Using the Glossary
Like a dictionary, this glossary lists words in alphabetical order. To find a word, look it
up by its first letter or letters.
To save time, use the guide words at the top of each page. These show you the
first and last words on the page. Look at the guide words to see if your word falls
between them alphabetically.
Here is an example of a glossary entry:
This is the entry word.
It’s the word you look
up.
Look here to find out
how to pronounce the
word.
The letters adj. mean
the entry word is an
adjective.
avid [av∆ id] adj. If you are avid about something,
you are very enthusiastic about it and dedicated
to it. Elena was an avid photographer who
never went anywhere without her camera.
syns. passionate, enthusiastic
This is the definition of
the entry word.
Synonyms of the entry
word come right after
syns.
This is a sample
sentence using the
entry word.
Word Origins
Throughout the glossary, you will find notes about word origins, or how words got
started and have changed. Words often have interesting backgrounds that can help you
remember what they mean. Here is an example of a word-origin note:
Word Origins
paddock Paddock comes from the Old
English word pearruc, which means “an
enclosed area.” Pearruc is related to the
word park.
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Pronunciation
The pronunciation in brackets is a respelling that shows how the word is pronounced.
The pronunciation key explains what the symbols in a respelling mean. A shortened
pronunciation key appears on every other page of the glossary.
PRONUNCIATION KEY*
a
∑
â(r)
ä
b
ch
d
e
∏
f
g
h
i
π
j
k
l
add, map
ace, rate
care, air
palm, father
bat, rub
check, catch
dog, rod
end, pet
equal, tree
fit, half
go, log
hope, hate
it, give
ice, write
joy, ledge
cool, take
look, rule
m
n
ng
o
∫
ô
oi
ou
‰
◊
p
r
s
sh
t
th
th
move, seem
nice, tin
ring, song
odd, hot
open, so
order, jaw
oil, boy
pout, now
took, full
pool, food
pit, stop
run, poor
see, pass
sure, rush
talk, sit
thin, both
this, bathe
u
û(r)
y◊
v
w
y
z
zh
∂
up, done
burn, term
fuse, few
vain, eve
win, away
yet, yearn
zest, muse
vision, pleasure
the schwa, an
unstressed vowel
representing the
sound spelled
a in above
e in sicken
i in possible
o in melon
u in circus
Other symbols:
• separates words into syllables
∆ indicates heavier stress on a syllable
≈ indicates lighter stress on a syllable
Abbreviations: adj. adjective, adv. adverb, conj. conjunction, interj. interjection,
n. noun, prep. preposition, pron. pronoun, syn. synonym, v. verb
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abandon
astute
!
a·ban·don [∂·ban∆d∂n] v. a·ban·doned Something
that has been abandoned has been left vacant and
uncared for. The owners abandoned the old
building, and it became a safety hazard for the
community. syns. desert, discard
a·bide [∂·bπd∆] v. When you abide by a decision or a
law, you agree to it and follow it in your behavior.
The judge told the jury to abide by the rules.
al·i·bi [al∆∂·bπ] n. When you have an alibi, you can
offer an explanation as to where you were when an
event occurred. In court, the accused person tried
to provide an alibi that would prove he was not
in the store during the robbery. syns. excuse,
explanation
al·ti·tude [al∆t∂·t(y)◊d] n. A landform’s altitude is
its height above sea level. We enjoyed the view
from the highest altitude in our area. syns. height,
elevation
a·bun·dant [∂·bun∆d∂nt] adj. When something is
abundant, there are large quantities of it. We picked
an abundant supply of oranges from our tree. syn.
plentiful
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
accuracy When you read with
accuracy, you read without any mistakes.
ac·quain·tance [∂·kw∑n∆t∂ns] n. You have an
acquaintance with someone you have met but do not
know very well. Even though I have an acquaintance
with Larhonda, I do not know much about her.
syns. associate, colleague
a·cute [∂·ky◊t∆] adj. When something, such as an
illness, is acute, it is strong and severe. Tyrell went to
the doctor with an acute sore throat. syn. intense
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
advertisement An advertisement is a
public announcement or notice about
things for sale or upcoming events.
The purpose of adver tisements is to
persuade readers to take some kind of
action, such as purchasing a product.
a·fi·ci·o·na·do [∂·fish≈∏·∂·nä∆d∫ or ∂·f∏≈s∏·∂·nä∆d∫]
n. a·fi·ci·o·na·dos Aficionados are people who are
enthusiastic and knowledgeable about a particular
interest or subject. Since Tiffany is an aficionado
of classical music, she has a season ticket to the
symphony orchestra. syn. expert
altitude
ap·par·ent [∂·par∆∂nt] adj. Something that is clear and
obvious is apparent. Since Caroline was rude to
customers and was constantly late for work, it
was apparent to her boss that she did not take her
job seriously. syns. obvious, evident
ar·du·ous [är∆ j◊·∂s] adj. An arduous task requires
you to work extremely hard to complete it. Medical
school involves an arduous program of study. syns.
difficult, grueling
as·cent [∂·sent∆] n. When you make a steep upward
climb, you make an ascent. Many mountain
climbers dream of making a successful ascent of
Mt. Everest. syn. climb
as·ton·ish·ment [∂·ston∆ish·m∂nt] n. When you
feel astonishment, you are greatly surprised or are
experiencing a sense of wonder. My astonishment
about the party was noticeable to everyone in the
room. syns. surprise, amazement
ag·gra·vat·ed [ag∆r∂·v∑t≈∂d] adj. An aggravated
situation was already bad and has been made even
worse. Caleb went back to the doctor to have her
reexamine his aggravated injury. syn. irritated
as·tound·ing [∂·stound∆ing] adj. When you find
something astounding, it overwhelms you with
surprise. Even though Lauren had studied only a
few extra hours, the improvement in her grades
was astounding. syns. astonishing, surprising
Word Origins
aggravate Like the word gravity, aggravate
comes from the Latin word gravis, which
means “heavy” and “burdensome.” In the
word’s litera l meaning, something that is
aggravating you is weighing you down.
as·tute [∂·st(y)◊t∆] adj. If you are astute, you are
shrewd and clever about understanding situations and
behavior. On the first day on the job, the astute
supervisor figured out who the best workers
were. syns. shrewd, smart
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avid
clamor
avid [avΔid] adj. If you are avid about something, you
are enthusiastic about it and dedicated to it. Elena was
an avid photographer who never went anywhere
without her camera. syns. passionate, enthusiastic
be·fit·ting [b∏·fitΔing] adj. Something that is befitting
is suitable or appropriate for a person. The queen
wore a jeweled crown befitting her royal status.
syn. suitable
be·lov·ed [bi·luvΔid or bi·luvdΔ] adj. You feel great love
and affection for someone or something that is beloved.
The happiest day of Martha’s life was the day she
married her beloved Ed. syn. adored
avid We use the word avid to
describe someone who is passionate
and enthusiastic about something, but
avid can also describe someone who
desperately wants what others have.
Avid comes from the Latin av∏re,
meaning “to desire or crave,” and
is closely related to the word avarus,
meaning “greedy.”
