T H E CO N CO R D H I S TO R I A N
“PRESERVING THE PAST TO PROTECT THE FUTURE ”
A Quarterly Publication of the Concord Historical Society
Concord, CA
Volume 43, Issue No. 1
February 2014
SIXTY YEARS OF PROGRESS:
THE HISTORY OF THE MT. DIABLO FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT
By Vivian Boyd
In 1939 Chief A. W. Vargus published the Progress Edition, outlining the development of the fire department in the
city of Concord and its growth into the consolidated Mt.
Diablo Fire Protection District. The publication coincided
with the dedication of the new fire station, on June 25, 1939,
held at 2:00 P.M. The program dedicating the station began
with an inspection of the new facility, followed by a welcoming address by the city's Mayor, L. A. Pedrizzetti. The Shell
Oil Glee Club sang inspirational songs and remarks were
made by the Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, W. J. Buchanan, as well as Chairman of the Fire Commissioners and
Supervisor, 3rd District, R. D. Bollman. Fire Chiefs from
surrounding districts attended and Jack King's Band played.
The event concluded with demonstrations by the Concord Fire
Department on Hose Drills, Ladder Drills and First Aid.
MT. DIABLO FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT, CONCORD—1939
Besides providing a history of the department, the program contained many bits of information indicative of the times.
On the cover are instructions on "How to Report a Fire." Readers were instructed to: 1) Dial Concord 4-3-2-1; 2) State, I
wish to report a fire; 3) Explain exactly where the fire is; 4) Explain what kind of fire it is; 5) Give your name and telephone
number; 6) Proceed to the nearest street or highway point to direct the fire trucks.
The history of the Concord Fire Department states that it was first organized on March 24, 1879 as the Concord Hook &
Ladder Company No. 1. Many familiar names were a part of the company: J. F. Sheehan, C. M. Galindo, Henry Ivey, John
Galvin, John Tierney, Cy Briones, Phillip Klein, and M. N. Breckenridge.
On May 19, 1880 the trustees of the Company bought a parcel of land for $50.00. The deed read as follows: "N. E. Corner of lot 13, Block C, Town of Todos Santos (Concord) being 25 ft. front on Mt. Diablo St. and 80 ft. deep and immediately adjoining Lot No. 12..." On June 22, 1885 a contract was awarded to J. W. Guy for $870.00 to build a two story building to be used as a fire house. In 1892 the interior of the building was finally finished, with the walls plastered and painted.
Continued on page 4
Inside This Issue:
Fire Department History ..... 1, 4, 5
President’s Message .................... 2
New Members ................................ 3
Announcements/Events ................. 3
Masonic Temple Campaign ........... 6
Editor: John Carlston
In Memory of Hart Fairclough ...... 7
Donations........................................ 8
Business Members .......................... 9
Views of the Past .......................... 10
Membership Application .............. 10
© 2014, Concord Historical Society
February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
Now that we’re well on our way into the
year 2014, I want to bring you up to date on
what’s happening behind the scenes at the
Historical Society. Our Christmas Card Fund
Drive has gathered several donations and
many of them are over $50 and will be
matched through our Matching Funds program. However, the Matching Fund program
will end in April so if you’re so inclined, now
is the time to help with the Masonic Temple
transformation. You will have received our
“Non-Dance Valentine Dance” and the same
matching program holds true. Thank you all
for your support and donations, you should be
very proud of what you’re doing to help bring
this dream of a museum to fruitition.
Be sure to mark Thursday Evening, March 20, on your calendar – it’s our annual Membership Dinner at the Oakhurst Country Club in Clayton. Our speaker
for the evening will be City Councilman and retired U.S. Army Major General
Daniel C. Helix.
