DEMOGRAPHICS of the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Share of World Production of Four
Countries During the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth of Four Major Cities
During the Industrial Revolution
25
6
5
20
4
15
Great Britain
Germany
France
United States
10
London
Berlin
Paris
New York
3
2
5
1
0
0
1830
1860
1880
1900
Dominated World Production until 1880
Dominated World Production after 1880
1830
1850
1870
1890
1910
GREAT BRITAIN
UNITED STATES
What might explain the change in world production between these two nations?
Great Britain (Island) -vs- U.S. (Continent) = Greater Resources
DEMOGRAPHICS of the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Share of World Production of Four
Countries During the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth of Four Major Cities
During the Industrial Revolution
25
6
5
20
4
15
Great Britain
Germany
France
United States
10
London
Berlin
Paris
New York
3
2
5
1
0
0
1830
1860
1880
1900
1830
How were the changes in Industrial Production
and Urban Population similar from 1830-1900?
1850
1870
1890
1910
BOTH INCREASED
What might explain the sudden population growth in cities during this period?
Cities = Factory Centers = New Jobs = Migration = Urban Growth
DEMOGRAPHICS of the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Breakdown of Occupations for British Population in 1831
4%
5%
Manufacturing
33%
Mercantile
Domestic
Professional
Transport
32%
Agriculture
3%
5%
2%
Construction
16%
Two Occupations with the Largest
Growth between 1831 - 1891
Mining
Manufacturing & Mercantile
Two Occupations with the Greatest
Decline between 1831 - 1891
Breakdown of Occupations for British Population in 1861
4%
1%
Manufacturing
19%
Agriculture and Mining
Mercantile
41%
Domestic
Professional
Transport
2%
6%
How were these changes connected
to Industrial Growth
Agriculture
7%
Construction
20%
Mining
Breakdown of Occupations for British Population in 1891
11%
2% 4%
2%
Manufacturing
Mercantile
8%
47%
Domestic
Professional
Transport
Agriculture
26%
Construction
People moved to Cities =
Increased Manufacturing =
More Goods to Sell
People leaving Country =
Decline in Farming
DEMOGRAPHICS of the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
350
300
12,000
Coal Production of
Four Countries During the
Industrial Revolution
10,000
Production of Iron in
Five Countries During the
Industrial Revolution
250
8,000
200
Great Britain
Germany
France
United States
150
Great Britain
Germany
France
United States
6,000
4,000
100
2,000
50
0
0
1840
1860
1880
1900
How was the Production of Coal, Iron,
and Railroads Interconnected?
1840
1860
1880
1900
140
120
Development of Railroads in
Four Countries During the
Industrial Revolution
100
Coal is needed to make the Iron
80
Great Britain
Germany
France
United States
60
Iron is needed to build the RR
Railroads are need to Transport
40
20
0
1840
1860
1880
1900
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Why did England Lead the Industrial Movement?
LARGE
POPULATION OF WORKERS
EXTENSIVE
EXPANDING
GROWING
NATURAL RESOURCES (Due to Colonies)
ADVANTAGE
SUCCESSFUL
POLITICAL STABILITY (No Conflicts)
ECONOMIC SUPPORT (Entrepreneurs)
OVERSEAS TRADE & PROSPERITY
POWERFUL MILITARY (Army & Navy)
England Controlled all Three Factors of Production
LAND
LABOR
CAPITOL (Wealth)
Critical Thinking: Why did the United States and Germany Lag behind England?
INTERNAL CONFLICTS
U.S. – Revolution & Civil War
Germany – War for Unification
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
NEW INVENTIONS REVOLUTIONIZE THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
1733
Doubled the Daily
Output
FLYING SHUTTLE
1764
Worked Eight
Threads at Once
SPINNING JENNY
1769
Harnessed Water
Power
WATER FRAME
1779
Made Stronger
Threads
1787
Speeds up the
Weaving Process
POWER LOOM
1793
Increased Cotton
Production
COTTON GIN
SPINNING MULE
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Eventually many Textile Machines were
housed in one large building Called:
FACTORIES
INVENTIONS REVOLUTIONIZE MINING & TRANSPORTATION
1705
Improved Mining
Operations
STEAM PUMPS
1765
Watts Improved on
Previous Invention
STEAM ENGINE
1804
Trevithick (British)
Developed
LOCOMOTIVE
1807
Fulton Developed
in the U.S.
STEAM SHIPS
1825
First Britain &
Then the U.S.
RAILROADS
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
HOW DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHANGE PEOPLE’S LIVES?
The Rise of Cities was called:
URBANIZATION
Factory Clusters became known as:
IN ENGLAND
LONDON
LARGEST
CITIES
LIVING CONDITIONS
LACKED:
INDUSTRIAL CENTERS
ADEQUATE
HOUSING
CAUSED:
OVERCROWDING
SPREAD:
SICKNESS
CAUSED:
EPIDEMICS
IN THE U.S.
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING HOURS
WORK CONDITIONS
ACCIDENTS
WOMEN &
CHILDREN
LONG:
POOR:
FREQUENT:
EMPLOYED:
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
This family living near a factory in Chicago includes Mother and Father and 7 children. The whole
family lives in a one-room shack in shanty town. The younger kids all sleep in the same bed.
