
of this shipwreck.
The shipwreck remains are disarticulated and
scattered around the Gold Coast, having been
separated when they were removed from the
beach and in the years following. They consist of
timber features, including small intact sections
and individual elements, copper alloy sheathing,
and two anchors. This paper presents the
investigation into the disarticulated shipwreck
remains recovered in 1974 and now located at
three sites around the Gold Coast.
Located just offshore is a diverse collection of
wrecked vessels and infrastructure sites. These
range from a WWI aircraft carrier, a North
American built ship which burnt during Victoria’s
1850s gold-rush, a small bay trader wrecked
in the 1880s, the remnants of a significant
1850s pier, and a mid-19th century bathing
establishment. The author examines the wrecks
and infrastructure sites and looks at the potential
for further damage through urban and coastal
development in the area.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
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Session Three
Archaeological Impact Assessment Studies
Chair - David Nutley
Associate Director
Comber Consultants
Adjunct Research Fellow, Flinders University
[email protected]
Impacts on the heritage values of underwater cultural heritage sites can arise from a number of
sources. Port infrastructure development can entail activities such as reclamation works, dredging
operations, new wharves/jetties, and marina developments. Other impacts can arise from tourism
initiatives such as providing public access to an historic shipwreck. The role of an archaeological
Impact Assessment Study is to identify sites of potential archaeological significance in the study area;
assess their significance against standard assessment criteria applicable to the relevant approval
authority; identify potential impacts on that significance and to make recommendations to mitigate
those impacts.
This session invites papers and case studies that will consider the structure, constraints and
methodologies for undertaking archaeological Impact Assessment Studies for underwater cultural
heritage. It will also consider the interface with terrestrial impact assessments. The papers will
compare and contrast the purpose, structure and methodologies of Archaeological Impact Assessment
of terrestrial and underwater cultural heritage. Where are the similarities? Where are the differences?
What are the methodologies that can be deployed and what are their respective limitations and
interrelationships?
Works in Darwin Harbour, Roslyn Budd & Outback Photographics
24 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
A geoarchaeological assessment of
the marine cultural heritage off James
Price Point, Kimberley region, Western
Australia.
Dr Ingrid Ward
University of Western Australia
[email protected]
Dr Piers Larcombe
RPS Met Ocean Ltd.WA
[email protected]
Dr Annie Carson
Western Australian Museum
[email protected]
In January 2011, an Aboriginal archaeological
assessment was undertaken for the proposed
liquefied natural gas (LNG) development areas
at James Price Point (JPP), Western Australia.
Development plans included construction of
a port, with onshore LNG processing facilities
and associated infrastructure. Although the
survey focused on the terrestrial and intertidal
parts of the development area, there was a clear
issue of potential impacts on marine cultural
heritage, so that a desk-based assessment of the
offshore area was also performed, using highresolution geophysical survey data and first-order
geomorphological principles.
The assessment determined that the offshore
area contains a wide range of depositional
environments, including at least two Holocene
shorelines with the form, environments and
associated resources suitable for occupation and
with a high likelihood of containing archaeological
sites and artefacts. Further, there is also strong
evidence of remobilisation of artefacts from
the coastal cliffs around JPP to the marine
environment, raising the issue of the significance
of secondary contexts.
This paper describes some important aspects
arising from this survey, including:
a) the geoarchaeological approach that was used
to assess the cultural heritage, both onshore
and marine offshore,
b) the links between the onshore and offshore
archaeology,
c) some practical limitations, and
d) that much of Western Australia’s marine
heritage appears to be overlooked by
developers, regulators and, to some extent, by
the research community.
That place means a lot to me!: Social
significance and maritime heritage
Dr Brad Duncan
Maritime Heritage Program Team Leader
Heritage Division, NSW Government
[email protected]
The archaeological and historical importance
of shipwrecks is routinely assessed by Heritage
Practitioners when determining the significance
of these sites. Indeed these values are often
the only consideration when determining the
historic nature of a maritime site. However, as
practitioners delve more into the field of cultural
landscapes, it is becoming clearer that the social
significance of these sites as places and how
they provide tangible anchors for communal
events and emotions [sometimes across several
generations] warrants serious consideration.
This paper will demonstrate how in some
circumstances, the primary value of shipwreck
sites lies not in their relics or history, but in what
they represent to various communities. This paper
is a plea for greater recognition of the social
value of shipwrecks and wreck items, beyond
their [scientific (archaeological) and historical
significance], and outlines the need for focused
research on how these values manifest in the
Australian community.
Introduction to the maritime
archaeological works carried out as part
of the Ichthys LNG Project – East Arm,
Darwin Harbour
Cos Coroneos
Director
Cosmos Archaeology
[email protected]
Since 2011 Cosmos Archaeology has been
providing maritime archaeological services to the
Nearshore Development component of the INPEXoperated Ichthys LNG Project in East Arm, Darwin
Harbour. This paper provides an introduction to
one aspect of our involvement - the inspection,
recovery and relocation of cultural materials that
were to be impacted by dredging in East Arm.
The purpose of dredging was to create a shipping
channel and berthing area for LNG vessels
through Darwin Harbour to Blaydin Point, where
the Project’s onshore LNG facilities are currently
under construction.
Cosmos Archaeology became involved in the
project through reviewing gradiometer and side
scan sonar data collected within the dredge
footprint for its suitability for identifying cultural
anomalies of potential heritage significance.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
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This was followed by Cosmos Archaeology being
contracted by commercial dive company Tek
Diving Services to assess the cultural heritage
significance of over 1,000 potential cultural
seabed anomalies inspected throughout the
latter part of 2011 and the first half of 2012.
The material observed was mostly related to
the pearling industry of the late 20th century;
however, objects associated with World War II
were also identified, including remains of aircraft.
Prior to the commencement of dredging in
November 2013 all identified cultural material to
be impacted was to be removed and discarded or
relocated in accordance with their level of cultural
heritage significance. Cosmos Archaeology,
operating under Tek Diving Services, was involved
in recording select artefacts and artefact scatters
on the seabed, monitoring their recovery as well
as recording all raised objects and assessing
their cultural heritage significance. Artefacts
with significant cultural heritage values were
buried in long term underwater repositories,
now administered by Department of Lands,
Planning and the Environment, Northern Territory
Government, for future study and potential display.
