Ottoman Turkish 1/3 OTTOMAN TURKISH Arabic script(0.0) Modern Turkish Birnbaum 1967 WWS 1996 ALA-LC 1997 EI 1960 ﺎ ﺐ ﭗ ﺖ ﺚ ﺞ ﭻ ﺢ ﺦ ﺪ ﺬ ﺮ ﺰ ﮋ ﺲ ﺶ ﺺ ﺾ ﻂ ﻆ ﻊ ﻎ ﻒ ﻖ ﻚ ( ﮓ0.1) ( ﯔ0.1) ﻞ ﻢ ﻦ ﻮ ﻪ ﺔ ﻰ a – – – a, ā p p p [p] p p ﻼ la Consonants iso ﺍ ﺏ ﭖ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﭺ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ﮊ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ﮒ ﯓ ﻝ ﻡ ﻥ ﻭ ﻩ ﺓ ﻯ ﻻ ﺀ ini ﺑ ﭘ ﺗ ﺛ ﺟ ﭼ ﺣ ﺧ med fin ﺒ ﭙ ﺘ ﺜ ﺠ ﭽ ﺤ ﺨ ﺳ ﺷ ﺻ ﺿ ﻃ ﻇ ﻋ ﻏ ﻓ ﻗ ﻛ ﮔ ﯕ ﻟ ﻣ ﻧ ﺴ ﺸ ﺼ ﻀ ﻄ ﻈ ﻌ ﻐ ﻔ ﻘ ﻜ ﮕ ﯖ ﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﻫ ﻬ ﻳ ﻴ ◌ b, p t s c, ç ç h h d z r z j s ş s z, d t, d z – ğ f k k, y g, k n l m n v h – y – (’) omas T. Pedersen ([email protected]) b b [b, p] t t [t] s̱ c [dʒ, tʃ] ç ç [tʃ] ḥ ḥ [h] ḫ d [d, t] ẕ ẕ [z] r r [r] z ż [z, d] ṭ ṭ [t, d] ẓ ẓ [z] ʿ ʿ [Ø, ɑ] ġ ġ [ɣ, ɡ, k, h] f k, ẏ f [f, p] (2.1) g l [l] m y lā ʾ (2.3) h [h, ɑ, i, e] h [t ] (3.1) y [j] la [lɑ] ʾ [Ø] ṭ ẓ ‘ ġ f ḳ k g ñ n v [v] (2.2) ż m n [n] v ṣ l m [m] n e, a, t k [k, j] ñ [ɲ] l h ḳ [k] g [ɡ, k] ñ ẕ ş ṣ [s] ż d s ş [ʃ] ṣ ḫ j s [s] ş ç z j [ʒ] s c r z [z] j s̱ ḥ ḫ [h] d ḳ t s̱ [s] c b v h b t th dj č ḥ kh d dh r z zh s sh ṣ ḍ ṭ ẓ ʿ gh f ḳ k g ñ l m n w h y y la lā ’ ʾ Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04 Ottoman Turkish 2/3 Modern Turkish Birnbaum 1967 WWS 1996 ALA-LC 1997 EI 1960 ◌َ ﺍ, آ, ◌َ ى, ٰ◌ ◌ِ ﻯ, ّ◌ِ ﻯ, ◌ِ ﻴ ‐a, ‐â ‐ā – – – – ‐ā ◌ُ ﻭ ‐o, ‐u (‐û), ‐ū – – ‐ū, ‐ō, ‐ü, ‐ö ◌ﹶ ◌ﹺ ‐a, ‐e ‐a, ‐e [ɑ, Ø; o, e(3.2)] – ◌ﹸ ‐o, ‐u, Vowels iso ini med fin ‐i (‐î), ‐ı, ‐e, ‐a (‐â) ‐ö, ‐ü ‐i, ‐ı (1.1) ‐ö, ‐ü ‐ī (2.4) ‐i, ‐ı ‐ī, ‐, ‐ē, ‐ā ‐a, ‐e [i, y, e, ej, – [Ø, u, ɯ, i, – ‐o, ‐u, – – – – – – ‐en el-, ’l-, ül-(2.9) – – el-, ’l-, ül- ‐ü, ‐u; ‐ö, ‐o ɑ, u, ɯ] y, o, œ] ‐i, ‐ ‐ö, ‐ü Vowel letters in Turkish words ﺎ – آ آ أ, أ ا, ا ◌ﹶ ﻪ, ◌ﹶ ه ◌ ﻪ, ◌ ه ﺋﻪ ﺋﻪ ◌ِ ﻰ ◌ِ ﻴ اﻳ ﻯ ﻮ ﻮ او او ﺋﻮ ﺋﻮ اﻳ, ◌ﹶ ﻰ ◌ﹶ ﻴ آﻳ ◌ﹸ ﻮﻯ ◌ﹸ ﻮﻳ اوﻳ ◌ِ ﻴﹼﻪ ◌ِ ﻴﹼﺖ ◌ﹰ ◌ﹴ ◌ﹲ ◌ﹾ ◌ﹼ ال a, ē(2.5) e, a ĕ, ă(2.6) e e, a e i, ı ö, o; ü, u ö, ü ey, ay e e, a(2.7) e i, ı, ė(2.8) ö, o; ü, u ö, ü ey, ay öy, oy, üy, uy öy, oy, üy, uy ‐iye ‐īye ‐en ‐en, ‐an ‐on, ‐un ‐ün, ‐un ‐iyyet اﻟ a ‐in ‐īyet ‐in, ‐ın Marks absence of vowel. Marks doubling of consonant. el-, ül- ‐in ‐on, ‐un Notes 0.0. Character names in Birnbaum transliteration: . tā merbūt.a; . hemze; . tenvīn; . tedīd. 0.1. Frequently written as ﻙor ک. 1.1. Iżāfet is rendered in Modern Turkish as -i, -ı when the word ends in a consonant, and as -yi when the word ends in a vowel. omas T. Pedersen ([email protected]) Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04 Ottoman Turkish 3/3 In Ottoman Turkish it is rendered as follows: -i, -ı: ﮔﻠﺸﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﺎGülşen-i ḫulefā. Aer ا, هor ىit is sometimes expressed by ءand is then transliterated -ʾi, -ʾı: ادارۀ ﺻﺤﺖİdāre-ʾi Ṣıḥḥat. Aer اor وit is sometimes expressed by ى, resulting in -yı: روى زﻣﻴﻦrū-yı zemīn. 