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
biography A biography is the stor y
of a real person’s life and is written by
another person.
bliss [blis] n. When you feel bliss, you feel happy
and content. My idea of bliss involves lying on a
tropical island beach, feeling the warm breeze,
and hearing the gentle sound of surf. syn. happiness
"
ban [ban] v. banned When it is officially stated that
something is not allowed to be done, shown, or used,
it has been banned. Skateboarding has been banned
from this park because there have been so many
injuries. syns. forbid, exclude
blurt [blûrt] v. blurt·ed When you have blurted out
something, you have said it suddenly or impulsively. As
the girls were walking, Mary blurted out the news
that her friend Emma had asked Nick to the
school dance.
ban·ish [banΔish] v. ban·ished People who are banished
from a place are sent away and not allowed to return.
Throughout time, governments have banished
certain people from their countries as punishment
for committing crimes. syns. expel, exile
brain·child [br∑nΔchπld] n. A brainchild is someone’s
original thought or idea. Jared said that the kitchen
design was his brainchild because he had created
the sketch for it. syn. idea
bar·ren [barΔ∂n] adj. Land that does not have trees and
other plant life is barren. After a forest fire, the land
may look barren. syns. desolate, unproductive
#
ca·coph·o·ny [k∂·kof Δ∂·n∏] n. A cacophony is a
collection of harsh sounds that happen all at the
same time. Inside the pet store, the cacophony
of all the animals was ear-splitting! syns.
dissonance, disharmony
bea·con [b∏Δk∂n] n. A light
or fire that acts as a signal
or warning is a beacon.
Lighthouses use a beacon
of light to guide ships
in the night. syn. signal
ca·lam·i·ty [k∂·lamΔ∂·t∏] n. A calamity is an event that
causes damage or distress. Tearing her expensive and
unique gown at the dress rehearsal was a calamity
for the actor. syn. disaster
bear·a·ble [bârΔ∂·b∂l] adj.
Something that you can
usually put up with is
bearable. Mark decided
that sharing a room
with his little brother
would be bearable
because it was for only
a short time. syns.
manageable, tolerable
chasm [kazΔ∂m] n. A deep split or crack in rock or ice is
a chasm. When Chen and Malcolm went hiking in
the mountains, they came upon a deep chasm and
had to find another route. syn. gap
clam·or [klamΔ∂r] n. When there is a clamor for
something, people are asking for it noisily or angrily.
There was a clamor in the classroom because the
students wanted a class trip to a theme park on
the last day of school. syns. outcry, uproar
beacon
a
ā
â
ä
RXENL08ASE6_GL.indd 797
add
ace
care
palm
e
∏
i
π
end
equal
it
ice
o
∫
ô
‰
odd
open
order
took
◊
u
û
y◊
pool
up
burn
fuse
oi
ou
ng
th
oil
pout
ring
thin
th this
zh vision
NL DIGITAL GGS
∂=
{
a in above
e in sicken
i in possible
o in melon
u in circus
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cocky
critical
cock·y [kok∆∏] adj. Cocky people are overly confident
and sure of themselves. James, who was in first
place, walked onto the diving board with a cocky
smile. syns. smug, overconfident
co·in·ci·den·tal·ly [k∫·in≈s∂·den∆t∂·l∏] adv. When
two things happen coincidentally, they happen
by accident at the same time, but they seem to be
connected. Coincidentally, my best friend and I both
wore blue T-shirts to the party.
com·mem·o·rate [k∂·mem∆∂·r∑t] v. To commemorate
an event is to do something to honor its memory. A
military parade will commemorate the end of World
War II. syns. honor, remember
con·spic·u·ous [k∂n·spik∆y◊·∂s]
adj. Something that stands out and is
easily noticed is conspicuous. Because
he is so much taller than the other
students, Lenny is conspicuous when
the class lines up. syn. obvious
con·tem·plate [kon∆t∂m·pl∑t] v.
When you contemplate something,
you think carefully about it. I like
to contemplate the idea of hiking
the entire Appalachian Trail.
syn. consider
com·mu·nal [k∂·my◊∆n∂l or kom∆y∂·n∂l] adj.
Something that is shared by a group of people is
communal. The house’s tenants shared a communal
kitchen. syns. shared, common
con·tent·ed·ly [k∂n·tent∆ed·l∏]
adv. To act contentedly is to show
contemplate
pleasure or satisfaction with the
way things are. When Kwan’s mother saw his neat,
clean room, she smiled contentedly. syn. happily
com·pen·sate [kom∆p∂n·s∑t] v. When you compensate
for something, you provide something else to balance
out its negative effects. Kaprecia plans to compensate
for her poor eyesight by sitting at the front of the
room. syn. balance
con·tor·tion [k∂n·tôr∆sh∂n] n. con·tor·tions When
you put something through contortions, you twist it
into unnatural shapes. The circus acrobat impressed
the crowd with his seemingly impossible
contortions. syn. twist
com·po·sure [k∂m·p∫∆zh∂r] n. When you maintain
your composure, you remain calm in a difficult
situation. The kennel owner maintained her
composure as she waited for news about the dog
that had run away. syns. serenity, self-possession
con·trar·y [kon∆trer·∏] adj. Statements that are contrary
go against accepted beliefs or understanding. The
defense attorney’s statements are contrary to the
evidence presented by the other side. syn. opposite
con·cede [k∂n·s∏d∆] v. When you concede something,
you acknowledge or admit that it is true, often against
your will. When the candidate learned that he had
received only a few votes, he reluctantly agreed to
concede that his opponent had won. syns. grant, admit
con·fi·den·tial [kon≈f∂·den∆sh∂l] adj. Something that is
confidential is meant to be secret and not told to anyone
else. The patient information in the doctor’s files
is confidential and not allowed to be made public.
syn. private
con·front [k∂n·frunt∆] v. To challenge someone faceto-face is to confront that person. Sean was on his
way to confront the person who had falsely accused
him of stealing Lucy’s cell phone. syn. challenge
Word Origins
confront We sometimes use the phrase
head-to-head to describe a type of challenge,
which is what confront literally means. Confront
is derived from the Latin words com, meaning
“against,” and frons, meaning “forehead.”
con·ven·tion·al [k∂n·ven∆sh∂n·∂l] adj. Something
that is conventional conforms to the usual and
accepted standards. Her written report includes
a bibliography that follows the conventional
standards for citing sources. syn. usual
con·vince [k∂n·vins∆] v. When you convince someone
of something, you persuade the person that what you are
saying is true. The lawyer tried to convince the jury
of his client’s innocence. syn. persuade
coun·ter·act [koun≈t∂r·akt∆] v. coun·ter·act·ed
When you have counteracted something, you have acted
in an opposite manner to prevent or reduce its effect.