We are planning to move our History Resource Center to the Farm Bureau Hall
in April. It’s quite an undertaking and we can use help. Lind Higgins is in charge
of the move and wants everyone to know how excited we are to be moving. We
have been renting the current Resource Center on Sutter Street from the City of
Concord. It was previously designated a redevelopment parcel, but now it will be
sold, thus the move. As you can imagine there are numerous file cabinets, boxes,
books and artifacts that have to be moved. As we get closer to the date, Lind Higgins will let us know what help will be needed for this sizeable undertaking
Page 2
Board of Directors
President:
Carol Longshore
First Vice President:
Vivian Boyd
Second Vice President:
Jim Trolan
Secretary:
Carole Kelsch
Treasurer:
Lind Higgins
At Large Members:
George Baldocchi
John Carlston
Marnie Carter
Lloyd Crenna
Barry Cunningham
Evelyn Cunningham
Joanne Fryer
Chuck Gabrysiak
David Gagliardi
John Keibel
Terry Kremin
Kay Massone
Marv McKean
Brad Morimune
Larry Prosper
Barbara Strehlitz
Judy Trette
As we continue to make progress toward the ultimate restoration and opening of
our Museum complex, we will need docents and extended help. We invite anyone
considering volunteering to jump in and join us in our efforts. We have a lot of fun Board Member Emeritus:
Paul Larson
and meet a lot of good people. I can’t stress enough what an important time this is
for the Society. After not having had a permanent museum for so long, and now
having two grand historic buildings to be made into a museum complex is truly
exciting and surreal all at the same time. With all that’s been going on in the past
Concord Historical Society’s
year, sometimes words can’t properly express how appreciate we are of all the supResource Center
port we’ve received—in the form of time, effort and donations. The construction is
still ongoing and we still appreciate any support available from our friends in the
1601 Sutter St., Suites E & F
community.
Concord
(925) 827-3380
You should have received your ballots for our board elections. We will be welOpen Tuesdays 1:00 to 4:00 PM
coming some new directors soon. George Baldocchi, a board member for more
than a decade, will be stepping down. Thank you, George, for all of your help and
Visit us on the web at:
hard work over the years.
www.concordhistorical.org
www.concordhistory.com
Every time I drive by the Masonic Temple I feel so proud of how she looks,
nestled in the trees, being worked on and transformed into a beautiful historic Masonic Temple Concord History Museum. I hope you feel the same way and remember all you give of your time and money
will come back to you and your family through your efforts to keep history alive.
Don’t forget about our upcoming events such as our annual membership dinner in March, and our Spring Tea in May.
Your President, Carol Longshore
February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
Honorary
Board of Directors
Page 3
WELCOME NEW MEMBERS
Sharon Jelich
Michael Wendorf
Denise & Gary Brown
Dave Brubeck (1920-2012)
Musician/Composer
Richard A. Cuneo
Winery Executive
Joseph L. Campbell
Pres. - Contra Costa Water Dist.
Hart Fairclough (1924-2013)
Educator/Athletic Coach
Judith Morgan
Author/TV Writer/Painter
James Serventi
Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
UPCOMING EVENTS:
Annual Membership Meeting and Dinner
at Oakhurst Country Club in Clayton
Thursday, March 20, 2014
Speaker: City Councilman Daniel C. Helix
Spring Tea
at the Historic Galindo Home Museum and Gardens
Friday, May 9; Saturday, May 10; and Sunday, May 11, 2014
(Two seatings each day at 11:30 AM and 2:00 PM)
Summer Social
at the Historic Galindo Home Museum and Gardens
Sunday, June 21, 2014
Great Stuff Sale
at the Galindo Gardens
September 2014
(Save all your stuff—we will begin collecting in August. Exact dates forthcoming.)
February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
Page 4
Continued from page 1
Later the building was moved to Fernando Street (Willow Pass Road); it continued in use as the Fire Department until 1939,
when the building was remolded into the City Hall.
It is interesting to note that the first piece of equipment
bought for the department in 1895, a hand-operated Gould
pump, manufactured by the Woodin & Little Company of
San Francisco was purchase for $400.00, a little less that
half the cost of the building within which it would reside.
In 1910 the first fire hydrants were installed, and two handdrawn horse carts were purchased. In 1912 a hand-drawn
chemical truck was purchased. But, overall, records were
sketchy until A. W. Vargus was named Chief in 1924. He
took steps to organize the department, and began keeping
complete records on file. With the reorganization other
familiar names became a part of the department:
William Eddy, Dan Baldwin, L. B. McKinnon, T. Vasconi,
J. P. Crenna, Ray Crenna, W. Foskett, F. Freitas.
It seems that the Mt. Diablo Fire District came into being as the result of a meeting held at the Concord Farm
ENGINE COMPANY NO. 1, CONCORD—1933
Center in 1920, when it was pointed out that the rural areas
of central Contra Costa County lacked adequate fire protecORIGINAL CONCORD FIRE HOUSE—LATE 1880s
tion. A fundraising committee was formed to raise money
for fire equipment for use on farms. The committee was comprised of A. C. Gehringer, Frank Rose, and W. "Bill" Woods.
