SIX
Phylum
ARTHROPODA
chelicerata
horseshoe crabs, arachnids, sea spiders
PHILIP J. SIRVID, ZHI-QIANG ZHANG, MARK S. HARVEY, BIRGIT E.
RHODE, DAVID R. COOK, ILSE BARTSCH, DAVID A. STAPLES
C
Uliodon sp., an unidentified zoropsid
spider from Palmerston North.
Alastair Robertson and Maria Minor, Massey University
50
helicerates comprise three distinctive groups of creatures – horseshoe
crabs (class Xiphosura), spiders, mites, and kin (class Arachnida), and
the sea spiders (class Pycnogonida). In contrast with hexapods, which
have three body sections, chelicerates have only two. The head and thorax are
fused into a single unit, the cephalothorax or prosoma (Latin pro, forward; Greek
soma, body), and there is a hind-body or abdomen, which is usually referred to as
the opisthosoma (Greek opisthen, behind). Chelicerates are the only arthropods
to lack antennae and they have fangs or pincers (the first pair of appendages)
instead of mandibles. They also differ from crustaceans and insects in having no
compound eyes, only simple ones. Members of this ancient arthropod group
also possess pedipalps, a second pair of appendages near the mouth. These vary
in different groups but are usually used to manipulate food. The prosoma has
six or more fused segments, with at least six pairs of appendages including four
pairs of legs. The abdomen lacks legs but may contain such specialised features
as book gills or book lungs (pages of respiratory flaps), a telson (a long spike for
balance), spinnerets (in spiders and some other arachnids for spinning silk), or a
sting (in scorpions), apparently a modified telson).
Chelicerates include in their number both the tiniest (mites) and largest
(extinct eurypterids) of all Arthropoda. Eurypterid (sea scorpion) fossils have not
yet been found in New Zealand. Nor are there fossil or living representatives of
the Xiphosura.
Xiphosurans (the so-called horseshoe crabs) are the most primitive living
chelicerates. They are often referred to as‘living fossils’because they have changed
so little in appearance from the earliest forms in the Cambrian period. No one
can say with certainty why they have been able, with no ‘modern improvements’,
to survive in competition with more highly developed arthropods. Perhaps their
success results in part from a combination of unobtrusive habits and a heavy
hoodlike carapace that forms a protective roof over the body and limbs. As
archaic forms they give evidence of what the ancestral aquatic arachnid may have
been like, with five pairs of walking legs, book gills, and a long spike-like telson.
Living horseshoe crabs (family Limulidae) live in shallow sandy coastal areas
of the eastern seaboard of the Atlantic from Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico
(genus Limulus) or along Asian coasts from Japan and Korea south through the
Philippines and Southeast Asia to India (Tachypleus and Carcinoscorpius).
Although New Zealand lacks living horseshoe crabs in its fauna, there have
nevertheless been two records of accidental live introductions. In 1908, a biologist
found on the stone facing of Calliope Dock, Auckland Harbour, a specimen of
NEW ZEALAND INVENTORY OF BIODIVERSITY
Authors
Dr Ilse Bartsch Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607
Frankfurt, Germany [[email protected]]
marine mites
Dr David R. Cook 7836 North Invergordon Place, Paradise Valley, Arizona 85253,
USA [[email protected]]
water mites
Dr Mark S. Harvey Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian
Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia
[[email protected]]
water mites, pseudoscorpions
Dr Birgit E. Rhode Landcare Research, Private Bag 92-170, Auckland, New
Zealand [[email protected]]
mites and ticks
Philip J. Sirvid Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467,
Wellington, New Zealand [[email protected]]
spiders, opiliones, microwhip scorpions
David A. Staples Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne 3001, Victoria
Australia [[email protected]]
Pycnogonida
Dr Zhi-Qiang Zhang Landcare Research, Private Bag 92-170, Auckland, New
Zealand [[email protected]]
mites and ticks
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Checklist of New Zealand Chelicerata
Genera endemic to New Zealand are underlined (first entry only). Single-letter codes
indicate endemic species (E), adventive species (A), and new records (*). All species are
taken to be terrestrial unless otherwise indicated, i.e. F, freshwater; M, marine. The mite
(Acari) checklist is correct to 2009. For hosts of ectoparasites and phoretic (hitchhiking)
species: Ma, mammal; B, bird; R, reptile; A, arthropod. † = Holocene extinction; n.d. =
nomen dubium.
SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA
Class ARACHNIDA
Subclass MEGOPERCULATA
Infraclass TETRAPULMONATA
Superorder LABELLATA
Order ARANEAE
Suborder OPISTHOTHELAE
Infraorder MYGALOMORPHAE
HEXATHELIDAE
Hexathele cantuaria Forster, 1968 E
Hexathele cavernicola Forster, 1968 E
74
Hexathele exemplar Parrott, 1960 E
Hexathele hochstetteri Ausserer, 1871 E
Hexathele huka Forster, 1968 E
Hexathele huttoni Hogg, 1908 E
Hexathele kohua Forster, 1968 E
Hexathele maitaia Forster, 1968 E
Hexathele nigra Forster, 1968 E
Hexathele otira Forster, 1968 E
Hexathele para Forster, 1968 E
Hexathele petriei Goyen, 1887 E
Hexathele pukea Forster, 1968 E