Josie’s flu vaccination counteracted the probability
of her getting the flu. syn. offset
crest·fall·en [krest∆fôl·∂n] adj. Someone who is
crestfallen is very disappointed and sad. After losing
the election for class president, Jarnell appeared
crestfallen. syns. dejected, disappointed
crit·i·cal [krit∆i·k∂l] adj. When something is critical,
it is extremely important, even essential. Clean air is
critical to our future. syns. vital, crucial
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culprit
dispute
de·vour [di·vourΔ] v. de·voured You have
devoured something if you have eaten it quickly and
enthusiastically. The lion devoured its prey.
syn. consume
cul·prit [kulΔprit] n. A culprit is the person who
committed a crime or offense. The community is
relieved that the culprit has been caught and sent
to jail. syn. offender
di·ag·nose [dπ≈∂g·n∫sΔ] v. di·ag·nosed When an
illness or problem has been identified, it has been
diagnosed. The doctor diagnosed Frank’s illness as
food poisoning. syns. identify, recognize
$
de·feat·ist [di·f∏Δtist] adj. Being defeatist is expecting,
accepting, or resigning to failure. Even though he
had a good chance of winning, Michael’s defeatist
attitude kept him from entering the contest.
syn. pessimistic
dis·band [dis·bandΔ] v. dis·band·ed When an
organization is disbanded, its members stop working
together as a group. Because so many members had
moved away, the model airplane club disbanded.
syn. break up
de·ject·ed·ly [di·jektΔid·l∏] adv. People act dejectedly
when they are disheartened or in low spirits. After her
best friend moved away, Susan dejectedly waited
by the phone, hoping for a call. syns. sadly, dismally
dis·or·i·ent·ed [dis·ôrΔ∏·ent·id] adj. If you feel lost
or have lost your sense of direction, you have become
disoriented. After Felicia became disoriented in her
walk through the woods, she was happy to find a
ranger. syn. confused
de·mand [di·mandΔ] n. de·mands If someone makes
demands of you, you are expected to give your time,
facilities, or resources. Carl’s older brother makes
demands of him to mow the lawn and take out the
garbage. syn. request
dis·own [dis·∫nΔ] v. If you disown someone or
something, you break your connection with them.
My father jokingly said he would disown me if
I wore the hat with the purple feathers. syns.
renounce, reject
de·mol·ish [di·molΔish] v. de·mol·ished When a
building has been torn down or knocked down, it
has been demolished, often because it is old and
dangerous. The crew demolished the old building
that the Department of Health had condemned.
syn. destroy
dis·po·si·tion [dis·p∂·zishΔ∂n] n. Your disposition is
your typical mood or temperament, especially the way
you usually behave or feel. Lashandra has a pleasant
personality and an easygoing disposition. syns.
nature, temperament
dis·pute [dis·py◊tΔ] n. If you have a dispute with
someone, you have a disagreement or quarrel. Evelyn
and Robin had a dispute over who should be
invited to the party. syns. argument, disagreement
Word Origins
dispute The word dispute comes from the
Latin disputare, in which dis means “apart”
and putare means “to count” or “to consider.”
A dispute over a decision is a taking apart and
reexamination of that decision.
demolish
de·scen·dant [di·senΔd∂nt] n. de·scen·dants Your
relatives in future generations are your descendants.
Steven is writing a family history so that his
descendants will be able to trace their roots.
syn. offspring
a
ā
â
ä
RXENL08ASE6_GL.indd 799
add
ace
care
palm
e
∏
i
π
end
equal
it
ice
o
∫
ô
‰
odd
open
order
took
◊
u
û
y◊
pool
up
burn
fuse
oi
ou
ng
th
oil
pout
ring
thin
th this
zh vision
NL DIGITAL GGS
∂=
{
a in above
e in sicken
i in possible
o in melon
u in circus
799
799
10/20/06 12:57:14 PM
dissatisfied
entwine
dis·sat·is·fied [dis·sat∆is·fπd≈] adj. When you are
dissatisfied, you are unhappy about the way something
has turned out. Jacob was dissatisfied with the
quality of the music recording. syn. displeased
ec·stat·ic [ek·stat∆ik] adj. If you are ecstatic, you are
extremely happy. Chelsea is ecstatic about winning
the spelling bee. syns. delighted, thrilled
dis·tinc·tive [dis·tingk∆tiv] adj. When something is
distinctive, it has special characteristics that make it
easily recognizable. No two zebras are identical,
because each individual animal has a distinctive
pattern of stripes. syn. unique
dis·trac·tion [dis·trak∆sh∂n] n. A distraction takes your
attention away from what you are trying to do. The
sound of the TV was a distraction to Suki as she
studied. syns. interruption, disturbance
dis·tur·bance [dis·tûr∆b∂ns] n. dis·tur·ban·ces
Disturbances are things that disrupt or interfere with
something else. Randy’s mother stopped answering
the phone after a series of calls became disturbances
during dinnertime. syns. upset, interruption
dol·drums [d∫l∆dr∂mz] n. (pl.) When you feel dull and
lacking in energy, you are in the doldrums. Wayne has
been in the doldrums since his favorite TV show
was canceled. syns. sadness, depression
doldrums The word doldrums comes
from the Middle English word dold,
meaning “dull.” It also refers to an area
near the equator that is known for its
lack of wind. Long ago, when ships
relied on wind to move, getting stuck
in the windless doldrums was extremely
dangerous.
doom [d◊m] v. doomed If something is doomed, it
is expected that something terrible will happen to it.
The manatee may be doomed to extinction if the
laws to protect this gentle animal aren’t obeyed.
syn. condemn
dread [dred] v. dread·ed If you have dreaded something,
you have greatly feared it happening. Cindy dreaded
getting back the results of her math test. syn. fear
%
ea·ger [∏∆g∂r] adj. When you are eager to do something,
you are enthusiastic about it and very interested
in it. Bob is eager to begin piano lessons. syns.
enthusiastic, impatient
ecstatic
e·lu·sive [i·l◊∆siv] adj. When something is hard to
understand, find, or achieve, it is elusive. Paul is
searching for a word, which is temporarily elusive
to him, to describe the beautiful sunset. syns.
vague, indescribable
em·a·nate [em∆∂·n∑t] v. em·a·nates When a sound
emanates from an object, it comes from that object. The
audience listens to the melody that emanates from
Elina’s flute. syns. originate, come
e·merge [i·mûrj∆] v. e·merged When something has
emerged from somewhere, it has come out from behind,
under, or inside that place. The booming baritone
voice that emerged from Raynard surprised the
music teacher.
en·dan·ger [in·d∑n∆ j∂r] v. To endanger something
is to put it in a situation in which it could be hurt or
damaged. When boaters speed, they endanger the
lives of manatees. syns. imperil, jeopardize
en·thrall [in·thrôl∆] v. en·thralled When you are
enthralled with something, it is completely holding your
interest or attention. Kevin is enthralled with his new
science fiction book. syns. enchant, fascinate
en·trust [in·trust∆] v. When you entrust someone
with something, you give him or her the responsibility
of taking care of it. When I go on vacation, I
will entrust María with the care of my cat. syns.
delegate, assign
en·twine [in·twπn∆] v. en·twined When things are
entwined, they are twisted together and wound around
one another. Catherine entwined roses with zinnias
and tulips to make a beautiful wreath of flowers.
syns. twist, interweave
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equip
fuse
e·quip [i·kwipΔ] v. e·quipped When you have been
equipped with something, it has been provided to
you. The school equipped the soccer team with
uniforms, cleats, and shin pads. syns. prepare, outfit
fer·tile [fûrΔt∂l] adj. Land that is fertile is full of
nutrients that are good for growing crops. All kinds
of fruits and vegetables grow well in this fertile
valley. syns. lush, productive
er·rat·ic [i·ratΔik] adj. Something that is erratic
moves around or acts in an irregular or unpredictable
way. The hurricane’s erratic path worried the
weather forecasters, and they warned everyone
in the state to be on the alert. syns. inconsistent,
unpredictable
eth·ics [ethΔiks] n. (pl.) Your ethics are your system of
moral beliefs and rules about what is right and wrong.