Artefacts of the Ichthys LNG Project –
East Arm, Darwin Harbour
Danielle Wilkinson
Archaeologist
Cosmos Archaeology
[email protected]
Throughout 2012 and 2013 Cosmos Archaeology
was involved in the recording and cultural heritage
assessment of cultural material recovered from
the seabed in East Arm as part of the Nearshore
Development component of the INPEX-operated
Ichthys LNG Project, Darwin Harbour. This
paper gives an overview of the artefact recording
methodology as well as the types of artefacts
raised prior to the commencement of dredging.
A total of 6,897 artefacts were raised from
Darwin Harbour, ranging in size from silver
dessert spoons to vertical boilers. The majority
of artefacts were associated with the WWII era
including small calibre rounds, automotive parts
and accessories, camp beds, tools and stoves.
The more significant finds were PBY Catalina and
Supermarine Spitfire components. Most of this
material had been dumped, presumably at the
end of WWII.
Artefacts were de-concreted and individually
recorded by a total of 17 archaeologists over a
period covering 14 months. The cultural heritage
significance of all artefacts was individually
assessed and 506 objects were wrapped and
reburied in underwater repositories with the
intention to prevent degradation for as long as
possible. A comprehensive artefact database has
been created which provides a detailed platform
for future research into this collection which has
the potential to contribute to numerous fields of
study ranging from the examination of impact
damage to aircraft components to the quality and
variety of equipment used by the military based in
the Darwin area during WWII.
Burning, burying, sinking in water
or abandoning”: the archaeological
potential of near- and offshore military
dump-sites
Kevin Edwards
Flinders University, Post-graduate student
[email protected]
The issue of military losses and disposals has
been increasingly explored from archaeological
perspectives as part of a growing concern with
‘matériel culture’. However, relatively little, if any,
attention has been paid to the archaeological
potential of near- and offshore disposal of other
classes of military matériel – including spare
parts and damaged or fragmented items – in
wartime and post-bellum contexts. In this paper
it is argued that such material should not be
considered epiphenomenal; rather, it has the
potential not only to yield important data relating
to socio-economic and technological processes,
but also to provide insights into the materially
constituted nature of social memory. In order to
explore these issues in more detail, I will examine
World War II (WWII) Australian and American
military dump-sites in and around the city of
Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory.
26 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Session Four
Open Session
Chair - David Steinberg
Senior Heritage Officer, Heritage Branch, Northern Territory Government
[email protected]
Virtual diving: Analysis of the
archaeological value in image-based
digital reconstructions of underwater
shipwreck sites in Western Australia.
Madeline McAllister
University of Western Australia, PhD Candidate
[email protected]
As Green et Al (1971:221) stated “[a]ny underwater
archaeological surveying technique must satisfy
two contrasting requirements: speed and
accuracy”. This study proposes to contribute
to techniques and methods for recording
underwater archaeological sites by testing
and refining a methodology for fast, accurate
and affordable image-based reconstruction of
shipwrecks in Western Australia (WA). Ultimately,
providing a detailed, accurate and informative
digital representation of shipwreck site/s for
archaeological interpretation. Until recently,
acquiring photographs of an underwater site and
processing them into a 3D reconstruction was
time consuming and required specialist skills.
Advances in algorithms for computer science
and machine vision now allow raw images to
be quickly processed and 3D reconstructions
automatically derived. It is proposed that
these advances will enable archaeologists
with minimal training to create geometrically
accurate image-based 3D reconstructions
of underwater archaeological sites, fulfilling
essential archaeological requirements of
recording a site quickly and accurately. Both
legacy data (data previously collected) and new
data (collected during this research) will form the
basis for the project. Furthermore, successful
completion of highly accurate 3D reconstructions
of archaeological sites will allow for continual
interpretation and reassessment of primary data
for generations to come.
This dissertation will run in conjunction with the
Australian Research Council Linkage project
‘Shipwrecks of the Roaring Forties: a maritime
archaeological reassessment of some of
Australia’s earliest shipwrecks’ (LP130100137,
Lead CI: Paterson).
Archaeological Diving at work:
International Standards
Dr Jonathan Benjamin
Lecturer in Maritime Archaeology, Flinders
University
[email protected]
Recent years have seen changes in policy,
standards and codes of practice that relate to
diving at work by professional archaeologists
working under water around the world. This
paper will present case studies from Europe,
North America and Australia and aims to review
the current standard practices in maritime
archaeology on a global scale. A critical
assessment will be undertaken to review safe and
consistent working operations, safety records and
ethical issues related to diving by archaeologists.
Health and hygiene on board nineteenth
century sailing ships: A functional
analysis of artefacts from Western
Australia shipwrecks
Rebecca Ryan
University of Western Australia
[email protected]
This research revealed health and hygiene
practices from nineteenth century sailing ships.
A functional analysis of artefacts from Western
Australian shipwrecks was undertaken. The
shipwrecks in this investigation, James Matthews
(1841), Eglinton (1852), Sepia (1898) and Carlisle
Castle (1899) were travelling from London to
Fremantle. Artefacts from vessels on other routes
such as Rapid (1811), Day Dawn (1899) and Centaur
(1874) were also included. Most studies have
explored the experiences of convicts (Bateson
1959), government assisted emigrants, as well as,
on board surgeons voyaging to Australian colonies
(Foxhall 2012; Haines 2005, 2009). Bateson
(1959), Haines (2005, 2009) and Foxhall’s (2012)
studies are historical rather than archaeological
investigations, which are limited. Some
archaeological studies of health and hygiene on
board vessels include Mary Rose (1545) and HMS
Pandora (1791).
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
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The health and medical practices of nineteenth
century Britain and the advancement of medicine
at sea was explored. With the advent of long
voyages problems including limited supplies and
crowding created unhealthy conditions. Surgeons
and crew faced unique circumstances combating
illnesses on ships. Additionally historical sources
such as surgeon’s journals on convict transport
offered further insights into medical practices and
hygiene routines that occurred on sailing vessels.
Archaeological examination of the shipwrecks
filled the gap of information about the types of
ailments crew and passengers suffered from, the
types of treatments prescribed, and potentially the
types of medical supplies being imported to the
Swan River Colony.
