Which came firstthe
chicken or the egg?
Alternation of Generations
type of Life Cycle
Sporophyte
• What does it do?
• Haploid or diploid
Gametophyte
• What does it do?
• Haploid or diploid
Sporophyte [2n]
[Meiosis]
Spores
Spores germinate
Gametophyte [n]
[Mitosis]
Gametes
Fertilization
Zygote [2n]
[Mitosis]
Kingdom
PROTISTA
(Brief Review)
Green Algae
Diatoms
Red Algae
Brown Algae
Euglenoids
Dinoflagellates
Stoneworts
Plasmodial Slime Molds (Myxomycetes)
Water Molds
Kingdom
FUNGI
All true fungi are filamentous or
unicellular heterotrophs, most of
which absorb their food in solution
through cell walls
Members of Kingdom Fungi are placed
in five phyla
With the exception of some chytrids
and all yeasts, all are filamentous
Most lack motile cells
Zoosporic fungi
Phylum Chytridomycota
Phylum Zygomycota
Phylum Ascomycota
Phylum Basidiomycota
Phylum Deuteromycota
Lichens
CO 19
Macrofungi
Fig. 19.1b
Microfungi
Phylum Chytridomycota (Chytrids)
Simple, mostly one-celled
organisms
Some parasitize pollen grains,
and other are saprobic
Many reproduce only asexually
through the production of
zoospores within a spherical cell
Phylum Zygomycota (Coenocytic True
Fungi)
Black bread molds are the best-known
members of this phylum
Rhizopus is a well-known
representative
Pilobolus on dung
Endomycorrhizal fungi
Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
Truffles are members of this group
Most produce mycelia with hyphae
partitioned into individual cylindrical
cells
Asexual Reproduction
By means of spores (conidia)
produced on conidiophores
Yeasts - Budding
Sexual Reproduction
Human and Ecological Relevance
Morels and Truffles
Yeasts aid in preparation of baked
goods and wines
Fermentation
Plant Diseases
Dutch Elm Disease
Chestnut Blight
The Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)
In sexual reproduction, spores are
produced at the tips of swollen
hyphae that often resemble small
clubs (basidia)
Different groups include Agarics,
Puffballs, Earth Stars, Boletes,
Polypores, Stinkhorns, Chanterelles
and Bird’s Nest Fungi
Asexual Reproduction
Infrequent
The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect
Fungi)
Fungi for which a sexual stage
has not been observed
Grouped together in an
artificial phylum
All reproduce by conidia
Unknown (but very high)
global biodiversity
Human and Ecological Relevance
Penicillium Molds
Antibiotics
Gourmet Cheese
Aspergillus
Nematode-trapping fungi
Ingoldian hyphomycetes
Lichen - consists of a fungus
(mycobiont) and an alga (photobiont)
intimately associated in a spongy
thallus
Photosynthetic component supplies
the food while the fungus protects
the photosynthetic organisms from
harmful light intensities and absorbs
and retains water and minerals
Three genera of green algae and
one genus of cyanobacterium are
involved in 90% of all lichen
species
Lichen species are identified
according to their fungus
component
Grow very slowly, and are
capable of living extremely long
periods of time
Gelatinous substance in
thallus allows them to
withstand alternating wet and
dry periods
Usually grouped into three major
growth forms:
Crustose - attached to or
embedded in their substrate over
their entire lower surface
Foliose - contain leaf-like thalli
which often overlap
Fruticose - may resemble miniature
upright shrubs, or hang down in
festoons from branches
Lichen thallus - usually consists of
three or four layers:
Upper Cortex - protective layer
Algal Layer - contain algal cells
Medulla - hyphae
Lower Cortex - covered with
rhizines
Human and Ecological Relevance
Exceptionally sensitive to pollution
Sulfur Dioxide
Nuclear Radiation
(“lichen deserts”)
Degradation of historic structures
(lichen acids)
Food Supplements
Antibiotic Properties
http://mushroom.uark.edu
Questions?