Because of her strong ethics, Ruth has a good
reputation. syns. principles, morals
ex·ert [ig·zûrtΔ] v. ex·erts When something exerts
pressure on something else, it pushes on that thing.
Carbon dioxide in soda exerts pressure that is
released when the container is opened. syn. apply
fertile
flour·ish [flûrΔish] v. flour·ish·ing Something that
is flourishing is successful and growing rapidly. Eric
works hard and is good with animals, so his petsitting business is flourishing. syns. prosper, increase
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
expository nonfiction Expository
nonfiction text presents and explains
facts about a topic. Photographs,
captions, and headings are commonly
found in these texts.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
folktale A folktale is a stor y that
ref lects the customs and beliefs of a
culture. Folktales were first told orally
and have been passed down through
generations of a region or culture.
expression Reading aloud with
expression means using your voice to
match the action of the stor y and the
characters’ feelings.
fore·sight [fôrΔsπt] n. People who have foresight are
able to envision possible problems in the future. People
concerned with Earth’s environment have the
foresight to look for new sources of energy now.
syns. forethought, prudence
ex·tent [ik·stentΔ] n. The extent of something is the size
of the area it covers. The extent of the state’s land is
shown clearly on the map. syns. amount, scope
&
frol·ic [frolΔik] v. frol·icked If something has frolicked,
it has played in a happy, lively way. The lambs
frolicked in the meadow. syn. play
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
fable A fable is a shor t stor y that
teaches a lesson or presents a moral.
Fables often include animals as
characters.
fum·ble [fumΔb∂l] n. A fumble is a mistake or error,
such as dropping the ball in a football game. When
Chase made a fumble, he knew his team would
lose the game. syns. mistake, blunder
fuse [fy◊z] v. fused When two or more things are
fused, they are joined to become one object. The
electrician fused the two wires to make a new
connection. syn. combine
faint [f∑nt] adj. When something is faint, it is not
noticeable or bright. The artist put such faint
strokes of pink in the painting of the sunset that
most people aren’t aware of them. syns. pale, dim
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gingerly
imperative
'
gin·ger·ly [ jinΔ j∂r·l∏] adv. If you approach something
cautiously and tentatively, you move toward it gingerly.
Quietly and gingerly, Zelda walked toward the
baby skunks. syns. cautiously, delicately
grim·y [grπΔm∏] adj. Something that is grimy is covered
with dirt or soot. The fireplace had not been
cleaned in years, and the chimney was grimy. syns.
dirty, grubby
(
ham·per [hamΔp∂r] v. ham·pered If you have been
hampered, something has made it difficult for you to
accomplish what you had wanted to. Diane’s broken
leg hampered her efforts to make the track team.
syn. hinder
hap·haz·ard·ly [hap·hazΔ∂rd·l∏] adv. Something that is
organized haphazardly is not well planned or arranged.
Because Josiah had placed the trophies on the
table haphazardly, some were given to the wrong
people. syns. randomly, carelessly
hu·mon·gous [hy◊·mongΔg∂s] adj. Something that
is extremely large in size or amount is humongous.
The shoe store attracted a big crowd with its
humongous balloon that was shaped like a sneaker.
syns. gigantic, oversized
hys·ter·i·cal [his·terΔ∂·k∂l] adj. A person who is
hysterical is in a panic or very excited. When the boat
started to sink, Nita became hysterical. syn. frantic
)
i·de·al [π·d∏Δ∂l or π·d∏lΔ] adj. When something is
perfectly suited for a particular purpose, it is ideal. A
minivan is the ideal vehicle for a long family trip.
syns. perfect, best
il·lu·mi·nate [i·l◊Δm∂·n∑t] v. il·lu·mi·nates When
something illuminates an object, it shines light on it to
make it brighter or more visible. Jorge’s desk lamp
illuminates his book. syn. light
hay·wire [h∑Δwπr] adj. When something has gone
haywire, it has gone wildly out of control. The
computer went haywire and Dave could not print
his report. syns. erratic, crazy
hin·drance [hinΔdr∂ns] n. A hindrance is someone or
something that gets in the way of accomplishing a task.
Camilla feels that having to baby-sit her younger
sister is a hindrance to completing her homework
on time. syns. obstacle, barrier
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
historical fiction Historical fiction
stories are set in the past and por tray
people, places, and events that did
happen or could have happened.
hov·er [huvΔ∂r] v. hov·ered When something has
hovered, it has been in the same place in the air
without moving in any direction. The blimp hovered
overhead. syn. float
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
how-to article A how-to article gives
step-by-step instructions for completing
a task or project.
illuminate
im·mo·bile [i·m∫Δb∂l] adj. If something is immobile,
it cannot be moved. The artist bolted the piece
of sculpture to the floor so that it would be
immobile. syn. stationary
im·mor·tal·ize [i·môrΔt∂l·πz] v. im·mor·tal·ized
When someone is immortalized, something has been
created to keep the memory of that person living
forever. The Washington Monument immortalized
the first President of the United States and his
achievements. syn. commemorate
im·pact [imΔpact] n. When one object smashes into
another, the event is called an impact. The impact
of the rock shattered the car’s windshield. syns.
crash, collision
im·per·a·tive [im·perΔ∂·tiv] adj. If something is
imperative, it must be done no matter how difficult it
is. Even though Peter and Melea are rehearsing
for the school play, it is imperative that they turn
in all past-due assignments today. syns. crucial,
necessary
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implode
justification
im·plode [im·pl∫dΔ] v. When something collapses in on
itself, it implodes. The engineers set the explosives
to implode the building and make way for a new
road. syn. collapse
in·tense [in·tensΔ] adj. Something intense exists in great
strength or degree. Tani has an intense desire to
learn to speak French.
implode The word implode was not used
until the 1800s, after explode had taken on
the meaning “to burst outward,” which
it still has today. Implode comes from the
Latin im, meaning “in” or “inwardly,”
and plaudere, meaning “to clap” or “to
applaud.” Explode, the opposite of implode,
was originally a theatrical term that meant
“to suddenly burst into applause.”
in·tim·i·dat·ing [in·timΔ∂·d∑t≈ing] adj. If something
is intimidating to you, it makes you feel fearful or
threatened. Melissa says that the thought of moving
to a big city is intimidating. syn. frightening
in·ter·cept [in≈t∂r·septΔ] v. When you intercept
someone on the way to a place, you meet the person
before he or she gets there. Chuck planned to
intercept Alyssa as she was on her way to the
library. syns. interrupt, stop
in·tol·er·a·ble [in·tolΔ∂r·∂·b∂l] adj. Something
intolerable is so awful that you cannot accept its
continuing as it is. Cho’s dad considers world
hunger intolerable and works to overcome it.
syn. unbearable
im·pos·ing [im·p∫Δzing] adj. Things that are
imposing are very impressive or awe-inspiring in
their appearance. The White House is an imposing
building. syns. impressive, grand
in·to·na·tion [in≈t∫·n∑Δsh∂n] n. Intonation is the
rise and fall in pitch of any sound. The intonation of
Pablo’s voice during his speech was pleasant.
