Erosion by Glaciers
Dana Desonie, Ph.D.
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Printed: January 10, 2015
AUTHOR
Dana Desonie, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
Chapter 1. Erosion by Glaciers
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Erosion by Glaciers
• Describe the erosional landforms created by glaciers.
In what ways is this glacier creating distinctive landforms?
This glacier is modifying the landscape it’s flowing through. Glaciers erode and deposit telltale landforms. They
show the direction a glacier flowed and how far it advanced. They create fantastic and unique features in mountain
areas. Did glaciers leave clues where you live? If you live in the northern part of the United States, you might be
able to find some. Would you know what to look for?
Erosion by Glaciers
Like flowing water, flowing ice erodes the land and deposits the material elsewhere. Glaciers cause erosion in two
main ways: plucking and abrasion.
• Plucking is the process by which rocks and other sediments are picked up by a glacier. They freeze to the
bottom of the glacier and are carried away by the flowing ice.
• Abrasion is the process in which a glacier scrapes underlying rock. The sediments and rocks frozen in the ice
at the bottom and sides of a glacier act like sandpaper. They wear away rock. They may also leave scratches
and grooves that show the direction the glacier moved. These grooves are called glacial striations.
Valley Glaciers
Valley glaciers create several unique features through erosion.
• As a valley glacier flows through a V-shaped river valley, it scrapes away the sides of the valley. It carves a
U-shaped valley with nearly vertical walls ( Figure 1.1).
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FIGURE 1.1
The glacier on the left is carving out the
sides of a valley. The U-shaped valley
on the right is what will be left when the
glacier melts away.
FIGURE 1.2
The waterfall on the right flows through
a glacial valley. A larger glacier carved
the valley the water falls into. There is a
waterfall because this is a hanging valley.
• A hanging valley was cut off from the main valley by a larger glacier ( Figure 1.2).
• A cirque is a rounded hollow carved near the top of a mountain by a glacier ( Figure 1.3). This is where the
glacier begins. The highest cliff of a cirque is called the headwall.
FIGURE 1.3
On the left, there are several cirques
where glaciers are originating. A glacier
melted and left behind cirques in the
mountains on the right.
• An arête is a jagged ridge that remains when cirques form on opposite sides of a mountain. A low spot in an
arête is called a col.
• A horn, like the one pictured below ( Figure 1.4), is a sharp peak that is left behind when glaciers erode all
sides of a mountain.
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Chapter 1. Erosion by Glaciers
FIGURE 1.4
The Matterhorn in Switzerland is the classic glacial horn.
Summary
• Glaciers are incredibly powerful agents of erosion.
• Valley glaciers create very distinctive landforms like horns, cirques, and hanging valleys.
• Glaciers pluck rocks from valley walls. This turns a V-shaped river valley into a U-shaped glacial valley.
Explore More
Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
• Read Glacial Erosion at http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/questions/land.html
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe glaciated valleys.
What are fjords?
How do cirques form?
How do arêtes form?
How do horns form?
Review
1. Why do glacial striations show the direction a glacier moved?
2. Describe how these erosional features form: hanging valley, cirque, arete, and horn.
3. How does plucking create a U-shaped valley?
References
1. Left: Ruben Holthuijsen; Right: Flickr:norrisbaby. Picture of a valley glacier, and the U-shaped valley it leav
es behind . CC BY 2.0
2. Image copyright deckard_73, 2013. Yosemite is an example of a hanging valley . Used under license from
Shutterstock.com
3. (”left”) Image copyright Lizard, 2013; (”right”) Image copyright Volker Rauch, 2013. Picture of cirques .
Used under licenses from Shutterstock.com
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4. Eider Palmou (Flickr:Garaigoikoa). The Matterhorn in Switzerland is the classic glacial horn . CC BY 2.0
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