The committee held dances to raise the needed money. A Model T Ford truck, outfitted with two 25 gallon chemical tanks
was purchased. W. H. Eddy, who operated the garage next door, was asked to house the truck and take charge of its maintenance. Keeping the equipment in working order posed a problem, as it was necessary to collect money from farmers once a
fire occurred, to cover the cost of recharging the chemical tanks and any other expenses incurred. Needless to say, this was
an impractical system. In 1923, the County Fire Protection District Act of 1923, was passed by the State Legislature, eliminating this collection process, but it required the formation of another committee to take advantage of this Act. As a result,
the Mt. Diablo Fire Protection District was formed which included school districts in Concord and surrounding areas. The
Schools Districts that joined the fire district were the Concord School District, the Pacheco School District, the Clayton
Valley School District, the Clayton School District and the Oak Grove School District for a total of approximately 80 square
miles.
In 1926 two more pieces of equipment were purchased,
foremost a Dodge one-and-a-half ton truck which, like the
earlier Model T Ford, was also housed at W. H. Eddy's garage.
1926 DODGE FIRE TRUCK DRIVEN BY WILLIAM EDDY
A suitable site for a new fire station was identified in
1930 and the land was purchased in downtown Concord.
The site consisted of two lots 50' x 125' each and it was
located on the corner of Fernando (Willow Pass) and Grant
streets. The lots cost $500 each. But, the planning committee hit a snag when the City of Concord did not have adequate funding to build the station. They had applied to the
Public Works Administration for funding, but the city did
not have the needed matching money.
In 1936 a second attempt was made. This time the district had on hand 55 percent of the funding requested from the
Public Works Administration and their application for $11,454.00 was accepted. On September 29, 1938 bids were reviewed and the low bid offered by J. J. Hansen was accepted. His bid of $22,120 required another request for funding from
the P. W. A., which was granted and the project continued, costing $25,379. But, this did not include architect's fees, light
fixtures or blinds. Once additional grant money was secured, the district then had the $30,065 needed to complete the project.
Continued on page 5
February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
Page 5
Continued from page 4
Driveways, a wash rack, sidewalks and all outside work was not a part of the bid, but, working with the city, which had
W. P. A. (Works Progress Administration—a Depression era New Deal agency) projects already underway, this was completed. And so, on June 25, 1939 the building, on the northeast corner of Willow Pass Road and Grant Street in downtown
Concord was dedicated. This station was designated Station 1, and served as headquarters of the Mt. Diablo Fire Protection District. Once completed the station housed five pieces of equipment manned by 28 men on call, all under the supervision of Chief A. W. Vargus, who held monthly drills. Instruction was held on the use of the equipment as well as first aid,
including the use of a new piece of equipment, an inhalator to be used to restore breathing to those who had drowned or
become asphyxiated, or who have contacted pneumonia or diphtheria.
The publication is also quick to point out that the new station resulted in a decrease in insurance rates and prompts people to make sure that their insurance reflects the new decrease.
On December 29, 1964, the Mt. Diablo Fire Protection District merged with the Central Fire Protection District
(comprised of five stations in Walnut Creek and Pleasant Hill) to form the Contra Costa Fire Protection District. The downtown Concord fire station built in 1939 is still in operation at 2210 Willow Pass Road. It is currently designated Station 6 of
the Contra Costa Fire Protection District. Currently the district provides services for 9 cities and unincorporated areas of the
County. It serves a population of 600,000 people and covers 304 square miles with 24 stations. The total operating budget
for 2009-2011 was $99.7 million.
The publication produced by A. W. Vargus included some tips on preventing fires, some of which apply today, some of which reflect the culture of the
day. Citizens are asked by the publication to especially eliminate the following
items or practices:
The use of cheap unsafe matches.