Origin study of Leven Lass [1839-1854]:
an international approach to historic
shipwreck studies
Chelsea Colwell-Pasch
Flinders University, Masters in Maritime
Archaeology candidate
[email protected]
Few archaeologists are fortunate enough to
study subject matter without at least some travel
involved. Maritime archaeology is an international
discipline with trans-boundary elements and
the obvious aspects of transport and travel
throughout time. Historic shipwreck studies are
further complicated due to the high propensity
of vessels that did not originate in the nation of
their wrecking or abandonment. This paper will
demonstrate through an origin study a deeper
historic shipwreck assessment is completed with
increased historical accuracy. A case study will
be presented that recounts travel to the United
Kingdom to research the Clyde-built (Scottish)
mid-19th century brig Leven Lass [1839-1854]
which foundered in the coastal waters off Phillip
Island, Victoria Based on this experience, a
simple guide for international researchers
studying shipwrecks abroad will be presented
and discussed. The parameters and results of
the origin study of Leven Lass will be presented
and the utility of this approach for the discipline,
especially historic shipwreck studies, will be
emphasised.
Ship to Shelter: Salvage and reuse of
abandoned vessel material located on
Rangitoto Island, New Zealand
Kurt Bennett
Flinders University, Masters of Maritime
Archaeology candidate
[email protected]
Between 1890 and 1947, Boulder Bay, located
on the northern side of Rangitoto Island, New
Zealand, was used as the abandonment site for
13 sea vessels. The vessels were stripped of all
materials and machinery before being towed to
Boulder Bay and either burnt or driven ashore.
During this time, the island became a popular
holiday destination for many families. Over 130
baches (small holiday homes) were constructed
in three separate communities: Islington Bay,
Rangitoto Wharf and Beacon End. Baches were
commonly constructed with little capital and
inexpensive resources, and owners became
opportunistic in gathering building materials. This
paper presents an archaeological investigation
of the cultural interaction between the bach
communities and abandoned vessels. The aim
of this project is to document archaeological
evidence of salvage and reuse of abandoned
vessel material. This was achieved between the
8th and 23rd July 2014, where 101 bach and 11
vessel sites were recorded. A mixture of both
definite and possible ship material was identified
in all three bach communities, which suggests
there is a link between the communities and
abandoned vessels. The significance of this
research is twofold; it will contribute to the study
of abandoned vessels by investigating cultural
interaction between vessels and people; and
Rangitoto’s built heritage before it disappears.
28 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Quick but not necessarily dirty: cheap
and rapid 3D mapping of UCH in the
Perth region
Nicolas Bigourdan
Western Australian Maritime Museum, Maritime
Archaeological Association WA
[email protected]
Kevin Edwards
Consultant Archaeologist, Tempus Archaeology
[email protected]
Ian McCann
Maritime Archaeological Association WA
[email protected]
Recently the Maritime Archaeology Association
of Western Australia (MAAWA) in collaboration
with Tempus Archaeology and with the support
of the Maritime Archaeology Department of the
Western Australian Museum (MADWAM) has
initiated a community initiative named The Perth
Region Maritime Archaeology 3-Dimensional (3D)
Mapping Project. MAAWA is a Western Australian
non-for profit community based organization
having a long history of involvement in the
recording of underwater cultural heritage in
various parts of Western Australia. The project
comprises the first stage of a broader program
of site documentation with the objectives to test
and use a low-cost photogrammetry package (on
a selection of 3 diverse sites) intended to facilitate
rapid metric recording of underwater cultural
heritage in the Perth area, and secondly to provide
training for MAAWA members in underwater
photogrammetric recording and image processing
techniques. The initial steps of the first outcome
of this project (which is presented here) will be
to enhance the content of the recently completed
Lottery West funded MAAWA project of a Perth
region shipwreck sites Smart Phone application
and website, and to establish a hardware/software
package operational guidelines which could be
adopted as a ‘turnkey’ solution for other lowbudget individuals, groups and organizations or
institutions.
3D Scanning and Mapping of the A24-24
Catalina Heritage site
Mick Fitzpatrick
AquaMap, Director
[email protected] Aquamap has recently acquired a “3D Underwater
scanner” which is a first of its kind in Australia.
We are pleased to announce that we can now
deliver state of the art 3D scanning solutions for
detailed and accurate 3D point clouds enabling
measurements and monitoring of critical
underwater structures and assets. We can
capture 360 degree scans and partial scans of
tight, hard to reach areas capturing point cloud
and measurement data of areas and structures
not accessible with traditional mapping and
measurement tools.
Aquamap is now perfecting the art and science
of Hydrography by blending together centimetre
accurate absolute co-ordinates from our “RTK
/ R2Sonic Multibeam Echosounder suite”, with
the high precision of the “Blueview Underwater 3
Dimensional Scanner’s” relative co-ordinates, to
map and monitor significant wrecks for the Great
Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
The survey and scan of the A24-24 Catalina in
waters, off North Queensland was required to
confirm the exact position of the wreck and search
for outliers of this historic war grave.
This was just one of many applications for the
scanner. During trials of the scanner under
wharves in the harbour of Townsville, we were
tasked with literally going in the deep end and
scanning the A24-24 in 45 metres of water in the
middle of the paddock, 10 nautical miles east of
Abbot Point, North Queensland.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
29
Session Five
The Archaeology of Conflict
Chair - Dr Silvano Jung
Ellengowan Enterprises
[email protected]
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the start of World War I, which represented the beginning
of modern warfare. Aircraft, for instance, were first used extensively as a weapon during this conflict.
Modern industrialised warfare has subsequently left its mark along the coast and in the seas and
rivers, with the remains of military infrastructure and the deposition of a variety of craft accessible for
study. The first attack on Australia was the Japanese air raid on Darwin on 19 February 1942, which
transformed the town and its harbour into a battlefield. Subsequent attacks targeted almost the entire
top-end, from Exmouth in Western Australia to Townsville in Queensland. The result of this conflict
has left a rich archaeological resource, much of which remains to this day undiscovered. This session
is open to research that explores the wide range of sites associated with military campaigns including
coastal and submerged infrastructure, plane crash sites, shipwrecks, survivor camps and burial sites.
Papers considering the range of issues are invited, from the technical aspects of site searches and
recording, to agreements between nations on conserving and managing our shared heritage.
Discovering the Archaeology of Conflict
Fiona Shanahan
Latrobe University
[email protected]
An American B-24D “Liberator” aircraft wreck
located on the coastline of Jab’u Island, Arno
Atoll, and Japanese Air Base at Taroa Island,
Maloelap Atoll are physical reminders of the
impact of World War II on the Marshall Islands.