2.1. Soening of k is normally not indicated, but can occasionally be rendered by ẏ. 2.2. Rendered as t at the end of the first element of an Arabic iżāfet construction, of which the second element begins with a vowel: ز ﺑﺪة اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖZübdet ül-ḥaḳāʾiḳ. 2.3. When hemze rests on non-initial اor on وor on undotted ﯨas “bearer”, these “bearers” are not transliterated: ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ, ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪmesʾele, ﻣﺆﻣﻦmüʾmin, ﺭﺋﻴﺲreʾīs. When hemze rests on initial أ( ا, ) إ, it is not transliterated. 2.4. In Turkish scholary transliterations i ̄ is used. 2.5. Rarely transliterated as ē, examples include ﻠﻤﺎدى gelmēdi. 2.6. Used medially to indicate the vowels e or a, especially in late 19th or 20th century orthography: ﺩﻩﻧﻴﻠﻴﺮdĕnilir, آﻟﻪ ﺟﻖalăcaḳ. Followed by a regular suffix e and a are used respectively. 2.7. Final ◌ِ ﻪis transliterated i: ﻛﻪki, ﭼﻮﻧﻜﻪçūnki. 2.8. In a limited number of historical spellings ė is used to indicate a closed e. Examples are: دﻳﻤﻚ dėmek; اﻳﺘﻤﻚėtmek; و ﻳﺮﻣﻚvėrmek. 2.9. When followed by a “sun” letter ( )ن ل ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د ث تthe لof the article is assimilated with the first consonant of the word, e.g. اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎنet-tercümān. When immediately preceded by a long vowel, use ’l-: اﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﻖenā ’l-Ḥaḳḳ; apply same procedure with “sun” letters: اﺑﻮ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدEbū ’s-Suʿūd. When non-initial, transliterate ül-: اﺑﻦ اﻻﺛﻴﺮİbn ül-Es̱īr; apply same procedure as above with “sun” letters: دار اﻟﺸﻔﺎDār üş-şifā. Names with ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟis always transliterated ʿAbdül‐, (except ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﺎنwhich is ʿAbdürraḥmān); اﻟﺪﻳﻦ always ‐eddīn; اﻟﻠﻪalways ‐ullāh. 3.1. Indicates the Arabic feminine form. 3.2. Sometimes pronounced as [o] or [e]. Sources • ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. Randal K. Berry (ed.). Library of Congress, 1997. • Birnbaum, Eleazar: “e Transliteration of Ottoman Turkish for Library and General Purposes”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 87 (issue 2), April 1967. (http://members.ams.chello.nl/olnon/transliteration/contents_2.htm). • e Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Leiden, 1960-. • Lagally, Klaus: ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic. User Manual Version 3.09. Institut für Informatik. Universität Stuttgart, 1999. (http://129.69.218.213/arabtex/doc/arabdoc.pdf). • e World’s Writing Systems. Peter T. Daniels & William Bright (eds.). New York, 1996. omas T. Pedersen ([email protected]) Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04
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