syn. inflection
im·pos·ter (or im·pos·tor) [im·posΔt∂r] n. A person
who pretends to be someone else is an imposter. The
imposter pretended to be royalty. syns. charlatan, fake
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
in·ca·pac·i·tat·ed [in≈k∂·pasΔ∂·t∑t≈∂d] adj. Someone
or something that is incapacitated is unable to work
because of damage or injury. The bus driver is
incapacitated because she has broken her arm.
intonation Intonation is the rise and
fall of your voice as you read aloud.
in·val·u·a·ble [in·valΔy(◊·)∂·b∂l] adj. Something is
invaluable to you if you feel that you can’t do without
it. Larry’s dictionary is invaluable to him when he
writes his book reports. syns. priceless, essential
in·debt·ed [in·detΔid] adj. You are indebted to a person
if you are grateful or obliged for a favor or assistance
given to you by that person. Sheila is indebted to
Patricia for giving her a ride to school when it
was raining. syn. owing
*
in·flu·ence [inΔfl◊·∂ns] v. in·flu·enced When
something has influenced you, it has made a difference
in your development or decisions. Latreisha’s English
teacher influenced her decision to attend college.
syn. sway
jest [ jest] n. Something said in jest is said in a playful or
joking manner. Rod’s parents say in jest that he is
going to eat them out of house and home if he
doesn’t stop growing.
jus·ti·fi·ca·tion [ jus·t∂·f∂·k∑Δsh∂n] n. When you
provide a reason or an explanation for a certain action,
you provide justification. Ricky’s justification for
eating ice cream and spoiling his dinner was that
he was too hungry to wait another hour. syns.
excuse, reason
in·quire [in·kwπrΔ] v. When you inquire about
something, you ask for information about it. Ken
inquired about the time and place of the meeting.
syns. ask, question
in·tact [in·taktΔ] adj. When something is intact, it is
whole and undamaged. Tenisha’s mom received a
new set of dishes intact from the delivery truck.
syns. whole, unbroken
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lament
misapprehension
,
-
la·ment [l∂·mentΔ] v. lamented
If you lamented something, you
expressed deep regret that it
happened. Elisa lamented
the loss of the bracelet
that her grandmother
had given her. syn. grieve
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
magazine article A magazine article
gives information on a topic and usually
includes photographs with captions.
mar·vel [märΔv∂l] v. When you marvel at something,
you feel intense amazement at it. The children marvel
at the way the tightrope walker keeps her balance
so perfectly on the narrow wire. syn. wonder
lav·ish [lavΔish] adj.
Something that is lavish
is richly decorated and
looks impressive. The
lavish wedding cake
must have taken
many hours to
decorate. syns.
fancy, ornate
me·an·der [m∏·anΔd∂r] v. me·an·der·ing If you
are moving slowly with a lot of bends or curves in
your path, you are meandering. The students were
meandering through the art museum, stopping to
look at the paintings that caught their attention.
syn. wander
lavish
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
legend A legend is a stor y that is passed
down through time and often ref lects
the beliefs or values of a culture. It may
be based on real people or places.
le·thal [l∏Δth∂l] adj. When something is capable
of killing, it is lethal. The fangs of sea snakes,
probably the most venomous snakes on Earth,
are lethal weapons. syns. deadly, toxic
lin·ger [lingΔ∂r] v. When you linger at a place, you
are slow to leave because you want to stay there. The
students lingered at the football field after the
game. syn. remain
log·ic [lojΔik] n. Logic is the science of reasoning, which
decides the truth of a statement by using a set of rules.
The judge used logic and the facts to decide the
case. syns. reason, sense
lunge [lunj] v. lunged If you lunged at something, you
moved suddenly toward it. The shark lunged toward
the smaller fish. syns. attack, leap
lus·trous [lusΔtr∂s] adj. Something that shines or glows
is lustrous. The diamond is a lustrous jewel. syns.
radiant, shimmering
lux·u·ry [lukΔsh∂r·∏] n. A luxury is a pleasure or an
item that is not necessary and is not often experienced
because it is too costly. A yacht is a luxury most
people cannot afford. syn. extravagance
meander Meander was the classical
name for a river in western Turkey.
The Meander was so famous for its
twisted and winding course that the
Romans adopted the word as maeander,
which in Latin means “winding path.”
Today, we use the word meandering
when we talk about someone who is
wandering, or walking aimlessly.
me·tic·u·lous·ly
[m∂·tikΔy∂·l∂s·l∏] adv.
When you do
something meticulously,
you do it carefully,
paying strict attention
to details. In science lab,
Frederico makes
sure he measures
the chemicals
meticulously. syns.
carefully, scrupulously
mirth [mûrth] n.
meticulously
Mirth is a feeling of
amusement that causes you to laugh out loud. The
clown’s jokes made Esteban and Michelle feel full
of mirth. syns. amusement, merriment
mis·ap·pre·hen·sion [mis≈ap·ri·henΔsh∂n] n. When
you have a misapprehension, you have misunderstood
something. Jana must have been under a
misapprehension, because she showed up today for
tomorrow’s meeting. syn. misunderstanding
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modern
pelt
mod·ern [mod∆∂rn] adj. Something that is modern is
characteristic of the present time. Juanita’s house
has modern furniture, not antiques. syns.
contemporary, current
of·fi·cious [∂·fish∆∂s] adj. Someone who is officious
is very bossy and talks as if he or she is in charge of
everything. The manager spoke to the workers in
an officious tone of voice. syns. bossy, overbearing
mottle [mot∆(∂)l] v. mot·tled A surface that is mottled
has irregular shapes, patterns, or colors on it. The
painter used several shades of blue and green
to give the wall a mottled appearance. syns.
dappled, spotted
op·ti·mis·tic [op≈t∂·mis∆tik] adj. You are optimistic
when you feel hopeful and positive about the future.
Jeremy’s parents are optimistic about buying a
new house soon. syns. hopeful, positive
or·di·nar·y [ôr∆d∂·ner·∏] adj. Something that is
ordinary is not special or different in any aspect. It was
an ordinary summer day until the sky suddenly
got dark and the tornado warning sounded. syns.
normal, commonplace
murk·y [mûr∆k∏] adj. Something that is murky is dark
and difficult to see through. The water is so murky
that Lisa can’t see the bottom of the lake. syns.
dark, unclear
or·ner·y [ôr∆n∂r·∏ or ôrn∆r∏] adj. An ornery person or
animal is usually uncooperative and in a bad mood.
Tom knew that it would be a bad idea to walk his
dogs near the river, where ornery alligators had
been known to attack small animals. syn. irritable
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
myth A myth is an imaginative stor y
that explains how people and places
came to be. Myths are often based
on what a group of people in the past
believed.
o·ver·shad·ow [∫≈v∂r·shad∆∫] v. o·ver·shad·owed
Something that is overshadowed by something else is
viewed as less successful, less important, or less impressive
than what it is being compared to. Tim’s first-place
award in the state science fair overshadowed his
brother’s honorable mention. syns. outshine, surpass
.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
o·ver·whelm·ing [∫≈v∂r·(h)welm∆ing] adj. Things that
are overwhelming seem to be too much to deal with.