The military campaigns of both the Japanese
and American forces during World War II in the
Pacific forever transformed the Marshall Islands
landscape. The coastlines of numerous atolls and
islands are littered with military infrastructure
and aircraft crash sites. These sites are today
confronted by numerous conservation and
management challenges, including natural and
cultural threats and limited heritage legislation.
The legislation challenges include both local
Heritage Acts and international agreements.
The Republic of the Marshall Islands Historic
Preservation Office (RMIHPO) survey, record,
monitor, and manage historic materials in the
region under the 1991 Heritage Act. The RMIHPO
also works within the guidelines of international
agreements regarding World War II materials
including the ‘Compact of Free Association’ (1986)
agreement between the Marshall Islands and
America. Financial and educational assistance
is provided to the RMIHPO by numerous nations
including Australia, America, and the United
Kingdom. This paper will present the results of an
investigation of management plans and legislation
currently affecting World War II materials in the
Marshall Islands.
If fish were flowers, aviation heritage on
the Great Barrier Reef
Pete Illidge
Project Manager, Maritime Cultural Heritage,
Heritage Conservation, Reef 2050. Great Barrier
Reef Marine Park Authority
[email protected]
The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s most
extensive coral reef ecosystem, world heritage
listed for its outstanding universal value. Its
location, spanning 348,000 square kilometres off
Queensland coast, places it within the theatre of
the ‘war that saved Australia’ — the south-west
Pacific campaign of World War II. Major support
facilities, including the air-bases from which many
major air battles were launched, were located in
North Queensland. As a consequence the region
abounds in surviving aviation heritage, including
remains from more than 450 reported aircraft
incidents in the North Queensland area, many of
which occurred over the sea and in what is now
the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (Marine Park).
Incomplete databases of wreck locations read
like an inventory of aircraft used in World War II,
including Kittyhawks, Catalinas, Dakota, B-25D
Mitchells, and Beaufort Bombers. Wreckage of
support structures, such as refuelling barges and
seaplane bases, have also been reported in the
Marine Park.
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
(the agency) manages the Marine Park to protect
its natural and heritage values. While this scope
includes protecting aviation heritage, there are
many challenges to achieving this. One is the
30 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
incompleteness of databases including the exact
location and condition of most wrecks. Another
is the likelihood that many wrecks are graves,
as most aircrew are still reported as missing-inaction. Unlike shipwrecks, which have protection
once they reach 75 years old under the Historic
Shipwrecks Act 1976, aviation heritage sites do not
have the benefit of specific legislative protection.
Fortunately, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act
1975 empowers the agency to take steps to protect
such sites. Work has begun to review aviation
heritage within the Marine Park, develop new
policy and procedures to recognise their cultural
value, and ensure their protection into the future.
This presentation provides an overview of some
of the challenges faced, and tools used by the
agency to protect a very significant and emotive
section of our cultural heritage.
The Australian National Shipwreck
Database – a review of the aviation
archaeological record in Northern
Territory waters
Dr Silvano Jung
Ellengowan Enterprises
[email protected]
This year the first systematic survey was
commenced on the scope and nature of the
aviation archaeological sites in the Northern
Territory. The Commonwealth’s Australian
National Shipwreck Database incorporates
aviation heritage, which documents all aircraft
losses, both civilian and military. The intensity
of the air war in the Territory is highlighted with
over 100 aircraft lost, more than anywhere else in
Australia. This is a conservative figure, as more
sites will be listed once Japanese records of
losses are assessed and Allied shoot down claims
are verified. The enormity of the losses for both
the Allies and the Japanese is only now beginning
to be understood. Most of these occurred over
the sea, lost to living memory. In the sea, the only
tangible material culture of this air war is the six
Catalina flying boat wrecks in Darwin Harbour,
but there where so many fighter type aircraft lost
in the harbour during combat that theoretically
they should still be in situ. Aircraft salvage units
certainly had a role in recovering many, but
certainly not all of them.
Occasionally finds emerge that prompt
archaeologists to rediscover lost events. This
paper presents an overall view of the air losses
in Territory waters and focuses on two case
studies where sites emerge with few clues as to
their origin, namely a Japanese ‘Jake’ floatplane
from somewhere in the Arafura Sea and a RAAF
Spitfire, seldom seem in Darwin Harbour. The
fate of the pilots and aircrew of these aircraft
is discussed, together with plans to inspect
the Spitfire during a King tide event in Darwin
Harbour later this year.
Cognitive Science and Innovation in the
search for the wrecks of HSK Kormoran
and HMAS Sydney
Kim Kirsner
Fellow, Australian Academy of Social Science
[email protected]
The search for the wrecks of Kormoran and Sydney
provided a rich and challenging environment for
innovation. In 2004, nearly four years before the
in-water search, John Dunn and I produced and
distributed powerful and appropriate solutions
to all of the search definition questions including
accurate positions and economic search boxes for
each of the wrecks. Our solution was instrumental
in attracting funds for the in-water search by the
Finding Sydney Foundation (FSF). Our research
involved in eight phases:
1 Instigated and co-coordinated an oceanography
seminar in 1991 that identified the right general
area for the search, and demonstrated that
discipline could not be used to define a tight
search box for either wreck (McCarthy &
Kirsner, 1991)
2 Implemented archival research on three
continents that enabled construction of
the Kormoran Database comprising 70
reports from Kormoran survivors involving
latitude/longitude values or distances from
geographical features, together with an
additional 44 reports from RN/RAN sources
about the location of the battle (Kirsner, 1997a)
3 Determined that the reports were, with
exceptions, reliable, and proceeded to treat
them as an error-rich set, but as a set neverthe-less (Kirsner & Dunn, 1998)
4 Used the known recovery positions of two
life-rafts, together with the assumption that
they were driven by the same winds in regard
to velocity and direction, to define a ‘çircle of
equal speed’, and provide one more constraint
on the wreck of Kormoran (Dunn & Kirsner,
2001)
5 Used evidence from the Kormoran Database
to specify a final set of nine constraints on the
location of the wreck of Kormoran (Kirsner &
Dunn, 2004)
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
31
6 Designed a decision procedure based on the
‘smallest possible movement’ to define the
best fit for the final set of constraints, for a
target just 2.7 nm from the wreck of Kormoran,
a scale of error not approached by any other
participant in the search or indeed any other
wreck-hunt (Kirsner & Dunn, 2004; Kirsner &
Dunn, 2008; Dunn & Kirsner, 2011; Kirsner &
Dunn, 2014)
A Consolidated Coronado in Tanapag
lagoon: Crashed, trashed and rearranged
7 Constructed an additional database
comprising 12 entries that specified the time,
relative bearing and distance of Sydney from
Kormoran as the vessels drifted apart after the
engagement (Kirsner, 1997b)
The relatively short but intense battle for Saipan,
between June 15 and July 9, 1944, apart for
resulting in a vast loss of life on both sides , left
the small but strategic island strewn with the
scars and waste of the battle. The remains of
the conflict provides an opportunity to connect
with the lives of those affected directly and
indirectly by the battle. But while tourism battle
field tourism has become a valuable source of
income to Saipan, it also presents a number of
challenges to the management of the integrity of
the archaeology .