Use of coal oil and other inflammable volatiles to start fires.
Neglecting chimney and flue cleaning once a year.
Neglect and lack of inspection of heating appliances.
Shingle roof.
Accumulation of papers and rubbish in attic, basement and outhouses.
Dry grass, noxious weeds, and rubbish in yards surrounding property.
Use of gasoline, naphtha and cleaning fluids in home.
Smoking in bed, careless use of cigarettes and other smoking materials.
Oily rags and rubbish in garage and on premises.
Fire crackers, rockets, etc.
Cheap electrical appliances.
Improper fuses to protect wiring.
Too many electrical fixtures on a single circuit.
Storing gasoline in the home, and empty gasoline drums on premises.
Burning loose materials in open fire places.
Not having proper fire breaks in buildings.
CONCORD ENGINE COMPANY NO. 1—1933
CONCORD FIRE STATION—1920
CONCORD VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT—1928
February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
Page 6
CAMPAIGN TO RESTORE THE MASONIC TEMPLE 2013-2014
HELP RESTORE THE MASONIC TEMPLE AND MAKE IT
THE CONCORD HISTORY MUSEUM AND RESOURCE CENTER
Your donation, if made before April 30, 2014, will be matched by a donor
who has committed to matching donations from the public. Mail your check to the
Concord Historical Society, P. O. Box 404, Concord CA 94522. Your Donation will be
matched, thus doubling the power of your gift. Any amount will be greatly appreciated.
Whatever you can afford will help us reach our goal.
The Museum and Resource Center will be open to Concord’s students, residents
and scholars and will display the Society’s large collection of historical artifacts of Concord’s interesting and important past. The Masonic Temple’s original dance floor and
stage will be retained and available for rentals for weddings and other special occasions,
providing a source of income to maintain and operate the Galindo Home as well as the
Museum.
This is your chance to be a part of the creation of a Museum and Resource Center
that will preserve the history we want future generations to know. Please donate whatever you can and an amount that expresses your appreciation of our all volunteer Society’s work to complete this very beneficial project for the community. Thank you.
Your donation will be tax deductible as allowed by law.
Sincerely,
Lloyd R. Crenna, Campaign Manager
With your belief in the Concord Historical Society’s cause, and your financial support, the Masonic Temple will be
restored to its earlier grandeur at its new site, 1928 Clayton Road, for future generations to behold and enjoy.
February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
Page 7
IN MEMORY OF COACH HART FAIRCLOUGH (1924-2013)
By Lon M. Carlston
Scores of former Mt. Diablo High School students and athletes lost a much
loved and respected teacher, coach, roll-model, mentor and friend at the passing
of Hart Fairclough on November 11, 2013. Fairclough, a member of the Concord
Historical Society’s Honorary Board of Directors was 89. The passing of Hart
Fairclough is not only a huge loss to his family and friends but is also a tremendous loss to many members of the Society and community as well.
It’s fair to say that many members of the society had Hart either as a math
teacher or as a football/track and field coach at Mt. Diablo High School where he
taught and coached for many years from the early 1950s through the early 1980s.
He served as backfield coach in the early 1950s until the fall of 1956 when he
became head football coach. His teams won Diablo Valley Athletic League football championships in 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962 and 1963, while his track and field
teams also excelled with several league titles and a North Coast Section championship in 1955.
One of his athletes, Stan Gaunt, won the pole vault at the 1954 California
State Championship meet, while many other of his football and track athletes
went on to compete at the college level. As head coach of the North team in the
1961 Shrine All-Star North-South football game, Hart led the North to victory.
After retiring from football Hart served as Commissioner of the Diablo Valley
Athletic League from 1972 to 1986. In recognition of all his sports contributions,
COACH FAIRCLOUGH IN THE 1950s
he was inducted into the Mt. Diablo Sports Hall of Fame in 2003 and the Mt.
Diablo High School football stadium now bears the name the Hart Fairclough Mt. Diablo High Red Devil Stadium. Hart
retired from teaching in 1984.
Although just about everyone knew him as Hart, he was born
Richard Hartley Fairclough, Jr. on July 11, 1924 in Evanston, Illinois.