The news that Miguel had been elected to the
Music Hall of Fame was overwhelming to him. syn.
overpowering
narrative nonfiction Narrative
nonfiction tells about people, things,
events, or places that are real.
neg·lect [ni·glekt∆] v. neg·lect·ed When something
has not been given proper care or attention, it has been
neglected. John neglected the plant, which died
from lack of water. syns. ignore, disregard
0
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
no·ta·ble [n∫∆t∂·b∂l] adj. Notable people and events are
important and worth remembering. Notable members
of the community will attend the opening of the
new science museum. syns. prominent, famous
pace Reading aloud at an appropriate
pace means reading with smoothness
and consistency.
pelt [pelt] v. pelt·ing When you say that rain is pelting
down, you mean that it is falling hard and hitting you
with force. The raindrops were pelting Roger and
Jerry, and the boys were soaked by the time they
got home. syn. bombard
/
ob·jec·tion [∂b·jek∆sh∂n] n. ob·jec·tions When
you make objections to something, you give reasons
for not liking or agreeing with it. The town’s plan
for trash disposal was met with objections from
homeowners who said there were not enough
recycling bins. syn. protest
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perch
prolong
perch [pûrch] v. perched If you are perched on an
object, you are sitting right on its edge. The birds
perched on the branch. syn. sit
phe·nom·e·non [fi·nom∆∂·non] n. Something you can
observe that exists in nature is called a phenomenon.
A lunar eclipse is a natural phenomenon. syns.
occurrence, fact
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
phrasing Phrasing is grouping words
into meaningful “chunks,” or phrases,
when you read aloud.
pil·lage [pil∆ij] v. pil·laged Places that have been
pillaged have had artifacts stolen. The tombs of many
of ancient Egypt’s kings have been pillaged for
gold, jewels, and other treasures. syns. plunder, loot
perch
per·fec·tion·ist [p∂r·fek∆sh∂n·ist] n. Somebody who
feels that he or she has to do everything absolutely right
is a perfectionist. Greg was a perfectionist when it
came to spelling, so he proofread his paper three
times. syn. stickler
per·ish·a·ble [per∆ish·∂·b∂l] adj. Foods that are
perishable spoil if they are not stored properly. We
put away the groceries immediately so that the
perishable items would not spoil. syn. unpreserved
per·sist [p∂r·sist∆] v. per·sist·ed When you have
continued a task for a long time, even though it is
difficult, you have persisted. Debbie persisted in
practicing the violin until she became good at it.
syns. persevere, continue
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
personal narrative A personal
narrative reveals the author’s thoughts
and feelings about something that
happened to him or her. Personal
narratives are told in first-person point
of view.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
persuasive text Persuasive text is
written to convince readers to take
action or to agree with the author’s
viewpoint on a topic. Editorials,
reviews, and adver tisements are
examples of persuasive text.
pe·ti·tion [p∂·tish∆∂n] v. When you petition a higher
authority, you formally make a request for an action
or decision from someone who has more power than
you have. The homeowners petitioned the zoning
board to reject the plans for the huge restaurant.
syn. appeal
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
play A play is a stor y that is meant to
be performed for an audience. Plays
often include stage directions that tell
the characters how to act and are often
broken up into acts and scenes.
plea [pl∏] n. When you ask for something in an
emotional or intense way, you are making a plea. Tracy
made a plea for forgiveness after she hurt her
friend’s feelings. syns. appeal, request
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
poetry Poetry is a form of expressive
writing told in verse.
pre·cede [pri·s∏d∆] v. When something occurs or
goes before something else, it is said to precede it. In
an essay, the conclusion should never precede the
introduction. syn. lead
pre·cise [pri·sπs∆] adj. When something is exact
and accurate, it is precise. After Roberto got new
glasses, his vision was sharp and precise. syns.
exact, accurate
pre·mo·ni·tion [pr∏≈m∂·nish∆∂n or prem≈∂·nish∆∂n] n.
A premonition is a feeling that something is about to
occur. Alisha had a premonition that her science
fair project would not win an award. syns. feeling,
hunch
prim·i·tive [prim∆∂·tiv] adj. Something that is primitive
is crude, simple, and not technologically advanced.
The designs on the primitive clay pot had been
scratched on the surface with a stick.
pro·long [pr∂·lông∆] v. When you prolong something,
you make it last longer than it needs to. The mayor
wished she had not decided to prolong her speech,
because the audience started to leave. syns.
extend, lengthen
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prominent
reinforce
prom·i·nent [promΔ∂·n∂nt] adj.
When a feature is prominent,
it is very noticeable and may
stick out from a surface. The
eyes are a prominent feature
on some species of fish.
syn. noticeable
2
rank [rangk] adj. Something that is rank tastes or smells
foul. The rank smell came from the spoiled milk.
syns. foul, rancid
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
reading rate Your reading rate is how
quickly you can read a text correctly
and still understand what you are
reading.
pro·mote [pr∂·m∫tΔ] v. When
you promote something, you
contribute to its growth and
prominent
help make it happen. Marisa’s
encouragement did much to promote her sister’s
self-esteem. syns. endorse, support
realistic fiction Realistic fiction
stories have characters, settings, and
plot events that are like people, places,
and events in real life. The characters
face problems that could really happen.
pro·pel [pr∂·pelΔ] v. When you propel a body or an
object, you cause it to move in a certain direction.
Tyler kicked off at the end of the swimming pool
to propel himself forward. syns. push, thrust
pros·per·ous [prosΔp∂r·∂s] adj. People and places
that are successful are prosperous. The prosperous
businesswoman was easily able to afford an
expensive house. syns. wealthy, affluent
re·cede [ri·s∏dΔ] v. re·ced·ed When water has
receded, it has flowed away from where it was before.
Because the storms have washed away the sand,
the shoreline has receded and the water is coming
up to the buildings. syns. retreat, withdraw
pru·dent [pr◊Δd∂nt] adj. People who are prudent are
sensible and practical in their actions. Jerome made
the prudent decision to get a good night’s sleep
before the test. syns. cautious, sensible
ref·uge [ref Δy◊j] n. A refuge is a place that provides
shelter and protection. The cave provided a refuge
from the sudden snowstorm. syn. shelter
pub·li·cize [pubΔl∂·sπz] v. When you publicize
something, you make it widely known to the public.