8 Provided the FSF with accurate and efficient
search boxes for the wrecks of both Kormoran
(400 squ nm) and Sydney (570 squ nm) in 2005
(FSF, 2005)
Taka Pesawat: a German U-boat Wreck
site in Java Sea
Agni Sesaria Mochtar1
[email protected]
Adhityatama2, Ahmad Surya Ramadhan2, Sofwan
Noerwidi1, Bambang Budi Utomo2, Priyatno Hadi
Sulistyarto2
Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta (Center of
Archaeological Research, Yogyakarta Office)
2
Pusat Arkeologi Nasional (Center of National
Archaeology – Jakarta)
1
Peter Harvey
Senior Maritime Archaeologist
Heritage Victoria - Victorian Department of
Planning and Community Development
[email protected]
This paper reports on work undertaken to
record the wreck of a Consolidated Coronado
seaplane in Saipan’s Tanapag lagoon. It uses the
Coronado site to illustrate the personal stories
connected with so many of Saipan’s sites and
also to highlight some of the challenges faced by
heritage managers in interpreting and protecting
the archaeological values of these popular and
emotive sites.
This paper describes the preliminary research
conducted at a German U-boat site off the coast
of Jepara, Central Java in 2013. The research
was triggered by some vague information on the
internet about some u-boats that were sunken
in Java Sea during the World War II and after
some local fishermen confessed to have seen the
tube-like wreck in an area called Taka Pesawat
in 2010. Three years later the Center of National
Archaeology, Jakarta managed a research in
the area and successfully re-discovered the
shipwreck. The success of the research soon
became a headline on the news, drawing many
attentions towards the site. This paper discusses
the process of the fieldwork, the preliminary
analysis of the ship and the artefacts –with
exciting mystery how a u-boat ended sunken in
the area, and any possible effect that might come
from being a famous underwater site. Other
important issues such as further analysis and
international network to work on preservation and
legal protection also included.
32 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Session Six
Mitigating Impact and the Role of Pragmatism
Chair - Paddy Waterson
Principal Heritage Officer, Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection
[email protected]
Like all heritage values, maritime and underwater cultural heritage sites are subject to a range of
impacts that affect their condition, interpretation and context. Some of these impacts are natural
forces whilst others are associated with human behaviour. Papers in this session can focus on any
aspect of how we can respond and address impacts to sites and relics; including the underlying
theory, material conservation, recording and salvage archaeology.
Papers that consider the values that we are conserving are also invited. As the archaeological
discipline increasingly emphasises in-situ preservation, there are challenges about how we manage
impacts on our heritage to achieve the best outcomes for both the heritage and the community at
large. Many of these challenges are not unique to underwater and intertidal sites, but there have
been at times a greater reluctance to manage such sites with the same ‘pragmatism’ that is often
applied to terrestrial archaeology. Furthermore a sophisticated assessment of a site’s significance
may identify only particular values worthy of conservation.
‘Rapid’ recording and site reburial:
towards a protocol for in situ
preservation of underwater cultural
heritage
Cassandra Philippou
Project Manager, Australian Historic Shipwreck
Preservation Project, Research Assistant
Professor, University of Western Australia
[email protected]
Vicki Richards
Conservation Scientist
Department of Materials Conservation, Western
Australian Museum
[email protected]
Peter Veth
Winthrop Professor
School of Social Sciences, The University of
Western Australia
[email protected]
Debra Shefi
Department of Archaeology, Flinders University [email protected]
In the evolving landscape of maritime archaeology
in Australia the discipline is shifting its focus
from ‘excavation and display’ to ‘recording and
preservation’. In concert with this trend one of
the aims of the Australian Historic Shipwreck
Preservation Project (AHSPP) is to explore options
that allow research and rescue excavations to
take place without the long-term conservation
and storage issues associated with total recovery
of artefacts. Increasingly researchers and
practitioners acknowledge that excavation of
submerged sites can have cumulative impacts,
which when combined with other anthropogenic
and environmental processes, can lead to partial
or total loss of the remaining structure. More
recently, the development of appropriate reburial
methodologies to arrest or mitigate degradation
is becoming critical due to ever increasing
development of waterways and other port-related
structures.
Two historic shipwrecks, Clarence (1850) in Port
Phillip Bay, Victoria and James Matthews (1841) in
Cockburn Sound, Western Australia, are providing
valuable research sites to test in situ preservation
methodologies. Clarence was chosen to deploy a
‘rapid recording and reburial’ strategy and with
James Matthews has allowed the development and
investigation of innovative reburial strategies. This
paper will discuss how the AHSPP may draw from
the research undertaken at these sites to inform
management guidelines for in situ preservation of
underwater cultural heritage.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
33
Can artificial reefs reduce diver impacts
on historic shipwrecks?
the planning process. The same is not always true
of submerged sites.
Joanne Edney
Charles Sturt University, School of Environmental
Sciences
[email protected]
Associate Professor Dirk Spennemann
Charles Sturt University, Institute for Land, Water
and Society
[email protected]
Out of site and out of mind, maritime archaeology
is often underestimated as a business risk and
this in turn increases the risk to submerged
sites. If not considered early enough in the
feasibility and design stages of projects, there
can be unexpected and unplanned consequences.
Equally, opportunities to add value to a
project by integrating aspects of the historic
environment into the final design, generating
community benefits and positive publicity may be
underestimated, or missed altogether.
Globally, recreational scuba diving has become an
increasingly popular activity. With the growth in
numbers of the global dive community there has
been a concomitant rising interest in wreck diving.