When he was 11, his family moved west, settling in Los Gatos, California. There he became active in Boy Scouts, earned his Eagle Scout
ranking, became active in high school sports, lettered in basketball
and track (where he was a pole vaulter) and got interested in football.
An attack on Pearl Harbor during his senior year at Los Gatos
High School resulted in a four-year U.S. Army tour overseas with the
1256 Engineering Combat Battalion during World War II. Following
his tour of duty he attended the University of California, Berkeley,
where he obtained a Master’s Degree in Physical Education and studied football coaching under Pappy Waldorf.
FAIRCLAUGH AT THE MDHS CENTENNIAL—2001
Not long after joining the Mt. Diablo High staff, Hart married fellow teacher Betty Joanne Blankenship (whom Mt. Diablo High girls
called “Miss B”). The Faircloughs raised four daughters, Ann Fairclough of La Canada/Flintridge, Kathryn Fairclough of Martinez,
Susan Fairclough of Lafayette, and Carolyn Thibault of Hope, Idaho.
Hart is survived by a sister, Jean Schroeder, his children and two
grandchildren, Steven Thibault of Akron, Ohio, and David Thibault of
Sandpoint, Idaho. He was predeceased by his wife Betty.
While much of Hart’s professional life was devoted to sports, you didn’t have to be an athlete to be a friend of Mr. Fairclough, as many former students will attest. It goes without saying that Hart was one of the fairest, most positive and supportive coaches ever at Mt. Diablo High. And as a testament to his character, this writer never once in the 60 years I’ve
known him ever heard anyone say anything negative about my friend Hart Fairclough. He will be missed by so many.
February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
Page 8
DONATIONS
Donations—Photos, Artifacts, Library Materials
Andrea Blachman for Martinez Historical Society - Third Annual Concord Independence Day Fete memorabilia 1931: Program for July 2, 3, 4; typescript of the history of Concord that appears in the program; letter dated June 6, 1932 from Mayor
John J. Bermingham, President Concord Community Fourth of July Association thanking Sheriff R. R. Veale for securing Joseph R. Knowland to deliver the Fourth of July oration in Concord
Neal & Diane Essary - Kitchen tongs from O’Neal’s circa 1940s or earlier
Joanne Fryer - Cookbook, spiral bound, Some of the best cooks live in Concord, California; Here is a treasury of their Favorite Recipes
Jerry Michaels - Weede photo covers (2); Diablo News June 3, 1955; clipping, Concord Transcript 1/17/1968; Photocopy,
MDHS aerial view c 1946; Programs: MDHS Commencement 1955; Senior Career Day 1955; Carnival Papers 1955; Drinking
glasses, Crystal Drive-In; miniature cedar chest from Sattler’s; Shorthand pin for 100 words-a-minute 1955
Kay Massone - CDs with photos: Masonic Temple in its former location; CHS Fall events – Docent Luncheon 9/28/13 (48) &
Autumn at the Adobe 10/6/13 (24)
Jacquie Oliverius - Photos, framed, Transcript Building: Clayton Road (color), Bacon Block 1890s, Bacon Block circa 1910;
Aluminum printing plate, framed, Concord Transcript 9/16/1987
Jerry Prado - City of Concord emblem; Clippings, Transcript: Concord men leave for Air Force training 6/24/1960; Crucial
vote set on Concord Rezoning request 4/11/1983; Cooking winners & recipes 11/12/1969 (laminated); Mt. Diablo High School
memorabilia; Menu & flyer, Serendipity Restaurant 2002-2002 Brochure, International Hospitality & Tourism Academy
2011Booklet, History of Mt. Diablo High School; Map, MDHS campus
Ray Rosenblatt - Map, B&W aerial view of Meadow Homes tract 1950
Barbara Strehlitz - Program, MDHS Centennial Celebration, All Class Reunion 1903-2003
Donations—Financial Contributions
In Memory of Ted Mundy
Richard and Wrenetta Dortzback
Judy Trette
Art and Louise Turrin
J. A. Trolan Family
Lydia Crowell
Anita Mingham
Gaile Ginocchio/Ginocchio Family
Daniel and Sharon Pimentel