Kathy placed posters all over the school to
publicize the club’s bake sale. syn. advertise
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
refuge The word refuge comes from
the Latin refugium, which means “a
place to f lee back to.” This Latin word
is also the source of the word fugitive,
which names someone who f lees from
arrest.
pur·suit [p∂r·s(y)◊tΔ] n. Your pursuit of a goal involves
the actions you perform and the attempts you make
to achieve it. Daniel knew that to succeed in his
pursuit of a gold medal, he would have to swim a
mile every day. syns. chase, quest
reg·u·late [regΔy∂·l∑t] v. reg·u·lates When someone
regulates something, he or she controls its functions and
workings. Stephanie regulates the air conditioner so
that the temperature in the house is comfortable.
syns. control, adjust
1
qualm [kwäm or kwälm] n. When you have a qualm
about something, you feel uneasy about whether it is
right or wrong. Joyce had a qualm about asking for
help with her paper since it was supposed to be
original work. syns. doubt, apprehension
re·in·force [r∏≈in·fôrsΔ] v. re·in·forc·es When
something reinforces something else, it provides
additional strength and support. Because the fire is
so large and dangerous, the chief reinforces his
crew with firefighters from other places. syns.
strengthen, supplement
quan·da·ry [kwonΔd∂·r∏ or kwonΔdr∏] n. If you are in a
quandary, you are unsure about what to do in a certain
situation. Rosa was in a quandary over whether
to choose the flute or the clarinet as her band
instrument. syns. dilemma, predicament
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reject
savory
re·ject [ri·jektΔ] v. re·ject·ed Someone or something
that has been turned down or not accepted has been
rejected. John rejected the possibility that he could
be wrong. syn. discard
re·ly [ri·lπΔ] v. When you rely on something, you
trust that it will be there when you need it. Karen
instructs her family to rely on the cell phone in
emergencies. syn. depend
re·mains [ri·m∑nzΔ] n.(pl.) The parts that are left of
something that has died, grown old, or been destroyed
are its remains. The gardener dug up the remains of
the dead plants. syns. remnants, relics
rem·e·dy [remΔ∂·d∏] n. rem·e·dies Remedies are
used to cure illnesses, stop pain, or fix problems.
Doctors prescribe remedies for illnesses, and
people take the prescriptions to pharmacists. syns.
medication, solution
re·morse [ri·môrsΔ] n. If you feel remorse about an
action, you feel guilt or regret about it. When he
thought about how he had ignored the new
student, Jonathan felt remorse. syns. regret, guilt
re·signed [ri·zπndΔ] adj. When you are resigned
to something, you accept it as it is because you know
you cannot change it. Ben’s mother is resigned to
her son’s decision to be an astronaut. syns.
submissive, accepting
re·store [ri·stôrΔ] v. re·stored When you have restored
something, you have put it back to its earlier condition.
The antiques dealer restored the old wooden desk
to a beautiful condition. syns. reinstate, refurbish
re·trieve [ri·tr∏vΔ] v. To retrieve something, you get it
and take it back to where it was before. The dog ran
to retrieve the baby’s teddy bear, which had fallen
out of the carriage. syns. recover, repossess
re·vered [ri·virdΔ] adj. If you are revered, you are
highly respected and admired. The heart surgeon
who saved the newborn’s life is greatly revered.
syns. respected, admired
ric·o·chet [rikΔ∂·sh∑] v. ric·o·cheted Something
that has ricocheted has hit and bounced off another
object. The ball ricocheted off one wall and hit the
opposite wall. syn. rebound
remorse The word comes from the
Latin remorsus, in which re means “again”
and morsus means “to bite.” So, in its
original meaning, remorse is something
that bites you again.
ren·dez·vous [ränΔd∑·v◊≈] n. When you have a
rendezvous with someone, you have arranged to meet
that person at a certain time and place. Judy plans
a rendezvous with Eileen at the movie theater at
7:00 P.M. syns. meeting, date
rep·li·ca [repΔl∂·k∂] n. A replica is an exact model
or copy of an object. This model is a replica of a
famous ship. syns. copy, duplication
ricochet
rig [rig] v. rigged If you have rigged up an object, you
have constructed it by using only materials that were
available at the time. Kyle rigged up a go-cart to
compete in the race. syns. fix, arrange
rit·u·al [richΔ◊·∂l] n. rit·u·als A culture’s rituals are
its ceremonies that involve a series of actions performed
according to a set order. The members of the
group have a set of rituals, one of which involves
greeting one another before each meeting. syns.
ceremony, service
3
sage [s∑j] adj. A sage person is wise and knowledgeable.
The sage carpenter gave the apprentice his expert
advice. syns. wise, learned
replica
re·serve [ri·zûrvΔ] adj. A reserve supply of something
has been set aside for a special purpose. We kept the
reserve supply of canned goods in the pantry for
emergencies. syn. auxiliary
sa·vor·y [s∑Δv∂r·∏] adj. Something that is savory has an
appetizing taste or smell and tastes salty or spicy, not
sweet. The island’s traditional food has a savory
flavor. syns. flavorful, salty
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scale
strenuous
sin·u·ous [sin∆y◊·∂s] adj. Something that is sinuous
is long and curving like a snake. The landscaper
thought straight lines were boring, so he
designed a sinuous walkway through the garden.
syns. twisting, winding
scale [sk∑l] n. You refer to the scale of something
when you want to represent and compare sizes and
distances but the real measurements are too enormous
to be shown. The architect showed her client a scale
model of the house she had designed. syns. size,
range
slink [slingk] v. slunk Someone who has slunk away
has left quietly and secretively. Joan slunk away after
accidentally breaking her mother’s favorite vase.
syns. creep, sneak
scan·dal [skan∆d∂l] n. A situation or an event that
causes public outrage or shock is known as a scandal.
The newspaper had a front-page story on the
scandal of the stolen artwork. syn. disgrace
so·phis·ti·cat·ed [s∂·fis∆t∂·k∑≈tid] adj. Cultures that
are sophisticated are more advanced, complex, and
modern than other cultures. A sophisticated culture
typically produces works of art. syn. complicated
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
scandal Originally, scandal, which
comes from the Greek word skandalon,
meant “ trap” which isn’t much different from what a scandal is today. People
caught in a scandal may feel as if they
are in a trap.
sta·bil·ize [st∑∆b∂·lπz] v. When you stabilize
something, you make it less likely to move in response
to forces such as wind. Darrell planted grass on
the hillside to stabilize the soil and keep it from
washing away. syn. steady
scheme [sk∏m] n. schemes A scheme is a plan
someone makes for getting in a clever way what he or
she wants. The police detective thought of various
schemes to catch the criminal. syns. plan, idea
sta·tion·ar·y [st∑∆sh∂n·er≈∏]
adj. Objects that are stationary
stay in one place and do not
move. Jim’s stationary
bicycle is good for exercise
but not for travel. syn.
motionless
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
science fiction Science fiction stories
have events that take place in the
future, in space, or in different worlds.
They contain imagined details about
science and technolog y.
seep [s∏p] v. seeped A liquid or a gas that has seeped
into a place has leaked there slowly. The grape juice
seeped through the tiny hole in the paper cup and
stained the tablecloth. syn. leak
stead·fast [sted∆fast] adj.
When you are steadfast,
you are firm and
unwavering about what
needs to be done. Julia
was a steadfast supporter
of her team, even after
it had lost ten games in
a row. syns. unwavering, resolute
se·vere [s∂·vir∆] adj. Something that is very serious,
very harsh, or very strict is severe. The students
decided not to skip school because the
punishment would be too severe. syn. harsh
strand [strand] v. strand·ed Something that has been
stranded has been left somewhere and cannot get back.
The storm stranded the survivors of the shipwreck
on an island. syns. trapped, marooned
sheep·ish·ly [sh∏∆pish·l∏] adv. If you act sheepishly,
you show that you feel embarrassed or foolish. When
Carlos tripped over his shoelaces, he grinned
sheepishly. syn. awkwardly
stra·te·gi·cal·ly [str∂·t∏∆ ji·k∂·l∏ or str∂·t∏∆ jik·l∏]
adv. When you place something strategically, you
deliberately put it in the place that will be the most
useful or have the most effect. Arnold placed his sign
strategically on a busy street, where it was sure to
be seen. syns. tactically, advantageously
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
short story A short story is a fictional
narrative that is not par t of a novel. It
focuses on one main problem or event.