For recreational scuba divers, ship and aircraft
wrecks have proven popular attractions because
they offer unique, diverse and more challenging
dive experiences. Allowing divers access to such
sites while maintaining the wreck’s integrity is a
fundamental challenge for managers because
wrecks are fragile and visitation by divers can have
adverse impacts on their cultural heritage values.
A range of management strategies have been
used to manage diver impacts ranging from
exclusion to limiting the number of divers. A
popular strategy that deserves closer evaluation
is to sink vessels as artificial reefs and wreck
dive sites. The number of vessels being sunk
for that purpose has increased significantly in
recent years, particularly in Australia and North
America, as their potential economic benefits are
being recognised more and more by governments
and local communities. Artificial reefs have been
demonstrated to be successful in reducing diver
pressure on natural reefs, and it may be expected
that there are similar outcomes for ship and
aircraft wreck sites. This paper reports on the
findings of recent study of Australian wreck divers
which shows user support for the deployment of
artificial reef wrecks to reduce diver impacts on
culturally and historically significant wrecks.
Maritime Archaeology and Development
Sarah Ward
Principal, ArchaeoMar Australasia Cultural
Heritage Consultants
[email protected]
Archaeology is a major factor in construction
and development and millions of dollars area
spent by developers on archaeology each year.
Developers are fully aware that archaeological
remains on land are a material consideration in
Using a number of recent examples from
maritime archaeology, this paper discusses how
the risk/reward trade off can be managed in the
context of development.
The journey is as important as the
outcome: Archaeological responses to
development in Queensland
Paddy Waterson
Principal Heritage Officer, Queensland
Department of Environment and Heritage
Protection [email protected]
Like most Australian states, Queensland’s
population is heavily concentrated along the coast.
It is also a resource-rich state with a number
of large coastal infrastructure projects of state
significance. It is therefore not surprising that
the state’s maritime heritage faces development
pressure. The Department of Environment and
Heritage Protection became the Queensland
delegate under the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976
in 2010 and has undertaken a range of initiatives
to help promote the importance of our maritime
heritage and manage development impacts.
Specific initiatives have included the Queensland
Historic Shipwreck Survey, the development of
Archaeological Guidelines and rapid responses
to reported discoveries. This work has helped to
form a framework for managing archaeological
sites (including maritime heritage) that can
be understood by consultants, the community
and industry. This process is ongoing, but
initial results emphasize that individual good
outcomes are not enough for the long term,
broad acceptance of the importance of maritime
heritage – rather developments must be managed
through a transparent process that is consistent
with how other types of heritage are managed,
build appreciation and encourage innovative
solutions.
34 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Session 7
Monsoon Coast
Corioli Souter
Curator, Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum, Shipwreck Galleries
[email protected]
Australia’s Monsoon Coast is part of a greater Indian Ocean network of cultural connection. The
Australian coast stretching from the Kimberley region in Western Australia and incorporating the
Arnhem Land coast; Gulf Country and Torres Strait; to the northern reaches of Queensland may be
viewed as the south-eastern arc of the Indian Ocean world. The cultural history of this vast sway
of coast, islands and open sea is shaped by the very weather itself, the monsoonal trade winds
which have provided particular sailing conditions for the seafarers that explored, traded, worked
and settled. It is the region closest to our neighbours with archaeological signatures of the earliest
explorations and contact.
The recent resurgence of interest in the Indian Ocean has led to a number of Australian and
international projects, conferences, research groups and centres dedicated to the historical analysis
of this great waterway. Current discourse includes trade and migration, cultural heritage, geography,
climate change, politics and strategy.
This session will present papers on the archaeology of our monsoon coast and our northern
neighbours. It examines how Australia fits into the broader Indian Ocean region in ancient, historical
and modern times.
Stone arrangement, Macassan Prau, Wurrwurrwuy, NT Heritage Branch.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
35
Recent Discovery of a Sewn Ship in
Thailand: challenges and supports
Abhirada Komoot (Pook)
Silpakorn University, 6 Rajamankha Nai Rd.,
Amphoe Muang, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
[email protected]
The Indian Ocean is so vast that it links Northern
and Southern Hemisphere together –Africa,
Asia and Australia. Sea routes have been
potentially used since early times. Recently, a
new shipwreck found in Samut Sakorn province,
Thailand, reinforces the connection between
Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. It is located
about 40 kilometres southwest of Bangkok and
approximately 10 kilometres from the seashore.
The ship is lying in mud at the bottom of a shrimp
pond, two metres deep from the surface, found
during rehabilitation. Preliminary survey and
excavation, reveal significant construction features
that suggest the sewn-hull technique similar to
Arab or west Indian Ocean traditions. In order to
establish a tentative date for the wreck, ceramics
experts visited the site to evaluate the associated
ceramic material and according to Tang-style jar,
proposed an approximate date of the ninth century
CE. The ship is of great importance to regional
maritime history and sheds light on maritime
connectivity with the western Indian Ocean. It
is the first time this type of ship has been found
in Thailand in such an excellent condition. As a
volunteer who participated in the early stage of
the project with Thai Fine Arts Department, I had
the chance to follow the work that has been done
so far and observe some challenges. The aim of
this paper is to provide an accurate update on
the work and call for cooperation from interested
parties that may provide support for the work that
is currently being done.
The finer details of edge-joined and
lashed-lug boat construction: Philippine
examples
Ligaya Lacsina
Flinders University,
[email protected]
The earliest known plank watercraft in Southeast
Asia exhibit a shell-based and smooth-skinned
construction. Their builders erected and aligned
hull planking to create the shell of the vessel by
edge-joining strakes. This was achieved in one of
two ways: by binding ligatures through pre-drilled
holes and reinforcing by dowelling, or, solely by
dowelling. After the hull planking was assembled,
frames were lashed to rows of protruding
rectangular lugs which had been carved from the
interior surfaces of each strake. Archaeological
remains of such boats, ranging in date from
approximately the fifth to fifteenth centuries, have
been located throughout the region, especially
in the insular locales. Contemporary accounts
described edge joined and lashed-lug craft still in
use as of the 1980s in remote Indonesian islands.
The use of lugs on boat planks has also been noted
outside of Southeast Asia, including the Maldives.
In spite of the presence of archaeological
evidence, very little detail beyond the descriptions
of early Southeast Asian plank boats given above
has been reported. This paper will present
some of the commonalities and peculiarities of
construction and design as observed from several
boat remains found in Philippine waters.
