5th practical in zoology… lineage Deuterostomia phyla: Echionodermata Chordata Deuterostomia Phylum Echinodermata • • • • • • • Ambulacral system filled by seawater (use madreporite to clean the water as it enters) 5-fold body symetry Internal calcareous skelet Aristotles lantern („teeth“) Sessile forms – sea lilies Herbivores, carnivores, fliterfeeders Mobile forms – sea stars, brittle stars, urchins, sea cucumbers Phylum Chordata • Notochord - chorda dorsalis • Dorsal neural tube • Pharyngeal slits • Endostyle (thoracic gland) Subphyla: Tunicata – sea squirts Cephalochordata - lancelets Vertebrata - vertebrates Typical features of Chordates: • notochord (chorda dorsalis) • Dorsal nerve tube • Pharynx – pharyngeal slitts • Endostyle - thoracic gland • ventral heart (where heart is present) • complete digestive tract: mouth anus Subphylum: Tunicata • Filtrators, marine, primitive chordates, functional notochord only in larval stage • Ascidiacea (sea squirts) sesile • Thaliacea – planctonic chain of zooids, metagenesis, complex reproduction. • Appendicularia planctonic Ascidians adult • • • Subphylum: Vertebrata Head Vertebrae Gillslits (perforated pharynx) • Bone skeleton • Paired sensory organs… Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Cyclostomata ? Class: Myxinoidea – hagfishes Class: Petromyzontida – Infraphylum: Gnathostomata lampreys Class: Chondrichthyes – – j awed vertebrates cartilagious fishes „Anamnia“ Class: Actinopterygii – rayfinned fis hes Class: Sarcopterygii – fleshy finned fish Class: Amphibia – amphibians Class: „Reptilia – reptiles“ Class: Aves – birds Class: Mammalia – mammals Amniota „Cyclostomata“? Class: Petromyzontida lampreys • Predators, „ectoparasites“, ceratinous „teeth“ in the circular mouth, no jaws • 7 gillslits • Migrations • Petromyzon marinus – problem with introduction in North America Class: Chondrichthyes – sharks, rays and chimeras Subclass: Elasmobranchii • Sharks, rays • Teeth, placoid scales • Spiraculum, 6 gillslits • Spiral valve in gut • Internal fertilisation, slow reproduction Lorenzini ampulae Subclass: Holocephali Chimaeras (ratfish) Fused head cartilage At sea bottom, eating hard food Class Actinopterygii ray finned fish • Shown species of ray finned fish: Subclass Chondrostei ) Acipenseriformes – sterlet, sturgeon(caviar) Subclass Teleostei • Perciformes – zander, perch, Cichlids (angelfish) • Pleuronectiformes – flatfishes • Syngnathiformes – sea horse, pipefish • Esociformes - pike • Siluriformes - catfish • Anguilliformes - eel • Beloniformes - garfish More fish orders… Fish often availalbe in shops to keep in aquariums, and their relatives: • Cypriniformes – carp, Danio rerio • Cyprinodontiformes – molly (Poecilia sp.), swordtail (Xiphophorus sp.) • Characiformes – piranha, neonfish Class: Amphibia Old lieage (390mya), 3 subclasses: • Anura, +6000 spp Toads(Bufonidae), frogs (Ranidae), treefrogs(Hylidae), clawed frogs(Xenopus spp.) … • Caudata 588 spp), Northern hemisphere. Newts (Triturus spp.), salamander (Salamandra spp.) • Gymnophiona, 185 spp, tropical Biology of amphians • Frogs • External fertilisation • Larva – tadpole very different from adult Biology of amphibians • Caudates • Internal fertilisation • Larva similar to adult • Specific features of amphibians Eggs Only gel-like protective layer Metamorphosis Change of food, habitat, physiology… Skin Permeable, thin, most of imunity on the surface Skin breathing Breathing Adults use lungs (some exceptions exist – neoteny) Larval stages breathe through gills Class: „Reptilia“ Keratinised skin – scales Amniotic egg 3 embryonic membranes: Amnion Allantois Chorion Adaptations to live on dry land (breathing, excretion…) 3 traditional Orders: Testudines – turtles Plastron and carapace, toothless Squamata – scaled reptiles suborders: Lizards – agama, gecko, iguana, chameleon, monitor, gilila monster, slowworm… Snakes – boa, python, rats snakes, cobras, vipers and rattlesnakes (venomous) Crocodylia Crocodyles, alligatos
© Copyright 2024 Paperzz