Mom, Dad, and older sister sleep on blankets on the floor. Everyone has two pairs of clothes (one
to wear, while the other is being washed). All the kids get one good meal a day, even if Mom and
Dad have to go without. Tim (10), George (8), and Bob (7) all work in the factory. Sister Sara (16)
and Mother work different shifts at the local sweatshop so that they can care for the little one:
Lara (3) and Lisa (2). Little Billy (5) works with Dad as a Chimney Sweep (being lowered into the
chimney to scrap off soot). The stove is used for cooking or heat only if they can scrape together
wood or coal.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
A family living in worker’s quarters near the Tifton Cotton Mill. The four smallest children were
not working yet. The mother said she earns $4.50 a week and all the working children earn $3.50
a week. Her husband died last year and left her with 11 children. Two of them went off and got
married. The family left the farm two years ago to work in the mill. Most of the children wear the
hand-me-downs of the older ones. Only Mom and the oldest children have shoes. One meal a
day and a single bed are their only luxuries.
Tifton, Georgia.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
Furman Owens, 12 years old. Can't read.
Doesn't know his A,B,C's. Said, "Yes I
want to learn but can't when I work all
the time." Been in the mills 4 years, 3
years in the Olympia Mill.
Columbia, South Carolina.
One of the spinners in Whitnel Cotton
Mill. She was 11years old and 51
inches high. Has been in the mill one
year. Sometimes works at night. Runs
4 sides - 48 cents a day. When asked
how old she was, she hesitated, then
said, "I don't remember," then added
confidentially, "I'm not old enough to
work, but do just the same.“
Whitnel, North Carolina.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
Jo Bodeon, a back-roper in the mule room
at Chace Cotton Mill. His mother showed
me the family Bible indicating his date of
birth as July 15, 1894. 10 years old now, he
has been in the factory two years and
occasionally works nights.
Burlington, Vermont.
The overseer at the Newberry
Cotton Mill said apologetically, "She
just happened in." She has been
working steadily for at least a year.
No idea how old she is. The mills
seem full of youngsters who "just
happened in" or "are helping sister."
Newberry, South Carolina.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
The Breaker boys of the Hughestown
Pennsylvania (Range from 8-11 yrs old).
They work from 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily
driving mine cars. The dust is so dense at
times as to obscure their view and it also
penetrates the utmost recesses of the
boys' lungs. A kind of slave-driver
sometimes stands over the boys, kicking
& prodding them into obedience.
Pittston, Pennsylvania.
Harley Bruce is a young coupling-boy
at Indian Mine. He appears to be 10
years old and says he has been
working there about 2 years. It is hard
and dangerous work. One of his
friends died in a recent cave-in.
Near Jellico, Tennessee.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
Young cigar makers in Engelhardt & Co.
The three boys looked under 12 years
old. They say they’ve been working off
and on for the last three years. Labor
leaders told me in busy times many
small boys and girls were employed.
Most of the youngsters smoke cigars
while they work.
Tampa, Florida.
Rob Kidd, one of the young workers
in Wheaton Glass Works. 11 years old
now, but has been in the glass works
two years and often works nights.
Millville, New Jersey.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
Oyster shuckers working in a canning
factory. All but the very smallest babies
work. They began work at 3:30 a.m. and
were expected to work until 5 p.m. The
6 year old girl in the center was working
with her mother and brothers . Her
mother said she is "a real help to me."
Dunbar, Louisiana.
Manuel is a young shrimp picker,
age 5. A mountain of oyster shells
behind him seems to grow larger
every day. He has been working at
least a year and doesn’t understand
English. He doesn’t have any shoes
and works about 16 hours a day.
Biloxi, Mississippi.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
Camille Carmo, age 7, and Justine,
age 9. The older girl has been picking
berries for three years. Their Mother
said they pick about 6-7 baskets a
day. "And I don't make them pick;
they volunteered to help on their
own."
Rochester, Mass.
Twelve-year-old Tom Lahnert topping
beets. The father, mother, and two
boys (9 and 12 yrs.) expect to make
$700 in about 2 months time in the
beet work. "The boys can keep up with
me all right, and all day long," the
father said. Begin at 6 a.m. and work
until 6 p.m. with an hour off at noon.
Fort Collins, Colorado.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
According to Dr. Ward from Manchester; “When I was a surgeon for the factory,
accidents were often admitted to the infirmary because the children’s hands and
arms had been caught in the machinery. In many cases the muscles and skin had
been stripped down to the bone. In some instances, fingers, hands, and even legs
have been lost or required amputation. Of 106 child laborers, 47 have been injured.
Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution
A girl named Mary Richards, who was not quite ten
years of age, attended a drawing frame, below which,
and about a foot from the floor, was a horizontal
shaft, by which the frames above were turned. It
happened one evening, that her apron was caught by
the shaft. In an instant the poor girl was drawn into
the machine and dashed on the floor. She uttered the
most heart-rending shrieks! Witnesses saw her
whirled round and round by the shaft and heard the
bones of her arms, legs, thighs, etc. successively
snapped and crushed, seemingly, to atoms, as the
machinery whirled her round, and drew her body
tighter and tighter within the works. As she flailed
helplessly, her blood was scattered over the frame
and streamed upon the floor. At last, her mangled
body was jammed in so fast, between the shafts and
the floor, that it stopped the main shaft. When she
was extricated, every bone was found broken and her
head dreadfully crushed. Eventually, her body was
removed and carried off quite lifeless. Within an hour,
another girl was assigned to work the same machine.