Mother of pearl buttons – Is Australia
really built on the sheep’s back?
Celeste Jordan
Flinders University
[email protected]
This paper will focus on Masters research into the
analysis of Mother of Pearl (MOP) shell used for
buttons in the post-contact period as one way of
understanding the development of the Australian
pearling industry. It is suggested that analysis
of MOP buttons provide the basis of provenance
studies for several reasons; the frequent use
of MOP buttons in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries and their subsequent preservation in
archaeological and material culture assemblages
provides a reasonable sample size; there has
been consistent use of the shell for button
manufacturing since the nineteenth century; and
published literature and research indicate that a
significant quantity of Australian shell, estimated
to be as much as 90%, was used worldwide for
MOP buttons in the period from about 1860 to
1910. MOP buttons in archaeological sites are
rarely perceived beyond their apparently simple
appearance and function; however given high
levels of production, significant overseas trade,
and the widespread use of buttons, these small
pieces of material culture may have intriguing
stories to tell us.
36 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Al Sinn: the stone anchor of the Persian
Gulf pearl fishery
Michael de Ruyter
Flinders University
[email protected]
The distinctive triangular stone anchor, the
sinn, used primarily in the former Persian Gulf
pearl fishery, has potential to act as a diagnostic
artefact of this significant cultural activity. Pearls
have been fished in the Gulf for at least 7000
years, yet there are few known material remains
of pearling equipment older than living memory.
Sinn stone anchors preserved in museums in
the United Arab Emirates are used in this study
as the basis for an initial typological description.
Literary, ethnographic and iconographic sources
are used to verify this description. Sinn anchors
are typically triangular or pendant shaped twohole composite stone anchors formed from slabs
of beachrock, although circular versions have also
been referred to in ethnographic sources. The
two holes are made perpendicular to each other,
the lower holding a wood or iron grapnel, and
the upper accommodating a cable or ring. The
design makes efficient use of common resources
and appears well adapted to the specific seabed
conditions prevalent on pearl banks. The available
materials limit the size of these anchors, which
were used only in relatively small fishing vessels
within the Gulf up until the middle of last century.
Similar anchors were once common in Southern
Arabia and Somalia, but the triangular sinn is
currently only known from examples within the
Persian Gulf. The distinctive shape of this anchor,
adapted to a particular cultural activity within a
restricted geographic area, makes it a potentially
diagnostic artefact for maritime archaeology in
the Persian Gulf.
The Dundee Beach Bronze Swivel Gun: A
Question of Provenance
Paul Clark
Senior Curator, Maritime Archaeology and History,
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory
[email protected]
In January 2010, a breech loading bronze swivel
gun was found partially buried at low tide in sand
and mud at Dundee Beach, southwest of Darwin in
the Northern Territory, Australia. After some initial
research, the finders believed they had found a
Portuguese ‘cannon’ from the 16 or 17th century. In
2012, the gun was brought to the Museum and Art
Gallery of the Northern Territory for examination
and identification with the hope of establishing its
provenance. A number of archaeometric methods
were used to evaluate the gun which included
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Optically Stimulated
Luminescence (OSL), Radio Carbon (C14) dating
and Lead (Pb) Isotope analysis. A number of
interesting results were obtained and several
diagnostic features observed that indicate the gun
may actually be of Southeast Asian origin. The
gun’s bronze matrix was found to be surprisingly
high in lead (Pb) and stylistically was found to be
more elongated and less ‘robust’ in form, than
Portuguese breech loading swivel guns of the 16th
century. This paper summarises the work done
thus far to establish the gun’s provenance and
presents a hypothesis to argue that the swivel gun
is of Southeast Asian manufacture, most likely
Indonesian, rather than Portuguese.
An Ocean of Objects
Corioli Souter
Curator, Department of Maritime Archaeology,
Western Australian Museum, Shipwreck Galleries
[email protected]
The Western Australian Museum in conjunction
the British Museum is developing a major
international exhibition of the history, archaeology
and environment of the Indian Ocean. The
exhibition themes will include consideration of
the human diaspora and migration around the
Indian Ocean rim; trade, ports and entrêpots
of the Indian Ocean world – from Africa to
Asia to Fremantle; early European incursions
and shipwrecks as well as historic and recent
exploitation of resources, from pearls to natural
gas. The Indian Ocean will be considered as
barrier and connector; uniter and divider; source
and sink. This is a thematic, object-led exhibition
that allows the visitor to navigate themselves
across the Indian Ocean region. A diverse range of
objects—some well, known, most not—including
large sculpture, pieces of art, social history and
archaeological objects and some natural history
material will illustrate the key themes of the
exhibition. This paper provides an overview of the
intended themes as well as an insight into the
multi-layered stories that can be gleaned from
well-chosen objects.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
37
Session Eight
Indigenous Narratives and Maritime Archaeology
Chairs:
Dr Jennifer McKinnon
Assistant Professor, Program in Maritime Studies, East Carolina University, [email protected]
Dr Amy Roberts
Senior Lecturer in the Archaeology Department at Flinders University, [email protected]
Maddy Fowler
Flinders University, PhD Candidate, [email protected]
Maritime archaeology has much to gain from collaborating with researchers in the sub-field of
Indigenous archaeology and more importantly by working with Indigenous communities to record their
maritime heritage. Whilst some attempts and inroads have been made by the maritime archaeology subfield to engage with Indigenous communities in relation to their maritime heritage, many aspects in this
area remain to be more fully considered. As such, this session aims to highlight projects and research
that intersect with the conference theme of development and management, have engaged Indigenous
communities in recording their maritime heritage, or served as collaborations between Indigenous
and maritime archaeologies. Participants will be encouraged to discuss issues which have largely
been unaddressed in the management of Indigenous maritime heritage and to emphasise the role that
maritime researchers can play in the need to decolonise both colonial histories and the discipline.