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stationary
stren·u·ous [stren∆y◊·∂s] adj. A strenuous activity
requires you to use a lot of energy and effort to complete
it. Our car ran out of gas, and pushing it off the
road was strenuous work. syns. vigorous, demanding
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10/18/06 8:26:14 AM
stymie
trial
sty·mie [stπ∆m∏] v. sty·mied You feel stymied when
you are prevented from making progress on a task.
Lien was stymied when she couldn’t find a way to
get the equipment she needed for her science fair
project. syns. thwart, block
tol·er·ate [tol∆∂r·∑t] v. tol·er·at·ed When you have
let something that you did not agree with continue,
you have tolerated it. Amanda’s parents disliked the
posters of music groups on the door of her room
but tolerated them anyway. syn. endure
sub·tle [sut∆(∂)l] adj. When people or things are subtle,
they are not immediately noticeable, but they can be very
effective. Kate’s subtle adjustment to her backstroke
technique helped her win the race. syn. slight
tor·ment [tôr·ment∆] v. tor·ment·ed Someone who is
tormented about something is extremely and painfully
troubled by it. The runner was tormented by the
thought of falling and losing the race. syns.
tortured, stressed
subtle Before subtle took on the
meaning that it has today, it was used
to describe fabric. The word comes
from the Latin subtilis, which means
“delicate” and “finely woven.”
tor·rent [tôr∆∂nt or tär∆∂nt] n. A torrent is a fast and
powerful rush or flow. When a large pipe breaks,
the water escapes in a torrent. syns. gush, surge
suit [s◊t] v. For something to suit you, it must be
appropriate for you. A ten-room house would suit a
family with six children.
sup·ple [sup∆∂l] adj. A supple object can move and bend
easily without breaking or cracking. Exercising every
day kept the dancer’s body supple. syn. flexible
sur·pass [s∂r·pas∆] v. sur·passed Something that has
surpassed something else has gone beyond or done
better than the other thing. The football team
surpassed its opponent’s record for number of
wins. syns. exceed, outdo
sur·vey [s∂r·v∑∆] v. When you survey a place, you look
around and consider it carefully. Mr. Clark climbed
the hill to survey the land. syns. examine, review
4
tem·per·a·ment [tem∆p∂r·(∂·)m∂nt] n.
tem·per·a·ments People’s temperaments are a measure
of how they react to situations and what their usual
moods are. Most residents of the apartment house
had pleasant temperaments and got along well with
one another. syns. nature, disposition
ter·min·al [tûr∆m∂·n∂l] adj. When someone’s
condition is terminal, it cannot improve or be cured.
Unfortunately, the patient suffers from a terminal
disease. syn. incurable
tes·ti·mo·ny [tes∆t∂·m∫≈n∏] n. When you give
testimony, you give proof in support of a fact. He
appeared in court to give testimony as to his
cousin’s whereabouts on that specific night.
syn. evidence
thrive [thrπv] v. A living thing that is growing in a
healthy manner is said to thrive. Subtropical plants
thrive in a warm climate. syns. flourish, prosper
torrent
trac·tion [trak∆sh∂n] n. Traction is the force exerted
by the act of pulling an object. The traction of the
windsail pulled the boat across the water.
trea·son [tr∏∆z∂n] n. Someone who betrays his or her
country commits the crime of treason. Treason is a
serious crime in every country. syn. disloyalty
trep·i·da·tion [trep≈∂·d∑∆sh∂n] n. You feel trepidation
when you are fearful or anxious about something that
is going to happen. Amy awaits the sound of the
drill at the dentist’s office with trepidation. syns.
fear, anxiety
tres·pass [tres∆p∂s or tres∆pas] v. When you trespass,
you go on someone’s property without permission
or consent. When people trespass on private
property, the owner has the right to call the
police. syn. intrude
Word Origins
trespass Trespass comes from the Old
French word trespasser, which means to “pa ss
beyond or across.” We use the word trespass to
refer to crossing both litera l and fig urative
bound aries without permission.
tri·al [trπ∆∂l or trπl] adj. A trial run is a test or an
experiment to see whether something will work. When
the trial run showed problems, the scientists
realized that the solar-powered heater had to be
redesigned. syn. test
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triumphant
wince
tri·um·phant [trπ·umΔf∂nt] adj. You feel triumphant
when you are happy because you have achieved a
goal or a victory. Richard was triumphant as he
crossed the finish line first in the big race. syns.
successful, victorious
un·set·tling [un·setΔling] adj. Something that is
unsettling causes you to feel worried and uncertain.
Seeing how well the other contestants had
done gave Dennis an unsettling feeling. syns.
disturbing, disconcerting
urge [ûrj] v. urg·es When something urges you to do
something, it encourages you to perform that action.
My conscience urges me to do the right thing.
syn. advocate
5
un·as·sum·ing [un≈∂·s◊Δming] adj. People and things
that are unassuming are quiet and do not have an air of
superiority. The unassuming girl sat quietly while
the teacher praised her excellent essay. syns.
modest, humble
u·til·i·tar·i·an [y◊·til≈∂·târΔ∏·∂n] adj. Objects that are
utilitarian are designed and built to be useful rather
than attractive. The big old car was utilitarian and
served its purpose of getting us to school. syns.
useful, practical
un·der·state·ment [unΔd∂r·st∑t≈m∂nt] n. When you
make an understatement, you say something that does
not fully express the extent to which something is true.
To say that the 101-degree weather was warm
was a huge understatement.
6
vie [vπ] v. vy·ing When two competitors are vying for
something, they are competing for the same goal. The
two tennis champions are vying for the grand
prize. syns. compete, contend
un·earth [un·ûrthΔ] v. un·earthed Something that
has been unearthed has been discovered or uncovered,
usually after a search or an investigation. The
scientists unearthed a giant dinosaur skeleton. syns.
expose, reveal
vig·i·lant·ly [vijΔ∂·l∂nt·l∏] adv. When you have been
watchful and alert to a problem or a danger, you have
acted vigilantly. The security guard did his job
vigilantly and caught the burglar. syn. attentively
u·ni·son [y◊Δn∂·s∂n] n. When objects or people move
in unison, they move together and at the same time.
The audience members waved their hands in
unison at the rock concert.
7
wage [w∑j] v. When you wage something, you
begin an action and carry it out for a period of time.
The colonists were forced to wage a long war
against England.
warped [wôrp] adj. Something that is warped has been
twisted out of shape, usually by heat or water, so that
it does not function in a normal manner. The warped
flooring was caused by water that had leaked
from the dishwasher. syns. distorted, misshapen
wedge [wej] v. wedged Something that is wedged into
a space is packed in tightly. Nick wedged his suitcase
into the overhead compartment on the plane.
syns. jam, lodge
wince [wins] v. winced You have winced when
you have suddenly pulled away from something in
anticipation of something unpleasant. When Keisha
saw the nurse carrying the needle, she winced.
syns. flinch, cringe
unison
un·prec·e·dent·ed [un·presΔ∂·den≈tid] adj. When
something occurs that has never happened before, it is
unprecedented. The boxer had an unprecedented win
against the undefeated champion. syn. unparalleled
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811
10/20/06 1:02:53 PM