Bill and Virginia Rood
Robert Uriate and Gloria Lincoln
Tom and Kay Brachin
Margaret Flaugher
Monterey Mechanical
Sandra Stauffer
Jim and Virginia Villa
Larry and LaRae LaRosa
Kenneth and Jonnye Derrick
Leo Fontana
Gerald W. Hudlin
Jim and Maurice Kilcoin
Reggie and Barbara Fromm
Fred Lebherz
Bob and Kay Massone
Jack and Janet Armstrong
George and Margaret Wildes
Victor Nonaka
Bill Littorno
Mr. and Mrs. Ken Snyder
Curtis and Tracy Jin
Donations—Museum Building Fund
Cynthia Stauffer
Valeria Stauffer
Shirley Warren
Melvin and Diana Haas
Diablo Nephrology Medical Group
Larry and Barbara Hollinger
Marv McKean
Nobrio Watanabe
Sharon Jelich
In Memory of Hart Fairclough
Vivian Boyd
Judy Trette
Don and Jackie Madera
Marv McKean
James Serventi
Mr. & Mrs. Loyal Miner
In Memory of Ruth Claussen
Richard and Marjorie Kransky
Michael and Karen Ball
George Bonfigli
In Memory of Mary Alessandrelli
Jim and Virginia Villa
In Memory of Paul Lewis
Denese Allen
Jan Rodd
Vivian Boyd
Alice B. Woodhead
Willard Ballenger
Joan Reed
Brad and Jennifer Morimune
John Keibel
Al Bolden
Jim and Jan Trolan
Celina Wu
Mr. & Mrs. John Mercurio
Thomas and Sharon Duncan
Vasconi-Belka Realty
Beverly Ginocchio
Margaret Floyd
Mary Buscaglia
Myron and Jean Allen
Linda Chambers
Lynda Deschenes
Veronica Villa
John and Michelle Carlston
Catalina Wright
Daniel Campos
Stan Gaunt
Dr. Allen Lagier
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
GENEROSITY AND
CONTINUED SUPPORT
February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
Page 9
CONCORD HISTORIAN NEWSLETTER AD APPLICATION
One Year – Four Issues
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February 2014
THE CONCORD HISTORIAN
Page 10
CONCORD HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
NAME (please print):
Mailing Address:
E-mail Address:
Telephone:
Annual Membership Categories:
Supporting: $25.00; Nonprofit: $25.00; Business: $100.00; Benefactor: $150.00; Life Membership: $500.00
Additional Tax deductible donation:
General Fund:
Museum Fund:
Archive Preservation Fund:
Landmark Plaque Fund:
Total Amount Enclosed:
If you would like to volunteer, please select your choice:
School Programs
Fund Raising
Newsletter
Administration
Docent
Documentation
Membership
Oral History
Walking Tours
Research
Please clip or copy this membership form, and mail it to the Concord Historical Society at P. O. Box 404, Concord, CA 94522
VIEWS OF THE PAST
Compiled by Kay Massone from the January 9, 1968 Concord Transcript
City Council Declares a State of War
The Concord City Council declared a state of war last night so it could give city treasurer Anne Walsh a raise
in salary.
The state constitution prohibits raising salaries of elective officials during their terms of office unless a national state of war exists. The attorney general last year found that such a state exists, at least as far as elective
salaries are concerned.
Pending final passage of an ordinance, Mrs. Walsh’s salary will go up 5 per cent from $720 to $765.
MISSION STATEMENT
The Mission of the Concord Historical Society is to discover, preserve and display objects and materials of significant historical interest, importance and value
in relation to Concord and its vicinity, to identify and preserve Concord’s historical structures and to discover, preserve and disseminate knowledge of Concord’s
history.
DONATIONS APPRECIATED
The Concord Historical Society (CHS) welcomes gifts of funds, stock or property, and bequests in Wills and Trusts or in
honor or memory of someone. Because CHS is an all volunteer organization, 100% of your gifts goes to its projects. Unspecified gifts will be placed in the Museum Fund. All gifts are tax deductible and will be acknowledged personally and in
the newsletter unless you request otherwise. Checks should be made out and mailed to: Concord Historical Society, P. O.
Box 404, Concord, CA 94522. Your generosity is greatly appreciated.