Children, Boats and ‘Hidden Histories’:
Crayon drawings by Aboriginal children
at Point Pearce Mission (SA), 1939
Maddy Fowler
Flinders University, PhD Candidate
[email protected]
Dr Amy Roberts
Senior Lecturer in the Archaeology Department at
Flinders University [email protected]
Mr Tauto Sansbury
Chairperson of the Narungga Aboriginal
Corporation Regional Authority and Narungga
Nation Aboriginal Corporation
[email protected]
This paper reports on the recent ‘Children,
Boats and ‘Hidden Histories” exhibition which
was produced via a collaborative effort involving
archaeologists and the Narungga community
(Yorke Peninsula, SA). The exhibition was
displayed at the South Australian Maritime
Museum (February–June 2014) and featured
nine framed crayon drawings depicting boats
and ships drawn by children at Point Pearce
Mission (Burgiyana) in 1939. The drawings were
collected during the Board for Anthropological
Research’s Harvard and Adelaide Universities’
Anthropological Expedition. The interpretive
panel accompanying the drawings explored
themes such as racism, ‘contested histories’ and
‘hidden histories’. Indeed, the exhibition provided
a forum for exploring Indigenous participation in
Australia’s maritime industry thereby challenging
other narratives which have served to promote
‘Western’ achievements. The oral histories of
Narungga people were particularly foregrounded
as a means to contest non-Indigenous local
histories and to highlight the working contribution
made by Narungga people in the maritime
industry.
Community Archaeology and Mapping
the Indigenous Seascape of Saipan
Dr Jennifer McKinnon
Assistant Professor, Program in Maritime Studies,
East Carolina University
[email protected]
Julie Mushynsky
Department of Archaeology, Flinders University
[email protected]​
Genevieve Cabrera
Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research,
Sapian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands, USA.
[email protected]​ Indigenous Chamorro and Carolinian people of
Saipan identify themselves as having an ancestral
connection with the sea that they continue to
maintain to this day as they engage in daily
activities within their seascape. This paper applies
both a community archaeology and seascape
38 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
approach to the investigation of the sea and its
importance to the Indigenous community on the
island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands in western
Oceania. It examines data collected during a
community project including archaeological sites,
oral histories, lived experiences and contemporary
understandings of both tangible and intangible
maritime heritage to explore Indigenous
connections with the sea and better define the
seascape.
Islands in the sea: an historical and
archaeological investigation into
sealing, whaling and cross-cultural
contact on the Southern Ocean Maritime
Frontier, Archipelago of the Recherche,
Western Australia
Ross Anderson
Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western
Australian Museum/
University of WA, Masters Candidate
[email protected]
Doc Reynolds
Traditional Owner and Director Gabbie Kylie
Foundation (National Trust (WA))
[email protected]
The Archipelago of the Recherche is formed of
105 islands and numerous reefs and obstacles
on the continental shelf off Western Australia’s
south coast. Once granite outcrops on a coastal
plain since cut off by sea-level rise, the islands
have rich natural and cultural heritage values
with evidence of prehistoric and historic use,
including sealing and whaling. Since 2008 the
Traditional Owner/ community–driven Gabbie
Kylie Foundation has conducted archaeological
investigations to document the islands heritage
values, as part of an integrated approach to natural
and cultural heritage management in accordance
with customary rights and protocols. This paper
will present findings from the maritime component
of the research that synthesises historical research
and archaeological data from Aboriginal, historical
archaeological and underwater sites. Findings
include new historical and archaeological evidence
for cross-cultural contact represented by both the
arrival of non-Aboriginal sealers and whalers on
the coast - the ‘Southern Ocean Maritime Frontier’
- and the involvement of Aboriginal people in the
sealing and whaling industries.
Community Memory and Watercraft;
Form and Function of Model Kayaks in
Prehistoric Alaska
Celeste Jordan
Flinders University
[email protected]
Dr. Rick Knecht
University of Aberdeen
[email protected]
A remarkably well-preserved Yup’ik Eskimo
Nunalleq archaeological site in Alaska has
produced a collection of more than 20,000 objects,
most of which are made from wood and other
rarely preserved organic materials. The project,
now in its fifth year, was initiated by the village of
Quinhagak in an effort to document and recover
material being exposed by melting permafrost and
resultant rapid coastal erosion. The research is
community-based with Yup’ik elders and culture
bearers working closely with archaeologists based
at the University of Aberdeen in interpreting data
and identifying artefacts. Yup’ik economies were
heavily dependent on marine resources and kayak
frame parts and model kayaks are an important
component of the Nunalleq collection. Kayak
models from this pre-contact site differ in many
ways from the ethnographically known examples
from the Yup’ik region which have dominated the
literature and become stereotyped into what a
``Yup’ik” kayak should look like. Here we present
the community interpretation of the form and
function of pre-contact Yup’ik kayaks based on the
exampled from the Nunalleq site.
Publication of Conference Papers
Presenters of papers at any of the annual AIMA conferences are automatically invited to submit
their articles or short reports for publication in the AIMA Bulletin.
The AIMA Bulletin is an international scholarly peer-reviewed journal, which has been
successfully published since the late 1970s. It initially began as a newsletter in 1978 but evolved
quickly into a peer-reviewed journal showcasing original research, field projects, analytical
studies and experimental research. The Bulletin comprises articles covering all aspects of
maritime and nautical archaeology from anywhere in the world with very wide subject areas.
Please refer to the author guidelines before you submit your article.
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
39
2014 AIMA AGM
AGENDA
Time: 5:00 – 6:00pm
Date: 03 October 2014
Venue: Theatrette of the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Conacher St, Fannie Bay
Ordinary business
1Present
2Apologies
3
Adoption of Minutes from 2013 Canberra A.G.M.
4Reports
4.1
President 4.2Secretary
4.3
Treasurer & Auditor
4.4
Publications Committee 4.5
5
Election of 2014–2015 Officers and Council
5.1
Officers: President, Senior VP, 2 x VP, Secretary, and Treasurer
5.2
Election of Ordinary Councillors (maximum 20)
5.3
Appointment of AIMA/NAS Senior Tutor
5.4
Appointment of Auditor
6
Selection of Sub Committee and Positions
6.1
Publications Committee and Chair
6.2
Newsletter Editor
6.3
Website Administrator
6.4
AIMA/NAS Committee and Chair – (14 members)
7. Status Reports
7.1
Scholarship Committee
7.2
Administrative Officer
8
AIMA Projects
9
AIMA UNESCO Convention 2001 activities 2013–2014
10
The Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on UCH 2014
11
2015 AIMA Conference Venue
12
Any Other Business
13
Close of Meeting
Annual Report (AIMA/NAS)
40 Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference
Notes
Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) 2014 Conference Navigate: Development and Maritime Heritage
41
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Mooring buoy over Booya shipwreck, Darwin Harbour, David Steinberg